compressed air energy storage m. king & dr. j. apps the

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COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE MATCHING THE EARTH TO THE TURBO-MACHINERY: NO SMALL TASK M. King & Dr. J. Apps The Hydrodynamics Group, LLC 16711 76th Avenue West www.Hydrodynamics-Group.com Edmonds, WA 98026 [email protected] CAES Air Energy Storage System Design Elements TYPES OF VESSELS Dresser-Rand 135 MWe CAES Turbo-Machinery Requirements CAES Earth Storage System Design DESIGN CRITERIA All based on the concept of multiple geologic and hydrologic barriers. CAES Issues in Solution Mined Salt Beds CAES in Depleted Gas Fields CAES Issues in Aquifers Air Cycle Controlled by Hydrostatic Pressure Air-Methane Mix in Reservoir Air-Methane Oxidation Reaction Air-Methane Flammability Curve 600 mD Minimum Permeability Advantage of CAES in Depleted Gas Field Small Double Crested Dome Multiple Thin Shale Lenses Air Bubble Pressure Cycle Why Dallas Center Failed as CAES Storage Vessel Dallas Center CAES Analysis Texas Salt Bed Issues Reservoir Deliverability Issues Potential Chemical Reaction Issues 1. Double Crested Dome 2. 57 Shale Lenses in Sand 3. Could Not Develop Air Bubble 4. Sand Permeability to Low 1. Limited Physical Size 2. Removal of non-Soluble Impurities 3. Cavity Stability 4. Require Multiple Cavities to Work 1. Know it can hold air. 2. Know pressure history. 3. Know deliverability of wells. Salt Domes Bedded Salts 1. 400#/sec Mass Flow Rate 2. 820 psi Turbine Inlet Pressure Capacity: 20 to 30 Bcf Closed Structure - Sealed Faults? • Fluid Deliverability - 467 MMscf/day 1. Solution Mined Salt Cavity 2. Excavated Mine Cavity 3. Aquifer Geologic Structure 4. Depleted Natural Gas Reservoir

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COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGEMATCHING THE EARTH TO THE TURBO-MACHINERY: NO SMALL TASK

M. King & Dr. J. AppsThe Hydrodynamics Group, LLC

16711 76th Avenue West www.Hydrodynamics-Group.comEdmonds, WA [email protected]

CAES Air Energy Storage System Design Elements

TYPES OF VESSELS

Dresser-Rand 135 MWe CAES Turbo-Machinery Requirements

CAES Earth Storage System Design

DESIGN CRITERIA

All based on the concept of multiple geologic and hydrologic barriers.

CAES Issues in Solution Mined Salt Beds

CAES in Depleted Gas Fields

CAES Issues in Aquifers

Air Cycle Controlledby Hydrostatic Pressure

Air-Methane Mix in Reservoir

Air-Methane Oxidation Reaction

Air-MethaneFlammability Curve

600 mD Minimum Permeability

Advantage of CAES inDepleted Gas Field

Small Double Crested Dome

Multiple Thin Shale Lenses

Air Bubble Pressure Cycle

Why Dallas Center Failed as CAES Storage Vessel

Dallas Center CAES Analysis

Texas Salt Bed Issues

Reservoir Deliverability Issues Potential Chemical Reaction Issues

1. Double Crested Dome

2. 57 Shale Lenses in Sand

3. Could Not Develop Air Bubble

4. Sand Permeability to Low1. Limited Physical Size2. Removal of non-Soluble Impurities3. Cavity Stability4. Require Multiple Cavities to Work

1. Know it can hold air.

2. Know pressure history.

3. Know deliverability of wells.

Salt Domes Bedded Salts

1. 400#/sec Mass Flow Rate

2. 820 psi Turbine Inlet Pressure

• Capacity:20to30Bcf

• ClosedStructure-SealedFaults?

•FluidDeliverability-467MMscf/day

1. Solution Mined Salt Cavity

2. Excavated Mine Cavity

3. Aquifer Geologic Structure

4. Depleted Natural Gas Reservoir