Computer Basic & Foundation

By: Vineet Sharma (IT Trainer NIIT)

Simple & Easy

What is Computer?

Computer is a electronic machine

(device). Which takes input (data)

from user and process it according

to given instructions (program), then gives

specific output or result (information) for user.

INPUTDEVICE

OUTPUTDEVICE

PROCESS

KEYBOARD

MOUSE

CPU

PROCESSOR

MONITOR(SOFTCOPY)

PRINTER(HARDCOPY)

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DATA INFO

100

What is Computer?

Computer is an electronic device which is

capable of doing arithmetic calculations,

taking logical decisions and giving very

accurate results. It can also store a large

volume of data for a long time.

Father of Computer Charles Babbage

Computer… Comes from the word “compute”

Compute means “to calculate”

So Computer is calculating device

Perform calculations at enormous speed

Computer is device that operates upon “Data” or “Information”

e.g. preparing results, calculations, transactions, scientific work etc

Computer can input “Data”

Computer can process “Data”

Computer can store “Data”

Computer can retrieve “Data”

Finally…

Computer can be termed as “Data Processor”

What is Computer?Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data

as input from the user and processes these data under the

control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the

result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can

process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and

logical) calculations.

A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data (Input)

b. processes data (Processing)

c. produces output (Output)

d. stores results (Storage)

Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input

devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally

internal process of the computer system.

Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing.

Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for

the future use.

Computer System: All of the components of a computer system can be

summarized with the simple equations.

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER

• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices All physical parts of the

computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware.

• Software = Programs Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.

• USER = Person, who operates computer.

Characteristics of a Computer • Speed (Millions of Instructions Per Seconds IMPS)

• Accuracy & Reliability (Without Error & 100% Correct)

• Diligence (Tiredness)

• Versatility (Can Perform many types of works)

• Power of remembering & Storing (Able to store large amount of data)

• Automation (Can perform task itself with given instructions like Program)

• No IQ (No intelligence of its own, unthinkable)

• No Feelings (No emotions)

• Reduction in cost

…Characteristics of Computer…

Speed…

Fast device

Work done at enormous speed as compare to human beings

Speed of computer is measured in terms of microseconds (10-6),

nanoseconds(10-9) and even picoseconds (10-12)

Shortly 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic operations per seconds

…Characteristics of Computer…

Accuracy…Works with the highest Accuracy

Accuracy depends upon the “Design of Computer”

Errors occurred are mostly “Human Errors” rather than “Technological

Errors”

Human Errors are like wrong command, inaccurate data input etc

…Characteristics of Computer…

Diligence…Free from “Monotony”

Free from “Tiredness”

Free from lack of “Concentration”

Speed and Accuracy of first calculation will be the same as millionth

calculation in a row

…Characteristics of Computer…

Versatility…Can perform all kind of job simultaneously

Can do diverse nature of works like calculation, graphic work,

searching etc at the same time

…Characteristics of Computer…

Power of Remembering…Unlike human being Computer can store tremendous/huge amount

of data

Can recall required data even stored years before in no time

Doesn't differentiate “Important” & “Not Important”

Loss or Deletion of data is done by User

…Characteristics of Computer…

Reduction in cost…

Initial investment is high

Reduce the cost of each transaction

Reduce the man power and space requirements

Greater efficiency

…Characteristics of Computer…

No IQ…Not a thinking machine

Not Intelligent

Never does a task at its own

Follow human Instructions

…Characteristics of Computer…

No Feeling…

Follow human/programmer Instructions

Never decides at its own will

No taste

No knowledge

No emotion

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER

Offices

Books Publication

Data Analysis Graphics

CAM (Computer Aided

Manufacture)

Data Base Management

Project Management

Communications

Education

Medical Field

Airways and Railways

Industrial Control and

Instrumentation

Military

Banks

Design and Research

Work

Ticket Reservation

Other Applications

COMPUTER GENERATIONComputer generation means upgradation in

technology

1.FIRST GENERATION (1951-1959)

2.SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963)

3.THIRD GENERATION (1963-1975)

4.FOUTH GENERATION (1975- TODAY)

5.FIFTH GENERATION (UPCOMING)

FIRST GENERATION (1951-1959)

Advantage :-

i) Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.

ii) Vacuum tubes technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers

iii) These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They could perform computations in milliseconds.

Disadvantage:-i) Too bulky in size

ii) Unreliable.

iii) Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and brunt out frequently

iv) Air conditioning required

v) Non-portable

vi) Commercial production was difficult and costly.

VACUUME TUBE

SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963)

Advantages:- Smaller in size as compared to first

generation. More-reliable. Less heat generated. Better portability.

Disadvantage:- Air-conditioning required Frequent maintenance required. Commercial production was difficult

and costly.TRANSISTOR

THIRD GENERATION (1963-1975)

Advantage:- Smaller in size as compared to previous generation

computers

Even more reliable than second- generation computers.

Even lower heat generated than second- generation computers.

These computers were able to reduce computational times form microseconds to nanoseconds.

Maintenance cost is low because hardware failure is rare.

Easily portable

Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial applications all over the world

Less power requirement than previous generation computers.

Disadvantages:- Air-condition required in any cases.

Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.

IC

FOUTH GENERATION (1975- TODAY)

Advantages: Smallest in size because of high component

density. Very reliable. No air conditioning required in most cases. Hardware failure is negligible and hence

minimal maintenance is required. Easily portable because of their small size. Totally several purpose Cheapest among all generations.

Disadvantages: Highly sophisticated technology required

for the manufacture of VLSI Chips

FIFTH GENERATION (UPCOMING)

Advantages:Use of very large integrated

circuits.

Lap Top computers were introduced in 1990.

Artificial intelligence was conceptualized.

Cheaper for common man.

RAM and Storage capacity unlimited.

•When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. The next change came after about 1600 years. Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D.

•In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, developed a machine called analytical enginewhich was the vase for the modern digital computer.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER

A very old abacus

ABACUS 1000 TO 300 B.C.

A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a

representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on

each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings

represent the 2 hands.

An original set of Napier's Bones

A more modern set of Napier's

Bones

A slide rule

BLAISE PASCAL CALCULATOR -1642

A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders

which rotated to display the numerical result

LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR

THE PUNCHED CARD

DIFFERENITAL ENGINE

ANALYTICAL ENGINE

HOWARD AIKEN AND IBM MARKI

Mainframes are the very largest computers - million dollar machines, which can

occupy more than one room, An example is IBM model 390.

Workstations are powerful user machines. They have the power to handle

complex engineering applications. They use the UNIX or sometimes the NT

operating system. Workstations can be equipped with powerful RISC processors

like Digital Alpha or MIPS.

Minicomputers are large powerful machines. They typically serve a network of

simple terminals. IBM's AS/400 is an example of a minicomputer.

Microcomputer are Small inexpensive, mass produced computers. They work on

DOS, Windows, or similar operating systems. They are used for standard

applications.

Types of Computer

Types of Microcomputer

DESKTOP (PC) LAPTOP

SERVERPALMTOP

(SMARTPHONE)

PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

1.HARDWARE1.INPUT DEVICE

2.OUTPUT DEVICE

3.CPU/ PROCESSOR

4.MEMORY DEVICE

2.SOFTWARE1.SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2.APPLICATION SOFTWARE

HARDWAREHardware includes the parts of the computer system that you

actually can touch (like the keyboard, mouse, monitor, or

CPU).

1.INPUT DEVICE

2.OUTPUT DEVICE

3.CPU/ PROCESSOR

4.MEMORY DEVICE

The Inside of a Computer

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The Back of a Computer (Ports)

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Input deviceWhich takes input data from user and then send to processor for processing.

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Trackball

Keyboard

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TYPES OF MOUSE

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There are basically two types of mouse are available

in the market:

1.Mechanical mouse

2.Optical (light) mouse

4. Touch screen

5. Touchpad

6. Scanner

7. Microphone

8. Headset

INPUT DEVICE

9. Joystick

10. Light/ optical pen

11. Bar code reader

12. OMR sheet scanner

13. Web cam

14. Camera

INPUT DEVICE

OUTPUT DEVICE

Which gives specific output or result (information) after processing.

1. Monitor (softcopy)

2. Printer (hardcopy)

OUTPUT DEVICE

3. Speaker

4. Touch screen

5. Plotter

6. Projector

CPU/ PROCESSORCPU is called central processing unit. It is also called a processor. It is also Known as brain or heart of the Computer. It is perform

many tasks, Arithmetical calculations,

logical & Control all another parts of

the Computer. It can also handle

scientific Tasks. It can handle large

calculations.

Many companies makes CPU:

1. Intel (Integrated Electronics)

2. AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

3. IBM (International Business Machine)

4. Qualcomm

But Intel is most popular Processor Manufacturer Company

History of Intel CorporationIntel Corporation, founded on July 18, 1968, is a portmanteau of Integrated

Electronics (the fact that "intel" is the term for intelligence information also

made the name appropriate).[5] Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network

interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips,

Embedded processors and other devices related to communications and

computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon

Moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew

Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge

manufacturing capability. Though Intel was originally known primarily to

engineers and technologists, its "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s

made it a household name, along with its Pentium processors.

INTEL MICROPROCESSOR GENERATIONS

•The 4-bit processors (4004)•The 8-bit processors (8008)•Microcontrollers•The bit-slice processor•The 16-bit processors: MCS-86 family (8086, 8088)•32-bit processors: the non-x86 microprocessors•32-bit processors: the 80386 range•32-bit processors: the 80486 range•32-bit processors: P5 microarchitecture (Pentium PRO)•32-bit processors: P6/Pentium (Pentium ii, Pentium iii)

•32-bit processors: NetBurst microarchitecture (P68, Pentium 4)•64-bit processors: IA-64 – Itanium Server•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – NetBurst microarchitecture (Pentium 4, M)•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Core microarchitecture (Core 2 Duo, Quad)•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Nehalem microarchitecturer (Core i Series, 1st Gen)•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Sandy Bridge (Core i Series, 2nd Gen)•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Ivy Bridge microarchitecture (Core i Series, 3rd

Gen)

•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Haswell microarchitecture (Core i Series, 4th Gen)

•64-bit processors: Intel 64 – Broadwell microarchitecture (Core i Series, 5th

Gen)

INTEL MICROPROCESSOR GENERATIONS

1. PENTIUM PRO (1995-1998)

2. PENTIUM ii (1997-2000)

3. PENTIUM iii (1998-2004)

4. PENTIUM 4 (2000-2006)

5. PENTIUM D (2006-2008)

6. CORE 2 DUO (2006-2008)

7. CORE i SERIES (2009-PRESENT)

Types of Intel ProcessorsIntel Atom (PC & Mobile, Low Watt) *

Intel Celeron (PC & Mobile, Low Budget) *

Intel Pentium (PC & Mobile, Medium Budget) **

Intel Core i3 (PC & Mobile, Low-Medium Budget) ***

Intel Core i5 (PC & Mobile, Medium-High Budget) ****

Intel Core i7 (PC & Mobile, High Budget) *****

Intel Core i7 E (PC & Mobile, High End Budget) ******

Intel Xeon (Server, High End Budget) *******

CPU

DATA INFO(10+40) (50)

1.ARITHEMATIC & LOGICAL UNIT (ALU)2.CONTROL UNIT (CU)3.MEMORY UNIT (MU) (CACHE MEMORY)

ALU CU

MU Cache (1MB-12MB)

SOME REGISTORS

(1BIT)

CPU, Inside the computer case

Central

Processing

Unit (CPU)

MEMORY DEVICE (Storage Unit )

Memory device, it is very important part of the computer. Which can store data and results for temporarily or permanently. It is depend on types of memory. Any storage unit of a computer is ranked according to following criteria

1. Access Time

2. Storage capacity

3. Cost per bit of storage

Access Time

It is the time required to locate and retrieve

stored data from the storage unit in response

to the program instruction. A faster access is

preferred.

Storage CapacityIt is the amount of data that can be stored

on a storage unit. A larger capacity is

desired

Cost per unit of storageGoal is to minimize this cost

Types of memory device

Basically two types of memory device:

1. Primary memory

2. Secondary memory

PRIMARY MEMORYPrimary memory is special type of memory.

A primary storage is made of several small

areas called locations or cells . Each of these

locations is capable of storing fixed number of

bits called word length. Two types of primary

memory:

1. RAM (random access memory) (external RAM)

2. ROM (read only memory)

3. Cache memory (static ram) (internal RAM -inbuilt)

RAM (Random access memory)RAM is called random access memory. It is so called because

it is possible to randomly select and use any location of

the memory to directly store and retrieve data and instructions.

It is called read/write memory because information can be

read and written into it. Contents of RAM are volatile. In which

store data (electronically) very fast rapidly. Which means

data read & write very fast. It store data in form of

electrical. So, if power is cut-off. Then, our data

is lost. But, its store data only temporarily.

So, we used to secondary memory to store

or save our data & results permanently. It is faster than

secondary memory. But slower than cache memory.

TYPES OF RAM:

1. DRAM (DYNAMIC RAM) - REFRESH REQUIRED

2. SDRAM (STATIC DYNAMIC RAM) – NOT REQUIRED

3. DDR RAM (DOUBLE DATA RATE RAM)

It is the memory in which information is permanently stored . The information from the memory can only be read and it is not possible to write information into it. When the power supply is switched off the information is not lost unlike RAM.

In ROM special programs are written called micro programs. They are written to aid the control unit in directing the operations of a computer system. ROM is used by the manufacturer for storing the micro programs.

Types of ROM:

There of two types of ROM:

PROM(Programmable ROM)

EPROM(Erasable PROM)

EPROM(Electronically EPROM)

PROM(Programmable ROM)ROM chips are supplied by the manufacturer

and it is not possible for a customer to

Modify the programs stored inside ROM

chip. But the user can convert his programs to

Micro programs and store them in PROM chip. PROM

is programmed to record the information using

a facility called the PROM programmer. But

once the chip has been programmed , the

information cannot be changed and the PROM

becomes ROM.

EPROM(Erasable PROM)It is possible to erase the information stored in

an EPROM chip and the chip can be

reprogrammed to store the information

Using PROM programmer. Information

stored in EPROM is erased by exposing

the chip for sometime in Ultra violet light.

PROM is mainly used by R & D personnel.

EPROM(Electronically EPROM)

A very high speed memory is sometimes used to increase the speed of processing by making the current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate . The CPU speed is quite high as compared to the access time of main memory. Cache memory is used to compensate for the mismatch. It is a small memory between the CPU and main memory whose access time to close to the processing speed of CPU. It is not addressable by the user and is very expensive.

SECONDARY MEMORY

It is second type of computer memory. Which able to

store data or result for long period of time permanently.

Our data are store in secondary memory in magnetic

form. It have many types of memory devices:

1. HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) (40GB – 1TB)

2. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD) (1-2 MB)

3. CD (COMPACT DISC) (702 MB)

4. DVD (DIGITAL VIDEO DISC) (4.7 GB)

5. PEN DRIVE (PD) (4GB-64GB)

6. MEMORY SD CARD (4GB-64GB)

7. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) (256KB-512KB)

MEASUREMENT OF STORAGE CAPACITY

8 BIT (10101111) - 1 BYTE (A,1,$)

1 KB (KILOBYTE) - 1024 BYTES

1 MB (MEGABYTE) - 1024 KB

1 GB (GIGABYTE) - 1024 MB

1 TB (TERABYTE) - 1024 GB

1 PB (PETABYTE) - 1024 TB

Unit Abbreviation Size Symbol Equivalent

Bit — — —An atom or speck, the smallest

unit of memory.

Byte — 8 bitsA single letter, a number, or a

symbol.

Kilobyte K or KB 1,024 bytesA one-page, double-spaced

letter.

Megabyte M or MB 1,048,576 bytes A best-selling novel.

Gigabyte G or GB 1,073,741,824 bytes An encyclopedia set.

Terabyte T or TB 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes A bookstore.

Bits???

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Each 0 or 1 is called a bit. Bit is an abbreviation of

the expression BInary digiT. It is called binary,

since it is derived from the binary number system:

0 1 bit

1 1 bit

0110 4 bit

01101011 8 bit

Bytes???All types of Characters like Alphabets, Numbers &

Symbols are expressed in 0's and 1's. Bits are

organized in groups of 8. A group of 8 bits is called

a byte. 8 bits = 1 byte, that is the system.

Eg:Character Bit pattern Byte number

$ 00100100 36

. 00101110 46

1 00110001 49

2 00110010 50

A 01000001 65

B 01000010 66

a 01100001 97

b 01100010 98

APPLICATION SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE

USER

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE