COMPOUNDING

INTRODUCTION BY:SYEDA SUNDUS AFRIN

DEFINATION:

• Compounding is a process in which two different words are joined together to denote one thing.

• Compounding is a process of combining smaller words i.e. lexical categories (Nouns,Adjectives, Verbs, Prepositions) into larger words and can be found with many languages world-wide.

EXAMPLE:

•Flower-pot is a compound made of two words: flower and pot, but it does not denote two things, it refers to one object.

• Some English compounds include: windmill, waterfall, fingerprint, and scarecrow.

• Compounds are pronounced as one unit, but sometimes difficulties in writing arise: some compounds are written with hyphens: full-time, good-looking; some are written separately: bank account, mini skirt; and some can be written in both ways.

DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF COMPOUNDING BY:

SUMAIRA JABEEN

CATEGORIESNOUN + NOUN

• The most common type of word formation is the combination of two (or more) nouns in order to form a resulting noun:

• Noun + Noun = Noun

• Examples: landmine, wallpaper, toothbrush

VERB + NOUN

• Here verbs describe what is done with an object or what a subject "does", in short, a new noun is formed, usually referring to something concrete, and the verb defines the action related to it:

• Verb + Noun = Noun: draw + bridge = drawbridge.

• A drawbridge is a bridge that can be inclined in order to allow ships to pass, or "drawn". Here, the noun is the direct object.

• Hit-man = a man who carries out "dirty jobs", or, who "hits". Here, the word as part of speech is the subject.

NOUN + ADJECTIVE

•Nouns and adjectives can also be compounded in the opposite order:

Noun + Adjective = Adjective

•EXAMPLES:• Camera + shy = camera-shy (Shy in respect of appearing or speaking before cameras).In this case, the resultant is an adjective, while the noun explains the objective.Another possibility is that the noun supports the adjective, i.e. as an intensifier:Dirt-cheap = cheap as dirt; paper-thin = thin as paperThose rules do also apply to the linking of nouns and participial adjectives:English-speaking; soul-destroying; frost-bitten

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

• Another major type of word formation is the compounding of Adjectives and nouns:Adjective + Noun = Noun:

• EXAMPLES:Brown + bear = brown-bearIn this case, the adjective defines or describes the character of the noun ( a brownbear is a bear that is brown). It is also possible, however, to link the two segments and end up with a totally new word, for example, yellow press refers to newspapers specializing in sensational news items. If the meaning of the compound does not immediately register through analysis of the segments, the latter is the case. Then, only a look in the dictionary will help.

OTHER COMPOUNDS AND FUNCTIONS BY:

RABIA FAHEEM

OTHER COMPOUNDS• ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE

Bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, aural-oral, Anglo-Saxon

• ADJECTIVE + PARTICIPLE

Far-reaching, far-fetched, narrow-minded, single-minded, high-climbing, low-yielding, red-painted, bare-handed

• ADJECTIVE + VERB

To blackmail, to dry-clean, to black-paint, to whitewash

• NOUN + VERB

To proofread, to babysit, to brainstorm, to sightsee, to tape-record

• There are various other types of compounds. A selection of which is shown below.

FUNCTIONS / REASON FOR USING COMPOUNDING

• Compound words are used to convey a unit idea or special meaning that is not as clearly or quickly conveyed by separate words.

• The nature of these compounds is self-explanatory, and their meanings are quite comprehensible even for those who encounter them for the first time.

CONTINUE

• Compound nouns usually appear as two separate words, only those more commonly used, those found in every-day language, and usually compounds with no more than three syllables are found as one word.

• By using this technique of word formation we can make different new words by using the old ones e.g. break and fast are two separate words but by combining these two words a new word is formed which is BREAKFAST and its meaning is totally change.• It is often considered to be a convenient method of being concise as well as meaningful.

WHAT WE HAVE DONE????BY AYESHA

OUR GROUP……..

•Its on the whole is a group work.

•Basically we made a scrap book and pasted all the work we have done through out our project.

OUTLOOK…..

QUESTION:

FIRST

PAGE

SECOND PAGE….

ARTICLES:• SOURCES OF ARTICLES AND LINKS:

We have taken articles from the news paper randomly, which are:The News The DawnTribune

• CATEGORIES OF ARTICLES:

From Newspaper PoliticsScienceBusinessEntertainmentSportsFrom internetPoetryBibliography

WHICH ONE SEEMS TO OCCUR MOST OFTEN??

• Noun + noun are the most using compound type.

• It is completely productive: any combination of two nouns is a possible compound of English.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSION BY:SYEDA SUNDUS AFRIN

OBSERVATIONS WE MAKE ABOUT THESE TYPES OR CATEGORIES OF COMPOUNDING:

• As there are other word formation processes like blending, back formation, clipping, coinage etc. compounding is the most useful and most useable word formation process as it is commonly used in our daily life.

• It involves the combination of two common words without excluding any word e.g. in BLENDING e.g. telecast is a word which is a blended form of TELEVISION and BROADCAST but in compounding no word can be cut but is used as a whole e.g. HELPLESS.

CONTINUE

• Compounding process does not only contain the categories as described in the question but it also contains other categories like adjective + adjective, adjective + verb, noun + verb, perp + noun, perp + verb.

• Verb + adjective combinations do not seem to occur at all.