Computer Fundamentals and

Introduction to Computing

Madhumita Sengupta

Indian Institute of Information

Technology, Kalyani

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TOPICS Fundamental

Number system & Codes Positional & non positional

Binary, octal, hexadecimal number system

Conversion, representation of negative numbers & real numbers.

Fixed and floating point numbers.

Arithmetic & Logic Gates

Half/Full adder

Subtraction through adder

C Language

Arrays,

Pointer,

Functions

Files and streams

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Fundamentals

Number System

Conversion’s

1’s Complement & 2’s Complement

Binary Codes

Logic Gates

Boolean Algebra

Adder

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FUNDAMENTALS

What is Computer?

- Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as

input from the user and processes these data under the control of

set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output)

and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical

and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data - Input

b. processes data - Processing

c. produces output - Output

d. stores results- Storage

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FUNDAMENTALS

Computer System ?

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+

USER

Hardware

Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices

Input + Output

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MAJOR PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

INPUT DEVICES

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CONT....

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PROCESSING DEVICE

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OUTPUT DEVICES

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CONT...

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STORAGE DEVICES

1. Primary memory (main memory)

A. RAM (Random Access Memory/Read-Write Memory)

B. B. ROM (Read-only-memory)

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SECONDARY MEMORY (STORAGE DEVICES)

A. Hard Disk (Local Disk)

B. Optical Disks: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW

C. Pen Drive

D. Zip Drive

E. Floppy Disks

F. Memory Cards

G. External Hard Disk

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HARD DISK (LOCAL DISK

OTHER MEMORY UNITS

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MEMORY HIERARCHY

Magnetic Tape

Optical disk

Hard disk

Primary memory

Level 3 cache

Level 2 cache

Level 1 cache

CUP registers

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Less Expensive

More access time

Bigger in size

MEMORY REPRESENTATION

0 or 1 bit

8 bits 1 Byte

1024 Bytes 1 KB

1024 KB 1 MB

1024 MB 1 GB

1024 GB 1 TB (terabytes, trillion bytes)

1024 TB 1 PB (Petabyte)

1024 PB 1 EB (Exabyte)

1024 EB 1 ZB (Zettabyte)

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MEMORY REPRESENTATION FLOPPY

The storage capacity of a 3.5 inch floppy with double side can be calculated as:

Storage Capacity = No. of recording surface * No. of tracks per surface * No of sectors per track * No. of bytes per sector

Let have 80 tracks, 18 sector/track and can store 512 bytes/sector.

= 2 * 80 * 18 *512 bytes

= 14,74,560 bytes

=1.44 MB 18

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MEMORY REPRESENTATION MAGNETIC TAPE

Storage Capacity of Magnetic Tap:

= Data recording density * Length of the tap

Here :

Data recording density the amount of data that can

be stored on a given length

of tape. In bytes per inch

(bpi).

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MEMORY REPRESENTATION HARD DISK

The storage capacity of a hard disk with multiple

recording surface can be calculated as:

Storage Capacity :

= No. of recording surface *

No. of tracks per surface *

No of sectors per track *

No. of bytes per sector

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QUESTION?

A hard disk has 10 disk plates, 2000 tracks per

surface, 125 sectors pr track, and 512 bytes of

data can be stored per sector. Using this

information, calculate the storage capacity of the

disk.

Note: The disk has 10 plates, which means 20

recording surface. However, in a double-sided

disk, the upper surface of the first disk and the

lower surface of the last disk are normally not

used for recording data because theses surfaces

may be scratched easily. 21

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SOLUTION:

Therefore,

Storage capacity = 18 x 2000 x 125 x 512

= 2,30,40,00,000 bytes

= 2 x 109 bytes

= 2 GB

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PERIPHERAL DEVICES

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INTERNAL COMPONENTS

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CONT...

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SOFTWARE

Software, simply are the computer programs. The

instructions given to the computer in the form of a

program is called Software. Software is the set of

programs, which are used for different purposes. All the

programs used in computer to perform specific task is

called Software.

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Types of software

a) Operating System Software

DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.

b) Utility Software

Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Windows Media

Player, Anti-Virus Utilities, Disk Defragmentation, Disk Clean,

BackUp, WinZip, WinRAR etc…

2. Application software:

a) Package Software

Ms. Office 2003, Ms. Office 2007, Macromedia

(Dreamweaver, Flash, Freehand), Adobe (PageMaker,

PhotoShop)

b) Tailored or Custom Software

SAGE (Accounting), Galileo/Worldspan (Travel) etc.

3. Computer Languages & Scripting:

a) Low Level Language

i) Machine Level Language

ii) Assembly Language

b) High Level Language

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN

(FORmula TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose

Symbolic Instruction Code), C, C++ etc. are the examples of

High Level Language. 27

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TYPES OF COMPUTER

On the basis of working principle

a) Analog Computer

An analog computer (spelt analogue in British

English) is a form of computer that uses continuous

physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical,

or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being

solved.

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CONT...

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b) Digital Computer

A computer that performs calculations and logical

operations with quantities represented as digits,

usually in the binary number system.

CONT...

c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of

inputting and outputting in both digital and analog

signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a

cost effective method of performing complex

simulations.

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ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

a) Super Computer

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very

expensive and are employed for specialized applications that

require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For

example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer.

Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid

dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and

petroleum exploration.

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b) Mainframe Computer

c) Mini Computer

d) Micro Computer

i. Desktop Computer

ii. Laptop Computer

iii. Palmtop Computer

iv. Digital Diary

v. Notebook /PDAs

e) Workstations

BOOTING

The process of loading the system files of the

operating system from the disk into the computer

memory to complete the circuitry requirement of the

computer system is called booting. The system files

of MS. DOS are:

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Types of Booting:

There are two types of booting:

1. Cold Booting: If the computer is in off state and we boot the

computer by pressing the power switch ‘ON’ from the CPU box

then it is called as cold booting.

2. Warm Booting: If the computer is already ‘ON’ and we restart it

by pressing the ‘RESET’ button from the CPU box or CTRL,

ALT and DEL key simultaneously from the keyboard then it is

called warm booting.

QUIZ

1. Which one is not an output device?

o Printer

o Monitor

o Keyboard

o Modem

2. Which one works as an output and input device?

o Modem

o Scanner

o Mouse

o Monitor

3. All computers must have:

o Word processing software

o An operating system

o A printer attached

o A virus checking program

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QUIZ

4. The brain of the computer is called:

o Random Access Memory or RAM

o Central Processing Unit or CPU

o Read Only Memory or ROM

o BIOS

5. An operating system is:

o Integrated software

o CD-ROM software

o Application software

o System software

6. Software is:

o A computer program

o A set of instructions

o All of the above

o none of the above 34

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QUIZ

7. One MB is equal to:

o The amount of RAM in every computer

o 1 billion bytes

o 1024KB

o 1 thousand bytes

8. The resolution of a printer is measured in:

o Megabits

o Hz

o Dots per inch (DPI)

o Inches (diagonal)

9. A computer port is used to:

o Communicate with other computer peripherals

o Download files from the web

o Communicate with all hard drives

o Connect computers together

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END

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