computer notes 1

7/21/2019 Computer Notes 1

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Computer Notes 1

ByKumar Sanket

NSB


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Hardware Software Liveware

Inputoutput

ApplicationSystem

AdministratorEnduser

Computer Fundamental

Computer System

Notes@NSBSJ

entral Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit is also called as the Brain of the Computerr Main Processor which controls all the systems inner functions.

It is very easy to replace because it is inserted into the socket andnot soldered onto the motherboardcomputer may contain more than one CPU which is nothing but

MULTIPROCESSINGwo main parts of CPU areArithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)Control Unit (CU).

rithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU is also called as basic building blocksf Central Processing Unit, which performs all arithmetic and logicalperations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and divisionontrol Unit (CU): Control Unit controls the entire processing. It helps in

he communication between Memory and ALU


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ypes of operating systemsGraphical User Interface (GUI)

Multi-user operating system

Multiprocessor operating system

Multi-Tasking

Multithreading

GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact

with electronic devices like mobiles, gamingevices and Mp3 players using some graphical

consx:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X

Application software which allows multiple userso access the computer with time sharing systemx: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

An operating system which supports thetilization of two or more processors on singleomputer Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000

An operating system which supports multiple

rocesses at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000Computer Knowledge

his operating system will allows the software toerform some parts of program to run

oncurrentlyx: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000


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Input: Keyboard ,Mouse , JoystickOuput: Monitor ,Printer

Software : System: Those software that arevery important to run computerwithout which computer will not run

Like :Operating system

Application software: software withoutwhich computer can work but they are

Important for different task

Liveware : We the user are know as liveware

Memory


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Memory is an essential element of a computer. Without its memory, a computer is of hardly any use.

Memory plays an important role in saving and retrieving data. The performance of the computer system

depends upon the size of the memory. Memory is of following types:

1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory.

2. Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory.

1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory:Primary Memory is internal memory of the computer. RAM

AND ROM both form part of primary memory. The primary memory provides main working space to the

computer.The following terms comes under primary memory of a computer are discussed below:

Random Access Memory (RAM): The primary storage is referred to as random access memory

(RAM) because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory directly

store and retrieve data. It takes same time to any address of the memory as the first add ress. It

is also called read/write memory. The storage of data and instructions inside the primary

storage is temporary. It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to the computer is switched

off. The memories, which lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as volatile

memories .So now we can say that RAM is volatile memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM):There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only

Memory (ROM). Again it is the ICs inside the PC that form the ROM. The storage of program and

data in the ROM is permanent. The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by


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the manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The ROM can only be read by the CPU but

it cannot be changed. The basic input/output program is stored in the ROM that examines and

initializes various equipment attached to the PC when the power switch is ON. The memories,which do not lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as non-volatile memories.

ROM is non-volatile memory.

PROM:There is another type of primary memory in computer, which is called Programmable

Read Only Memory (PROM). You know that it is not possible to modify or erase programs stored

in ROM, but it is possible for you to store your program in PROM chip. Once the programmers

are written it cannot be changed and remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore

programs or instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased or changed.

EPROM:This stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which overcome the

problem of PROM & ROM. EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the

information stored earlier in it. Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time

ultraviolet light and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a special programming facility. When

the EPROM is in use information can only be read.

Cache Memory: The speed of CPU is extremely high compared to the access time of main

memory. Therefore the performance of CPU decreases due to the slow speed of main memory.

To decrease the mismatch in operating speed, a small memory chip is attached between CPU

and Main memory whose access time is very close to the processing speed of CPU. It is called

CACHE memory. CACHE memories are accessed much faster than conventional RAM. It is used

to store programs or data currently being executed or temporary data frequently used by the

CPU. So each memory makes main memory to be faster and larger than it really is. It is also very

expensive to have bigger size of cache memory and its size is normally kept small.

Registers:The CPU processes data and instructions with high speed; there is also movement of

data between various units of computer. It is necessary to transfer the processed data with high

speed. So the computer uses a number of special memory units called registers. They are not

part of the main memory but they store data or information temporarily and pass it on as

directed by the control unit.

2. Secondary Memory / Non-Volatile Memory: Secondary memory is external and permanent in

nature. The secondary memory is concerned with magnetic memory. Secondary memory can be stored


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on storage media like floppy disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, This memory can also be stored

optically on Optical disks - CD-ROM. The following terms comes under secondary memory of a computer

are discussed below:

Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers where

large volume of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of

cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials

that store data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film-type and 500 meter

to 1200 meter long which is coated with magnetic material. The deck is connected to the central

processor and information is fed into or read from the tape through the processor. Its similar to

cassette tape recorder.

Magnetic Disk: You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and

coated with magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same

principle. It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the

surface of the disk. Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device. Each disk

consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks. Information is recorded on

tracks of a disk surface in the form of tiny magnetic spots. The presence of a magnetic spot

represents one bit and its absence represents zero bit. The information stored in a disk can be

read many times without affecting the stored data. So the reading operation is non -destructive.But if you want to write a new data, then the existing data is erased from the disk and new data

is recorded. For Example-Floppy Disk.

Optical Disk: With every new application and software there is greater demand for memory

capacity. It is the necessity to store large volume of data th at has led to the development of

optical disk storage medium. Optical disks can be divided into the following categories:

1. Compact Disk/ Read Only Memory (CD-ROM

2. Write Once, Read Many (WORM)

3. Erasable Optical Disk

NOTES@NSBSJ


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History and founders

Founder of Apple Computers Steve JobsFounder of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthyFounder of Bluetooth EricssonFather of Computer Charles BabbageFather of 'C' Language Dennis Ritchie

Father of 'C++' language Bjarne StroustrupFounder of Email Shiva AyyaduraiFounder of Google Larry Page and Sergey BrinFounder of Internet Vint CerfFather of 'Java'- James GoslingFather of JQuery John Resig

Founder of Keyboard Christoper Latham SholesFounder of Linux Linus TorvaldsFounder of Microsoft Bill Gates and Paul AllenFounder of Mobile Phones Martin CooperFounder of Mouse Douglas EngelbartFounders of Oracle Ed Oates, Larry Ellison, Bob MinerFounder of Php Rasmus LerdorfFounder of USB Ajay V.BhattFounder of WWW Tim Berners-LeeFounder of Yahoo Jurry Yang and David Filo


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First Modern Computer in the World- ENIAC

First Commercial Computer UnivacFirst Programmable Digital Computer SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer)ENIAC was developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer HollerithFirst Computer Programming Languages-FORTRAN, LISP and COBOLComputer Graphics was developed by William Fetter

ARPANET was developed by DARPA

First Compiler was developed by Dr. Grace Murray HopperFather of Computer Animations- John WhitneyFirst movie to use Digital Image Processing-West World in 1973Computer Mouse was invented by-Douglas Engel Bart


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BIOS Stand for

Basic Input output system

Binary Input/output

Both

None

Brain of Computer is

CPU

RAM

Moniter

Keyboard

First generation of computers had?

Magnetic Tape and Transistors

Integrated Circuits

Vaccum Tubes and Magnetic Drum

None of these

Operating System is a common type of _______ software

communication

System

Word-processing

Application

Ram is built from

Vaccum Tubes

super-conductors

Semi-conductors

Transistors


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Cpu and Memory are located on the

Mother Board

Expansion Board

Storage Device

Output Device

In which form data is stored in the computer

Decimal

Binary

Octal

HexaDecimal

ALU stands for _______

Anscii Logic Unit

Arithmetic Least Unit

Arithmetic Loss Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

GUI stands for ______

Graphical user interface

Graphical user Instrument

Graphical unified interface

Graphical unified instrument

Operating system developed by Apple is _____

Windows

Linux

Mac OS

Dos

Operating system files are stored in ______

Hard disk

Ram

Cache

None of these


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Redhat Linux is an _____

Operating System

Malware

Application Program

Virus

Father of computer is _______

Steve Jobs

Charles Babbage

Vint Cerf

Martin Cooper

RAM is _____ type of storage device?

off-line

Secondary

Primary

None of these

_______ is used for loading the operating system?

RAM

Hard-Disk Drive

ROM

None of these

Rom is _______ in nature?

Non-Volatile

Volatile

Hard Disk is _____ in nature

Volatile

Non-Volatile


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Information regarding Date, System Configuration, and time will be stored in ______

Cache Memory

CMOS

None of these

CPU

Which type of operations are performed by RAM?

Only Read

Read and Write

Only Write

None of these

Which component helps for communication between Application Program and Computer Hardware?

CMOS

BIOS

RAM

ROM

BIOS is stored in _______

Hard Disk

ROM

RAM

None of these

Data stored in Ram is ?

Permanent

Temporary


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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1) Database:

Collection of data with some inherent meaning which represents some real

world entity.

2) DBMS:

Collection of programs for organising the database.

3) RDBMS:

It has the same functionality of DBMS except that it also provides referential

integrity.

4) SQL: (Structured Query Language)

Data in a database can be accessed and manipulated using SQL.

5) Types of keys in SQL:

Primary key-> (Uniquely identifies a record in a table)


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Foreign key-> (Field in a table that is primary key in another table)

Super key-> (Primary key, Alternate Key and Unique Key are subset of Super

Keys)

Candidate key-> (Set of one or more fields/columns that can identify a recorduniquely in table. It can serve as primary key)

Alternate key-> (a candidate key that currently is not primary key)

Unique key-> (It is same as that of primary key but it can accept only null

value and it cannot have duplicate values)

Composite or compound key-> (Combination of one or more fields or

columns of one or more fields or columns of a table. It can be a candidate key

or primary key)

6) Integrity rules:

Entity integrity: Primary key cannot accept a null value

Referential integrity: Foreign key should be either null or primary key of

another table.

7) Types of SQL statements:

DDL(Data definition language)-> (e.g.: create, drop, truncate, alter, rename)

DML(Data manipulation language)-> (e.g.: select, delete, insert, update)

TCL(Transaction control language)-> ( e.g.: commit, roll back)

DCL(Data control language)-> ( e.g.: grant, revoke)

8) Data mining:

Process of extracting information from the existing data.

9) Data warehousing:

Collection of database used to store and retrieve data

10) Normalization:


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Relational schema are analysed based on primary key and functional

dependencies to minimize redundancy and to minimize deviations in insert,

delete and update operations.

11) Denormalization:

Process of adding or grouping redundant data to increase the performance and

readability of the database.

12) Functional dependency:

The value of component A of a tuple determines the value of component B.

If t1 [A] = t2 [A] then t1 [B] = t2 [B]

13) Normal forms:

1NF: Attribute must include only simple indivisible values.

2NF: It should be 1NF and every nonprime attribute is fully functionally

dependent on primary key.

3NF: It should be 2NF and if every nonprime attribute is non-transitively

dependent on primary key.

4NF: If for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, if X=R or

XY=R or if X is a super key.

5NF: If for every join dependency that holds R, if Ri= R or join dependency is

implied by the set of functional dependency over R in which the left side is

key of R.

BCNF: If it is 3NF and for every functional dependency X A, X must be a

candidate key.

14) Indexing:

Technique for searching data in the database

Types:

* B tree

* Binary search

* Table indexing

* Inverted list indexing


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* Memory resident table.

15) Query:

User can access the data in the database using a set of commands called

queries

Sub query:

Combination of one or more queries.

16) Joints:

Explains how tables are related.

Types:

Outer:

1) Left outer: selects all records from the first table

2) Right outer: selects all records from the second table

Inner:

Displays values that are common to both the tables.

Cross join:

Combines the rows of two tables

17) ODBC:

Allows application programs to access SQL databases using a special

interface.

18) SQL built-in functions:

Min

Max

Sum

Count


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Avg

19) Binary relationships:

1:n

1:1

M:n

20) ACID property:

Atomicity: one transaction at a time.

Consistent: transaction cannot be modified.

Isolated: transactions occurring concurrently are unaware of each other.

Durable: DB changes are permanent even during system crash.

21) Views:

Virtual tables that are derived from the parent table.

22) System catalog:

RDBMS contains the description of all the data, their relationship and index

that are stored in the database.

23) Aggregate functions:

Takes number of values but gives single value as output.

E.g.: count, avg, max, min.

24) Scalar functions:

Takes one value as input and give single value for output.

E.g.: len, ucase, lcase.


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25) ER diagram: (Entity relationship)

Depicts the relationship between various tables in a DB

26) EER diagram: (Enhanced entity relationship)

It is same as that of ER but also includes subclass ans super class concepts.

27) Levels of data abstraction:

Physical level:Describes how data are stored.

Logical level:Describes the data are stored in a database and relationship among

those data.

View level:Describes a part of entire database.

28) Data independence:

Modification of schema in one level should not affect the schema in the next

level.

Types:

1) Logical data independence

2) Physical data independence

29) DML compiler:

Translates DML statements into low level instruction that the query

evaluation engine can understand.

30) DDL interpreter:

It Interprets DDL statements and records them in a data dictionary.


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Shortcut keys help provide an easier and usually quicker method

of navigating and using computer software programs. Shortcut

keys are commonly accessed by using the Alt(on IBM compatible

computers), command key(on Apple computers), Ctrl, or Shiftin

conjunction with a single letter. The de facto standard for listing a

shortcut is listing the modifier key, a plus symbol, and the

single character. In other words, "ALT+S" is telling you to press

the Alt key and while continuing to hold the Alt key, press the S

key to perform the shortcut.

In addition to the shortcuts listed on

this page, users can find the shortcut keys to their most

popular program by looking forunderlinedletters in their

menus. For example, the picture to the right has an

underline on the "F" in File which means you can press

the Alt key and F to access the File menu.Note:Some programs require the user press and hold

Alt to see the underlined characters. Finally, as can also

be seen some of the common features such as Open

(Ctrl+O) and Save (Ctrl+S) have shortcut keys assigned

to them.

As you begin to memorize shortcut keys, you'll notice

that many applications share the same shortcut keys. We

have the most commonly shared shortcut keys in the

belowbasic PC shortcut keys section.

Tip:Users outside the United States or users using a

foreign copy of a Microsoft Windows or Microsoft


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application may not be able to get all the below shortcut

keys to perform the function listed below.

Basic PC shortcut keys

The below basic shortcut keys are a listing of shortcut keys that will

work with almost all IBM compatible computers and software

programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good

reference of the below shortcut keys or try to memorize the below

keys. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.

Shortcut Keys Description

Alt + F File menu options in current program.

Alt + E Edit options in current program

F1 Universal Help in almost every Windows program.

Ctrl + A Select all text.

Ctrl + F Open find window for current document or windo

Ctrl + S Savecurrent document file.

Ctrl + X Cutselected item.

Shift + Del Cut selected item.

Ctrl + C Copyselected item.

Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item


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Ctrl + V Paste

Shift + Ins Paste

Ctrl + P Print the current page or document.

Home Goes to beginning of current line.

Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.

End Goes to end of current line.

Ctrl + End Goes to end of document.

Shift + Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line.

Shift + End Highlights from current position to end of line.

Ctrl + Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.

Ctrl + Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.

What are the F1 through F12 keys?

Commonly known as function keys, F1 through F12 may have a

ariety of different uses or no use at all. Depending on the installed


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operating system and the software program currently open will change

how each of these keys operate. A program is capable of not onlyusing each of the function keys, but also combining the function keys

with the ALTor CTRLkey, for example, Microsoft Windows users can

press ALT + F4 to close the program currently active.

Below is a short-listing of some of the common functions ofthe functions keys. As mentioned above not all programs

support function keys and may perform different tasks then

those mentioned below. If you are looking for more specific

shortcut keys and function key examples we suggest seeing

our shortcut key page.

F1

Almost always used as the help key, almost every program opens a helpscreen when this key is pressed.

Enter CMOS Setup.Windows Key+ F1 would open the Microsoft Windows help andsupport center.

Open theTask Pane.

F2

In Windows renames a highlightedicon, file, or folderin all versions of

Windows.Alt + Ctrl + F2 opens document window inMicrosoft Word.Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview window in Microsoft Word.

Quickly renamea selected file or folder. Enter CMOS Setup.

F3

Often opens a search feature for many programs including MicrosoftWindows when at theWindows Desktop..


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In MS-DOS or Windows command line F3 will repeat the lastcommand.

Shift + F3 will change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower

case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word. Windows Key+ F3 opens the Advanced find window in Microsoft

Outlook.OpenMission Controlon an Apple computer running Mac OS X.

F4

Open find window in Windows 95 to XP. Open theaddress barin Windows Explorerand Internet Explorer.

Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+) Alt + F4 closes the program window currently active in Microsoft

Windows.Ctrl + F4 closes the open window within the current active window inMicrosoft Windows.

F5

In all modernInternet browserspressing F5 willrefreshor reload thepage or document window.

Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word. Starts a slideshow in PowerPoint.

F6

Move the cursor to theAddress barin Internet Explorer,MozillaFirefox, and most other Internet browsers.

Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

F7

Commonly used tospell checkandgrammar checka document inMicrosoft programs such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc. Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted. Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Firefox.

F8

Function key used to enter the Windows startup menu, commonly usedto access WindowsSafe Mode.


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F9

Refreshdocument inMicrosoft Word.Send and receive e-mail in Microsoft Outlook.Opens the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.

With Mac OS 10.3 or later shows all open Windows. Using theFn keyand F9 at the same time opensMission Controlon an

Apple computer running Mac OS X.

F10

In Microsoft Windows activates themenu barof an open application. Shift + F10 is the same asright-clickingon a highlighted icon, file, or

Internet link.Access thehidden recovery partitionon HP and Sony computers. Enter CMOS Setup.

With Mac OS 10.3 or later shows all open Windows for active program.

F11

Enter and exitfull screenmode inall modernInternet browsers.Ctrl + F11 as computer is starting to access thehidden recoverypartitionon many Dell computers.

Access thehidden recovery partitionon eMachines, Gateway, andLenovo computers.

With Mac OS 10.4 or later hides all open windows and showsthe Desktop.

F12

Open the Save as window inMicrosoft Word.Ctrl + F12 opens a document In Word.

Shift + F12 saves the Microsoft Word document (like Ctrl + S). Ctrl + Shift + F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word. Preview a page in Microsoft Expression Web. OpenFirebug.

With an Apple running Mac OS 10.4 or later F12 shows or hidesthe Dashboard.

F13 - F24


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Early IBM computers also had keyboards with F13

through F24 keys. However, because these keyboards

are no longer used they are not listed on this page.

Using keyboard shortcuts can greatly increase your productivity,

reduce repetitive strain, and help keep you focused. For example,

highlighting text with the keyboard and pressing Ctrl + C is much

faster than taking your hand from the keyboard, highlighting the text

using the mouse, clicking copy from the file menu, and then puttingyour hand back in place on the keyboard. Below are our top 10

keyboard shortcuts we recommend everyone memorize and use.

Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert

Both Ctrl + Cand Ctrl

+ Insertwill copythe highlightedtext or selected item.

Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert

Both the Ctrl + Vand Shift + Insertwill pastethe text

or object that's in theclipboard.

Ctrl + Z and Ctrl + Y

Undoany change. For example, if you cut text, pressing

this will undo it. This can also often be pressed multiple

times to undo multiple changes. Pressing Ctrl + Y

wouldredothe undo.Ctrl + F

Pressing Ctrl + Fopens the Findin any program. This

includes your Internet browser to find text on the current

page.

Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab


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Quickly switch between open programs moving forward.

Tip:Press Ctrl + Tabto switch between tabs in a

program.

Tip:Adding the Shift keyto Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab will

move backwards. For example, if you are pressing Alt +Tab and pass the program you want to switch to,

press Alt + Shift + Tabto move backwards to that

program.

Tip:Windows Vista and 7 users can also press

the Windows Key+ Tabto switch through open

programs in a full screenshot of the Window.

Ctrl + Back space and Ctrl + Left or Right arrow

Pressing Ctrl + Backspacewill delete a full word at a

time instead of a single character.

Holding down the Ctrl keywhile pressing the left or

right arrowwill move the cursor one word at a time

instead of one character at a time. If you wanted to

highlight one word at a time you can hold down Ctrl +

Shiftand then press the left or right arrowkey to moveone word at a time in that direction while highlighting

each word.

Ctrl + S

While working on a document or other file in almost

every program pressing Ctrl + Ssaves that file. This

shortcut key should be used frequently anytime you're

working on anything important.

Ctrl + Home or Ctrl + End

Ctrl + Homewill move the cursor to the beginning of

the document and Ctrl + Endwill move the cursor to the

end of a document.


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Ctrl + P

Open a print preview of the current page or document

being viewed. For example, press Ctrl + Pnow to view a

print preview of this page.

Page Up, Space bar, and Page Down

Pressing either the page upor page downkey will

move that page one page at a time in that direction.

When browsing the Internet pressing the space baralso

moves the page down one page at a time.

Tip:If you are using the space bar to go down one page

at a time press the Shift keyand space barto go upone page at a time.

General Windows keyboard shortcuts

Alt + Tab

Switch between open applications in all versions of

Windows. Reverse the direction by pressing Alt + Shift

+ Tabat the same time.

Ctrl + Tab

Switches between program groups, tabs, or document

windows in applications that support this feature.

Reverse the direction by pressing Ctrl + Shift + Tabat

the same time.

Alt + double-clickDisplay the properties of the object you double-clickon in

Windows 95 and later. For example, doing this on a file

would display its properties.

Alt + Print Screen


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Create a screen shotonly for the active program window

in all versions of Windows. For example, if you opened

the calculator and did this only the calculator window

would be created as a screen shot. If just the PrintScreen keyis pressed the whole screen will be made

into a screen shot.

Ctrl + Alt + Del

Open the Windows option screen for locking computer,

switching user, Task Manager, etc. in later versions of

Windows. Pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del multiple times

will rebootthe computer.Ctrl + Shift + Esc

Immediately bring up the Windows Task Managerin

Windows 2000 and later.

Ctrl + Esc

Open the Windows Start menuin most versions of

Windows. In Windows 8 this opens the Start screenand

in Windows 3.x this would bring up the Task Manager.

Alt + Esc

Switch between open applications on Taskbarin Windows

95 and later.

Alt + Space bar

Drops down the window control menu for the currently

open Windows program in Windows 95 and later.

Alt + Enter

Opens propertieswindow of selected icon or program in

Windows 95 and later.

Shift + Del

Will delete any file or other object without throwing it

into the Recycle Binin Windows 95 and later.

Hold down the Shift key


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When putting in an audio CD or other CD that

uses Autoplay, holding down the Shift key will prevent

that CD from playing.Windows function key shortcuts

Below is a listing of keyboard shortcuts that use

the keyboard function keys. See ourwhat are F1 through

F12 keyspage for a full listing of what function keys do

with all other programs.

F1

Activates help for current open application. If you're at

the Windows Desktop, this will activate the help for

Windows.

F2

Renames a highlighted icon, file, or folderin all versions

of Windows.

F3

Starts find or search when at the Windows Desktopin allversions of Windows.

F4

In Windows 95 and later this opens the drive selection or

address bar when browsing files in Windows Explorer.PressingAlt + F4closes the current open program window without aprompt in all versions of Windows.

PressingCtrl + F4closes the open window within the current active

window in Microsoft Windows. This only works in programs thatsupport multiple windows or tabs in the same program window.

F6

While in Windows Explorer, this will move the cursor to

different Windows Explorer pane or in Windows 7 browse

available drives.

F8


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Pressing F8 over and over as the computer is booting willstart the computer in Safe Mode.

F10

Activates the File menubar in all versions of Windows.Simulates aright-clickon selected item. This is useful if right-click isdifficult or impossible using the mouse.

Windows keyboard key shortcuts

Below is a listing of Windows keys that can be used oncomputers running a Microsoft Windows 95 or later and

using a keyboard with a Windows key. In the below list of

shortcuts, the Windows key is represented by "WINKEY"

and because not all these shortcuts will work in all

versions of Windows we've mentioned what versions of

Windows support each Windows key shortcut key.

All versions of WindowsWINKEY

Pressing the Windows key alone opens or hides the

Windows Start menu. In Windows 8, this opens or hides

the Start screen.

WINKEY + F1

Open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.

WINKEY + Pause / Break key

Open the System Propertieswindow.

WINKEY + D

Opens the Desktopto the top of all other windows.

WINKEY + E

Open Microsoft Windows Explorer.

WINKEY + F

Display the Windows Search or Find feature.

WINKEY + Ctrl + FDisplay the search for computers window.


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WINKEY + L

Lock the computer and switch users if needed (Windows

XP and above only).

WINKEY + MMinimizesall windows.

WINKEY + Shift + M

Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY +

D.

WINKEY + R

Open the runwindow.

WINKEY + UOpen Utility Manager or the Ease of Access Center.

Windows XP only

Windows 7 and 8 only

Windows 8 only

Windows XP only

WINKEY + Tab

Cycle through open programs through the Taskbar.

Windows 7 and 8 only

WINKEY + 1-0

Pressing the Windows key and any of the top row

number keys from 1 to 0 opens the program

corresponding to the number of icon on the Taskbar. For

example, if the first icon on the Taskbar was Internet

Explorer pressing WINKEY + 1 would open that program

or switch to it if already open.

WINKEY + (Plus (+) or Minus (-))

Open Windows Magnifier and zoom in with the plus

symbol (+) and zoom out with the minus symbol (-).Press theWINK EY + ESCto close the Magnifier

WINKEY + Home


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Minimizeall windows except the active window.

WINKEY + P

Change between the monitor and projection display typesor how second screen displays computer screen.

WINKEY + T

Set the focus on the Taskbar icons

WINKEY + Left arrow

Shrinks the window to 1/2 screen on the left side for side

by side viewing.

WINKEY + Right arrowShrinks the window to 1/2 screen on the right side for

side by side viewing.

WINKEY + Up arrow

When in the side by side viewing mode, this shortcut

takes the screen back to full size.

WINKEY + Down arrow

Minimizes the screen. Also, when in the side by side

viewing mode, this shortcut takes the screen back to a

minimized size.

Windows 8 only

WINKEY + ,

Peek at the Windows Desktop.

WINKEY + .

Snap a Windows App to the sides of the screen. Pressing

it multiple times will switch between the right and left-

hand side of the screen or unsnap the app.

WINKEY + Enter

Open Windows Narrator

WINKEY + C

Open the Charms.

WINKEY + G


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Cycle through Desktop gadgets.

WINKEY + H

Open Share in Charms.

WINKEY + IOpen the Settings in Charms.

WINKEY + J

Switch between snapped apps.

WINKEY + K

Open Devices in Charms.

WINKEY + O

Lock the screen orientation.WINKEY + X

Open the power user menu, which gives you access to

many of the features most power users would want to

use such as Device Manager, Control Panel, Event

Viewer, Command Prompt, and much more.

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keysin Microsoft Excel. See

the computer shortcut pageif you are looking for other shortcut keys

used in other programs.

Shortcut Description

F2 Edit the selectedcell.

F3 After anamehas been created F3 will paste names.


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F4 Rcoelpoer aot f latesxt taicntiaonno. tFhoerr ecexall mppreles,siifngyoFu4cwhaillnged the

change the text in cell to the same color.

F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.

F7 Spell check selected text or document.

F11 Createchartfrom selected data.

Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time.

Ctrl + ; Enter the current date.

Alt + Shift + F1 Insert NewWorksheet.

Alt + Enter Wnehxitl eli ntyepainllgo wteixntg infoar mceulllt ipprleeslsininegs Alt + Enter will move to

of text in one cell.

Shift + F3 Open the Excelformulawindow.

Shift + F5 Bring up search box.

Ctrl + 1 Open the Format Cells window.


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Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet.

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K Insertlink.

Ctrl + S Save the open worksheet.

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + 1 Change the format of selected cells.

Ctrl + 5 Strikethroughhighlighted selection.

Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.

Ctrl + Z Undo last action.

Ctrl + F3 Open ExcelName Manager.

Ctrl + F9 Minimizecurrent window.


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Ctrl + F10 Maximizecurrently selected window.

Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks or windows.

Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel documen

Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel documen

Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files.

Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells

Ctrl + ' Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format.

Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format.

Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format.

Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format.


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Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format.

Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.

Ctrl + Space Select entirecolumn.

Shift + Space Select entirerow.

Ctrl + - Delete the selected column or row.

Ctrl + Shift + = Insert a new column or row.

Ctrl + Home Move to cell A1.

Ctrl + ~ Switch between showing Excel formulas or their values in cell

Microsoft Word shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keysin Microsoft Word. See

he computer shortcut pageif you are looking for other shortcut keys

sed in other programs.



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Ctrl + 0 Adds or removes 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.

Ctrl + B Boldhighlighted selection.

Ctrl + C Copyselected text.

Ctrl + D Open thefontpreferences window.

Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.

Ctrl + F Open find box.

Ctrl + I Italichighlighted selection.

Ctrl + J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.

Ctrl + K Insert link.

Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.

Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.


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Ctrl + P Open the print window.

Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.

Ctrl + S

Save the open document. Just like Shift + F12.

Ctrl + T

Create a hanging indent.

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + V

Paste.

Ctrl + X

Cut

selected text.

Ctrl + Y

Redo the last action performed.

Ctrl + Z

Undo last action.

Ctrl + Shift + L

Quickly create a

bullet point.

Ctrl + Shift + F

Change the font.

Ctrl + Shift + >

Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pt


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Ctrl + ]

Increase selected font +1pts.

Ctrl + Shift + Increases the highlighted text size by one.

Ctrl + Shift + < Decreases the highlighted text size by one.

Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document.

F1 Open Help.

F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)

F5 Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.

F7 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.

F12 Save as.

Shift + F3 Change the text in Microsoft Word fromuppercaseto lowercase

or a capital letter at the beginning of

every word.


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Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.

Shift + F12

Save the open document. Just like Ctrl + S.

Shift + Enter

Create a

soft break

instead of a new paragraph.

Shift + Insert

Paste.

Shift + Alt + D

Insert the current date.

Shift + Alt + T

Insert the current time.

In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use

their mouse as a method of quickly do something commonly

performed. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts.

Mouse shortcuts

Description

Click, hold, and drag

Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go

Double-click

If double-click a word, selects the complete word.

Double-click

Double-aclliicgknimngeontnotfhteh eletfet, xct elenftte, r, or right of a blank line makes the

center, or right aligned.


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Double-click Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set atab stop.

Triple-click Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse triple-clicked.

Ctrl + Mouse wheel Zooms in and out of document.

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keysin Microsoft FrontPage.

See thecomputer shortcut pageif you are looking for other shortcut

keys used in other programs.


Ctrl + C Copyselected text.

Ctrl + X Cutselected text.

Ctrl + P Pasteselected text.

Ctrl + K Create ahyperlink.

Ctrl + B Boldhighlighted selection.

Ctrl + I Italichighlighted selection.

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + L Left alignthe text.


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Ctrl + R Right align the text.

Ctrl + E Center the text.

Ctrl + / Turn on or off the display ofHTMLtags.

Ctrl + S Save document.

Ctrl + Tab Switch between open web pages.

Ctrl + Ins Enter Line break.

Ctrl + Enter Move cursor above or below a table.

Ctrl + Shift + B Preview in web browser window.

Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease font size.

Ctrl + Shift + > Increase font size.

Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.

Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.

Alt + mousedouble-click gV itehwis tohne ap rtoapbelerticeesl lowf oauslde ldeicstpelda yit ethme. For example, doinproperties for that cell.


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Microsoft Outlook shortcut keys

elow is a listing of all the major shortcut keysin Microsoft Outlook.ee the computer shortcut pageif you are looking for other shortcut

eys used in other programs.


Alt + S Send the e-mail

Ctrl + Enter Send the e-mail you're composing.

Ctrl + C Copy selected text.

Ctrl + X Cut selected text.

Ctrl + P Print selected text.

Ctrl + K Complete the name or e-mail being typed in the e-mail address bar

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection

Ctrl + M Send and receive all


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Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + R Reply to an e-mail.

Ctrl + F Forward an e-mail.

Ctrl + N Create a new e-mail.

Ctrl + Y Go to folder.

Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar.

Ctrl + Shift + O Open the Outbox.

Ctrl + Shift + I Open the Inbox.

Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task.

Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact.

Ctrl + Shift + J Create a new journal entry.

Ctrl + Shift + V Move folder.

computer notes 1

Documents