Name: Muhammad dauda Buhari

Reg No:EDU/13/BAE/00997

Dept:

Education

Course:History of Islam (1201)

Date

10 September 2014

Question

Comprehensive notes on the life of prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) taking into considerationProphet Muhammad (S.A.W) was born of a noble family of Banu Hashim ancestry. However, he was not fortunate enough to have been born wealthy as he was born an orphan.

Arabic text

His fathers name is Abdullahi bin Abdul Mutalib, Son of Hashim, Son of Abdul Manafi, Son of Quasi, Son of Khalib.

Arabic textHis father died of sickness at the age of 25 on a trading journey to Syria, leaving his wife Amanah alone a few months pregnant.

Arabic textHis birth prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was born on the twelfth (12th) of Rabiul Awwal 53 Bitt Age of Elephant in Makkah (570 AD of the Christian Era) was ordinary and has no significance in Isla and de celebrations on this occasion have nothing to do with Sharia and people consider it Bidah.

Abdul Mutalib his grandfather who was the chief of Makkah at that time, showed pride in him as prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) compensated him for the loss of his son who died in the prime of his youth. His mother showed affection for her son as she awaited the best nurses to come and take care of him: the tradition at that time was that nurses come from the desert seeking to be the custodian of children of nobility in return for good pay and gift. Giving that prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was not wealthy nurses turned away from him, Halima of Banu Saad tribe was one of them, but when she could not find any other child she was ashamed to prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and since then Allah showed his mercy on her; for insurance animals started giving plenty of milk after they have been dried. Therefore, her and her husband felt they were blessed to have taken prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and became very attached to him.prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) spent five years with Bann Saad during which nothing out of the ordinary happened except one told incident which scared Halima and become as the splitting of his chest when he was playing with the other boys Jibril held him, threw him down, split his chest, took out his heart and took out a clump from it and said, this is Satans portion of you, then he washed him in a basin made of gold with water of Zamzam, then sealed his chest and returned him where he was. The boys ran to Halima and said prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) has been killed. They come back and found him alive but pale. (Reported by Anas in the Hadit compilation of Muslim and Ahmad).prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) returned to Makkah at age of five to his mother and grandfather who took good care of him, but the days refuse to allow him tranquility among those tender hearts, as his mother died during visit to Madinah to visit her husband grave. She took prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and his maid Umm Aiman with her. On the way back she fell very sick and died in Abwaa leaving prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) with Umm Aiman.

His grandfather always took care of him and never let him alone, he took him to all public gatherings. However at the age of eight, Abdul Muttalib died leaving him to his uncle Abu Talibs care. Since Abu Dalib had many children and was not wealthy, Muhammad (S.A.W) insisted on sharing the burdens of life with him. He went with his uncle on trading journey to Syria at the age of thirteen, he met a monk called Bahira during the journey, who looked at his face and the sign on his back (the sign of prophethood) and asked Abu Talib: what is this boy to you? My Son he said. His father should not be alive said Buhira. Abu Talib then said, yes, in fact he is my brothers son and told him the rest of the story. The monk said Now you are telling me the truth. Take him back and be careful of the Jews over him.Muhammad (S.A.W)then returned toMakkah and resumed his life working as a shepherd in his early life. He did not acquire knowledge on education from a monk or a philosopher or sorcerer as was the norm then. Instead he read through the page of life and took what he found good. He combined the good qualities of discipline with spiritual purity, rightness and commitment.

In this manner, he entered his third phase of life and got acquainted with his first wife Khadija (R.A0 who was a merchant woman of nobility and wealth. She heard of his truthfulness and trustworthiness so she offered him to take trade to Syria (before marrying him). He was 25 years old and she was 40 years old when they got married. Their marriage lasted until she died at the age of 65.AHis Life Struggle Daawa at MakkahThe struggle daawa of Makkah can be divided into three stages;1. The stage of the secret call: Three Years

2. The stageof the proclamation of the call in Makkah; from the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood almost the end of the tenth year.

3. The stage of the call to Islam and propagating it beyond Makkah: it lasted from the end of tenth year of the prophethood until Muhammad (S.A.W) emigration to Madinah

The Makkah Phase: nearly thirteen years he is daawa

THREE YEARS OF SECRET CALLIt is well-known that Makkah was the centre for the Arabs, and housed the custodians at Al-Kabah, protection and guardianship of the idols and stone graven images that received veneration on the part of all the Arabs by lay in the hands of the Makkans. Hence the difficulty of hitting the target of reform and rectitude in a place considered the den of idolatry.

Working in such an atmosphere no doubt requires unshakable will and determination, that is why the call into islam assumed a clandestine from so that he Makkans should not be enraged by the unexpected surprise.The prophet naturally initiated his sacred mission right from home and then move to the people closely associated him. He called unto Islam whosoever he thought would attest the truth which had come from his lord. In fact, a host of people nursed not the prophet immediately responded and quite readily embraced the true faith. They are known in the Islamic literature as the early converts.

Khadijah, the prophet spouse, the mother of believers was the first to enter the fold of islam follow by his freed slave Zaid bin Harithah, his cousin, Ali bin Abi Tablib, who had been living with him since his early childhood, and next came his intimate friend Abu Bakr A-saddiq (Abu Bar the truth verifier). All those professed Islam on the very first day of the call. Abu Bakr, and from the first he embraced Islam, proved to be an energetic and most zealous activist. He was wealthy, obliging, mild and upright. He invited whoever he confide in to Islam and through his personal efforts a good number of people converted to Islam, such as Uthman bin Affan, Al-umawi, Az.zubair bin Awwan, Al-sadi, Abdur Rahman bin Awf Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Az-zuhri and Talha bi ubaidullah At-Tamimy. The prophet used to meet and teach the new conver the religion in privacy because the call to Islam was still running on an individual and secret basis. The revelation accelerated and continued after the first verse.Assalah (the prater) muqatil bin sulaiman said salah (prayer) was established as an obligatroty ritual an early stage of the Islamic call, a two rakah (until of prayer) salah in the morning and the same in the evening.

Ibn Hishan reported that when it was time for prayers, the messenger of Allah and his companion went into mountain valley to pray secretly. Abu Talib once saw the messenger of Allah praying and Ali praying, he asked them what they were up to when he got to know that it was obligatory prayers, he told them to stay constant in their practice. (Ibn Hiham 1 247).

After the messenger of Allah became sure of Abu Talib;s commitment to his protection while he called the people unto Allah he stood up on mount As-safa one day and called out loudly: called quraish come to him. He called them to testify to oneness of Allah and believed in his messengership and the day of resurrection. In Surah (26: 214)The messenger of Allah ascended mount As-safa and start to call: O Bani Fahr O Bani(two septs of quraish) many people gathered and those who couldnt sent. Abu Lahab was also present. The prophet said you see, if I were to tell you that were some horsemen in the valley planning to raid you, will you believe me? He said I am a warner to you before a severe torment, Abu Lahab promptly replied: perish you all the day! Have you summoned us for such a thing? The verses were immediately revealed on that occasion (Bukhari 2/720i Muslin 1 114).

The most wicked of them was the sworn enemy of Islam and Muhammad (S.A.W), Abu Lahab, who would shadow the prophets steps crying loud, O men, do not listen to him for he is liar, he is a apostate. Nevertheless, Muhammad (S.A.W) managed to create a stir in the whole area and even a convince a few people to accept his call. (At-Tirmidhi Masu Ahmad, 3/492, 4/34).The consequences and the lesson hijrah to Madina in respect to the religious, social, economic and political life at Muslim the religion.

There of the major religions of the world, the monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, all begin in the Middle East. The three faiths are inextricably intertwined: Jews Christians and Muslims all worship the same God, their prophetic traditions are linked, and much of the religious law, doctrines, and views of morality and the afterlife are similar. The histories of the three monotheistic traditions are also closely connected. Judaism arose first, almost two thousand years BCE, and Christianity was born from within the Jewish community and tradition.Discover the great diversity of the nearly one and a half billion people who belong to the community of Muslims. They are different just like us!

SOCIAL Muhammad was born a social and moral reformer. He assets that Muhammad created a new system of social security and a new family structure, both of which were a vast improvement on what went before. By taking what was best in the morality of the named and adopting it for settled communities, he established a religious and social framework for the life of many races of men.

Human rights in Islam, to evaluate the effect of Islam on the status of women, many writers have discussed the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabia and their findings have been mixed. Some writers have argued that women before Islam were more liberated drawing most often an the first marriage of Muhammads parents, but also on the points such as worship of female idols at Makkah.

The social system build up a new system of marriage, family and inheritance: this system treated woman as an individual too and guaranteed social security to her as well as to her children.

Married under the Arabian pre-Islamic law, no limitation were set on mens rights to marry or to obtain a divorce Islamic law however, restricted polygamy (q-4 verse 3).The institution of marriage, characterized by unquestioned male superiority in the pre-Islamic law of status, was redefined and changed into one in which the women was somewhat of an interested partner.

Property under Islamic law, marriage was no longer viewed as a status but rather as a contract. The essential element of the marriage contract were now an offer by the men, acceptance by the women, and the performance of such conditions as the payment of dowry. The womens consent was imperative.

Inheritance and wealth, women given inheritance rights in a patriarchal society that had previously restricted inheritance to male relatives to the pre-Islamic position of woman in Islam legislation meant an enormous progress the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own.

The economic unlike pre-Islamic Arabic society, the quranic idea of economic circulation as a return of goods and obligations was for everyone, whether donors and recipients know each other or not, in which goods move, and society does what it is supported to do. The Qurans distinctive set of economic and social arrangement in which poverty and the poor have important roles, show signs of newness. The Quran told that the guidance comes to community that regulates its flow of money and goods in the right direction.The political Arabian Muhammad (S.A.W) in Madina Islam began in Arabia in the 7th century under the leadership of Muhammad (S.A.W) who eventually united many of the independent nomadic tribes of Arabia under Islamic law.There were also some Jewish and Christian tribes in Arabia initially a pact was made with Jewish tribes at medina and they were offered protection and friendship by Muhammad (S.A.W). however during the battle of Badr in which Makkah non-Muslim attacked the Muslims of Madina the Jewish tribes chose to help Makkah attackers. After his incident tension started arising between Muhammad (S.A.W) and the Jews of Madina which soon intensified after Jewish tribes repeated this is two battles, Muhammad (S.A.W) accused the Jews of Madina of treason and expelled some of them from Madina and wiped out some others who he deemed to be traitors.The factors and outcomes of the first three battles fought by prophet (S.A.W) and his combanias after migration to medina.1. There are three battles fought by prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)

a. Battle of Badr

b. Battle of Uhud

c. Battle of Khandaq-Ahzab

a. Battle of Badr. First battle of Islam at Badr in self-defence, honoring the first warriors of Islam.

The migration of prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) to madina has turned the enemies from makkah more hostile and they constantly kept on thinking how they could overthrow him, and put an end to Islam. The makkans and their allies started to bring their raids to the very outskirts of medina, destroying the fruit trees of the Muslims and carrying away their flocks.

Hence the Battle of Badr is one of the greatest and most famous battles of Islam. For the first time the followers of the new faith were put into serious test. This was a key battle in the early days of Islams struggle with its oppressive opponents, amongst them the quraish in makkah. And those who participated in it enjoyed a special distinction amongst the Muslims. The word Badr is used in the biographies of the companions of prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) for those persons who participated in the battle of Badr.In the middle of (Jamadi-ul-Awwal) at the second year of migration a report was received in madina caravan was ongoing from makkah to Syria under the leadership of Abu-sufyan and Muhammad (S.A.W) went up to zatul Ashirah to pursue the caravan and stayed there till the beginning of the following month, but could not lay hand on it.

On of the praiseworthy policies adopted by prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) in all the battle was that he used to collect information about the enemy and his location. The information received was as under;

1. It is a big caravan and all makkans have shares in its merchandise.

2. The leader of the caravan is abu-sufyan and there are about forty persons who guard it.

3. The merchandise is loaded on the thousand camels and it value is about fifty thousand dinars

As Quraysh had confiscated the property of Muslim mujhajir residing in madina. It was only appropriate that the Muslims should also confiscate their merchandize and if they persisted in withholding the property of the muhajir Muslim. On account of their enmity and obstinacy, the Muslim should as a retaliatory measures, divide their merchandise amongst themselves as war booty.The Muhammad (S.A.W) returned to the seat of command and with his heart overflowing with faith, turned his face to the Almighty and said O Lord! If this group is annihilated today none else will worship you on the face of the earth.

The prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) picked up some dust and throwing it towards quraysh, said: may your faces be metamorphosed! Therefore he gave orders for general attack.

Allah had helped you at Badr. When you were contemptible little force: Then fear Allah inoreder to show your gratitude. When you did say to the believers: Does it not suffice you that your creator should help you with those thousands angels sent down (Surah al-e-imran 3: 123 -124)

Add Arabic TextAnd Allah has already made you victorious at Badr, when you were weak little force. So fear Allah much (Abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which he has ordained) that you may be grateful.

2. Battle of Uhud: The Uhud region.

The big and lengthy valley which joined the trade route of Syria with Yemen is called wadiul qura. Different Arab tribes and the Jews took up their abode at a spot where necessities of life were available. A number of village, therefore come into existence and their sides were fences by stones yathrib (which was later named madinatur rasul i.e. city of prophet)was consider to be centre of these villages.The holy prophet goes out median

The prophet offered Friday prayers and then left medina for Uhud with an army consisting of one thousand men. He did not take with him persons like Usamah bin Zayd, Harith and Abdullahi bin Umar on account of their tender age but two young men named Samurah and Rafe, who were not more fifteen years of participated in the battle because in spite of their being young they were good archers. The prophet (s.a.w) reached Uhud in the morning of Saturday. The 7th of shawwal, 3 AH (January or February 625 AD)ARRAY OF THE TWO ARMIESThe Islamic forces arrayed themselves apposite the invading aggressive forces of qurysh (Khalid-bin walid on right, Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl on left, Abu Sufyan in middle). The Muslim army selected a their camping place a point which had natural barrier and protection at the back of it the shape of mountain of Uhud. There was however a particular gap in the middle of the mountain and it was probable that the enemy forces might turn around the mountain and appear at the back of the Muslin array through that gap and might attack them from behind. In order to obviate this danger, the prophet posted two groups of archers on a mount and addressed their commander Abdullahi Jabir in these wors: you should drive away the enemies(which were led by Khalid bin walid) by shooting arrows. Dont allow them to enter the battle field from behind and take us by surprise. Whether we are victorious or defeated, you should not vacate this point.

DEFEAT AFTER VICTORYWe may mention here as why the warriors of Islam were victorious. It was due to the fact that till the last moment of their victory they had no motive except that of Jihad in the path of Allah, acquisition of his pleasure, conveying the message of Allah and removal of every impediment in its path. Why were they defeated thereafter? It was because, after achieving victory, the aim and intention of most of the Muslim underwent a change. Attention towards the booty which the army of quraysh had themselves thrown in the battlefield and had fled, affected the sincerity of a large group and they ignored the orders given by the prophet.The rumor about the prophet being killed spreads. A brave warrior of qurysh lamed Layah affected muiab bin umayr, the daring standard-bearer of Islam, was killed. As the Muslim warriors had hidden their faces lay the thought the person killed was the prophet of Islam. He therefore shouted and informed the chiefs of army that Muhammad (S.A.W) had been killed.This rumor spread from man to man in the army of quraysh. Their chiefs were so happy that their voices were ringing in the battle field and all of them were saying. O people! Muhammad (S.A.W) has been killed! O people! Muhammad (S.A.W) has been killed!

Publicity of this false news encouraged the enemy of qurysh come into motion. Every one of them was keen to participate in cutting the limbs of Muhammad (S.A.W) so that he might secure high status in the world of polytheism.

The verses of the Holy Quran tear the veils of fanaticism and ignorance and make it abundantly clear that some companions thought that the promise given by the prophet about victory and success was baseless and the Almighty Allah say thus about this group; then after sorrow He sent down security upon you, a calm coming upon a party (a group of companions) of you and (there was) another party whom their own sould had rendered anxious; they entertained about Allah thoughts of ignorance quit unjustly, saying, suratul Al-e-imranAdd Arabic TextBATTLE OF KHANDAQ (AL-ALIZAL)The qurshite community had are important dream. The destruction of Muhammad (S.A.W) and his religion. Pagan tribes outside mecca were sharing with the same dream, like the meccans, these tribes considered Muhammad (S.A.W) a serious menace to their religions. This belief bought these tribes and the Muslim into military confrontations in which the Muslim had the upper hand. These tribes, therefore were like the meccan community full of resentment and rancor towards Muhammad (S.A.W) and his religion.

There were clashes between the muslim and some of the people of scripture who were neighboring medinah caused by their breaching of covenants with the Holy Prophet. Tribes from among them such as Bani Al-Natheer and others were exiled by the prophet.

The Holy Prophet received the new of the imminent invasion a few days before their arrival at medinah. He consulted his companions and Salman Al-fansi (the Persian) advised the prophet to dig a moat around madina to prevent the invaders from entering it. The messenger commanded the Muslims (who were about three thousands) to implement the plan. The moat was dug within six days.Witnessing the moat, the invaders were surprised that it had become difficult for them to enter madina. This they found it necessary to besiege madina instead of invading it directly. Bann qraysh, a community from the followers of the scripture, joined the pagan army after its arrival. This community had a covenant of peace with the prophet, their treacherous action was a frightening surprise to the Muslim. By breaching the covenant, this community gave the Pegan army additional forces and equipment. It became the duty of the Muslims to add to their defensive lines another line.

At this battle the Muslim faced a greater danger than ever before. The elements at the Islamic deface were the same three elements which played their role during the two battles f Badr and Uhud: The firmness of the messengers and his ideal leadership: the heroism of Ali; and the determination of the Islamic army.

A fourth element was added at this battle: the role of salam-al-farisi (the Persian) who counseled the prophet to dig the moat around madina.

The Muslim in horro there wheremany hypocrites among the Muslim who circulated frightening rumors, which added to the fear of Muslim. The Holy Quran tells us the psychological crisis with the Muslim lived during the period: Behold! They came upon you from above you and from below you, and when the eyes grew wild and the heart gaped uo to the throats, and ye imagined various (vain) thoughts about God! In that situation the believers were tried; they were shaken with a mighty shock. And behold! The hypocrites and those in whose hearts there is disease (even) say: God and hos Apostle promised us nothing but delusion Behold! A party among them said; O people of yathrib (madina) you cannot stand (the attack), therefore turn back! And a band of them ask for leave of the prophet, saying: Truly our houses are bare and exposed; they intended nothing but to flee.THE DEATH AND SUCCESSION OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.W)The pains of sickness attacked the prophet (s.a.w) since the ending of safar of the element year. Once he fainted and his family put medicine in his mouth, when a woke, he showed his dislike of that. During his illness he would supplicate O Allah help me in the pangs of death. (Bukhari: Narrated by Aisha R.A)He was warning Muslims even when he was in the throes of death that they should stay committed to monotheism by saying Allah curse be upon the Jews and Christians, they took their prophet (s.a.w)s grave as mosque. He was warning them against the action. (Al-shaikhan).

The last thing the prophet (s.a.w) did before his death (according to Aisha):

He lay down in my lap. Brushed his teeth harder than he had ever done before, then his eyes were fixed and he was saying Nay, the companion on high from paradise. I said to myself you were given the choice and you have chosen, by him who sent you with the truth. Then he passed away. (Bukhari)

This was brief study of the prophet (s.a.w) way of his life. It must be stressed that we will never really understand the sirah unless we study the Quran and Sunnah.17