computers rev3
TRANSCRIPT
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Computers: How They Work1. What is a Computer
2. Components of Computer3. Worlds First Computers4. 4004 First single chip Microprocessor5. Transistors in integrated circuits (ICs)6. Review of MOSFET transistors (how they work and how they are made)7. Basic building blocks from transistors8. NANDS, NORS, Latches, Adders9. Simple components using basic building blocks10. Integrating the components to create a 4-bit Microprocessor11. Scaling up and Moores Law12. Machine Code and the processors Instruction Set Software13. Memory types (ROM, DRAM, SRAM, FLASH)14. Mother Board
15. Hard Drive16. Keyboard17. Monitor18. The Mousehttp://www.labsanywhere.net/SlideManager/slides/Computers_rev3.ppt
http://www.labsanywhere.net/SlideManager/slides/Computers_rev3.ppthttp://www.labsanywhere.net/SlideManager/slides/Computers_rev3.ppt -
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Demonstrations
PC Mother Boards
Plain and Etched Wafers Silicon Ingot ICs with lids removed Masks
Memory Hard Drive Magnetic Tape Punch Cards CDs
Cathode Ray Tube Monitor LCDs Keyboard CCD chips
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What is a Computer?
A machine that storesinstructions and operateson information/data.
A calculator that executesa stored program(sequence of instructions)
http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu
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Jacquards Loom
Circa 1804
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Charles Babbages first attempt ata Computer
The Analytical Engine, c. 1822 Designed to use Jacquard
punch cards to store and runa program
Mathematician,
Augusta Ada Lovelace,created programs
Steam Powered 25,000 parts
15 tons and 8 feet high
Never completedhttp://concise.britannica.com
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Difference Engine II
Designed tocalculatepolynomials and
compute trigand logfunctions
C. 1847Crank operated
http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/Now on Display at the
Computer History Museum!
http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/ -
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Herman Holleriths Census Tabulatorc. 1890
Census recording performed in six weeks in 1890 Census recording took 7 years in 1880
Also on Display at theComputer History Museum!
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Data entered onpunch cards
Card reader usedmercury to close acircuit whichwould advance adial by one tick
http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html
Holeriths Tabulator
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ENIAC in 1946
First electroniccomputer
Designed for theArmy
$500,000 >17,000 VacuumTubes
150 KW of power Filled multiple
rooms (700 sq. ft) Soldered and
constructed byhand by theUniversity of Penn.
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IBMs Accounting Machine
Introduced in 1949
Punch cards used to store Fortran
programs up until about 1980.
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Individual Parts
Manual hand wiring
IBM 402
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The birth of the integrated circuit(IC)
1947- using silicon as a transistor is discovered
1960- TI put 10 transistors on one piece of silicon
Used in Apollo Space Program lower power and weight
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Intel 4004
The Worlds firstMicroprocessor, made in
1971
Computer on a chip!
It had 2300 transistors and
ran at 740 KHz.
It could execute 45
instructions.Could execute 96,000
instructions per second
As powerful as the ENIAC
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Wheres the chip?
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Microprocessor
Alogic machine thatcan execute acomputer program.
A Central ProcessingUnit (CPU) integratedinto a single chip
(i.e. constructed as an
integrated circuit or ICon a single piece ofSilicon) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
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Busicom
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Moores LawIn 1965 Gordon Moore predicted thatthe number of transistors on a chipwould double every two years.
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http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/
Wiki di
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Wikipedia
micron = 10-6 meters
The feature size of an integrated circuit is indicated by the width
of a "wire," measured in microns (one micron is one millionth of ameter).Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (4th Edition)
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Components of a Computer
Processor Memory
Input/Output
Processor
Input
(Keyboard, MouseUSB Drive, DSL,
Touchscreen, Microphone,
Hard Drive)
Output
(Monitor, speakers,
USB Drive, Printer,
DSL, Hard Drive)
Memory(ROM, RAM,
Registers, Cache)
USB Universal Serial Bus DSL Digital Subscriber Line
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4004 Processor
http://en.wikipedia.org
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Whats Inside a basic CPU?(Central Processing Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Instruction Decoder
Program Counter
Instruction Register
Data Registers
Accumulator (place for storing a sum)
Clock for sequencing operations
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CPUs are made from Transistors
Transistors are tinyswitches that canopen and closevery quickly.
A negative voltagewill turn thistransistor on.
http://www.answers.com
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http://www.ugrad.cs.ubc.ca
nMOS Transistor (n-channel)
A positive voltage willturn this transistor on.
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http://www.britannica.com
Chips can have millionsof transistors built on a
small piece of silicon.
CMOS stands for Complimentary
Metal Oxide Semiconductor. This
means CMOS chips contain both
pMOS and nMOS transistors.
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Transistors are used tomake logic gates
http://www.iclayoutonline.com
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Making the Inverter Logic Gate
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http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits
Making the Exclusive OR gate (XOR)
N h t b d ith
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Now what can be made withNAND, NOR, & XOR gates?
1-bit adder(Full Adder)
A multiplexer selects
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Multiplexer
A multiplexer selectsone of many sourcesto send to the output.
http://users.ece.gatech.edu
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1-Bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
http://www.cs.umd.edu/
Comingfrom theInstructions
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4004 Processor
http://en.wikipedia.org
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Cascading 1-bit ALU to get a 3-bit ALU
http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc311
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Memory A Device thatremembers a previous input.
Registers are the high speed memory onthe CPU chip. These registers are used
for storing data that is frequently needed.
Instructions are pre-fetched and stored in
registers too so that they are ready whenneeded.
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Registers
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1-bit Latch (Flip Flop)
Static Ram and registers are constructed with this logic.
The state of Q is retained as long as power is on.
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Clocked LatchAlso known as a D-Flip Flop
http://www.cise.ufl.edu
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Cascading Flip Flops to buildan N-bit register
k h dd b
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Now we know how to add binarynumbers and store binary data
Use Flip Flops to store instructions whichare coded as binary (base-2) numbers
Use an ALU to add numbers together
Scale this concept up to accommodate
larger numbersAdd more functionality to the ALU
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Microinstructions are coded andstored as binary data
Microinstructions are the controls that
make the hardware operateMicroinstructions are coded in 1s and 0s
Microinstructions are unique to the
processor (each processor has its owninstruction set)
The clock sequences operations and keeps
operations in lock step
00011011 Add C #1
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00011011 Add C, #1
To avoid large decodercircuits, the codes are
broken up into fields.
In this example there
are three fields, each
field has dedicateddecoding circuitry:
1. The command
2. The data to be used
To Registers A, B, C, and D
http://webster.cs.ucr.edu
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2 to 4 decoders
http://users.ece.gatech.edu
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Software commands Hardware
while (amt2
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Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
Fetch an Instruction:
Fetch instruction at address stored in addressregister
Increment Program Counter
Load the Instruction Register with thisInstruction
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Decode
Decode the Instruction
Fetch the operands
Execute
ALU or other logic performs the operation
The result is then written to memory or to a
register.
M Hi h
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Memory Hierarchy
http://www.surriel.com/lectures/hierarchy.gif
Cache Memory
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Cache Memory
http://content.answers.com
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SRAM
Static Random Access Memory
Retains data in memory as long as power is on
Uses flip flops (4-6 transistors each)
Fast but more expensive due to more chip real-estate needed for each memory location comparedto DRAM
Used for cache memoryAccess time 10 nanoseconds
DRAM d SDRAM
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DRAM and SDRAM
Dynamic RAM
Dynamic refers to the need torefresh the data
Synchronous DRAM (Timing of memory chip is
synchronized with CPU clock)
Data is stored as electricalcharge in a capacitors
Capacitors will dischargerequiring that memory berefreshed every fewmilliseconds. This slows downthe DRAM
Dense therefore leastexpensive form of memory
http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/tscarff/memory/ram.htm
10 byte DRAM
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The word random means bytes can be accessed randomly.
Data access is not sequential like a magnetic tape.
http://www.cse.scu.edu
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SIMM & DIMM
Single In-linememory module
Dual In-line
memory module
These cards areDRAMS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM
ROM of three memory locations
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ROM of three memory locations,each word of memory is 3 bits
Read Only Memory Data contents can not
be changed Data retained even
when power is off Manufactured with the
data Used for booting up
computer and loadingOperating System Device Driver software
http://www.compeng.dit.ie
Diodes
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htt : tams-www.informatik.uni-hambur .de
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Flash Memory
Type of EEPROM(Electrically EraseableProgrammable ReadOnly Memory)
Using Floating Gate
Transistors to store bits Non-volatile (power not
needed to maintaindata)
MP3 Players are flash
drives with extracircuitry to decode datato analog music signals
http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/ArticleID/16383/16383.html
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Hard Drive50-80 GBytes
Data stored magnetically
Permanent Storage, Non-volatile memory
Fast - Spins 4,500 to 12,000 rpm
Dense and Inexpensive
Data easily erased and rewritten
Iron Oxide or very thin magnetic film applied with
a sputtering process stores magnetic data
http://www.metallurgy.utah.edu/
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Actuator
Actuator Arm Spindle
Read/Write head
Platter
Multiple Platters
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Read-Write Head
wikipedia
Multiple Platters
How Stuff Works
www.hddtech.co.uk
Head 20-50 nm from platter surface
A human hair is 100 nm
The voice-coil actuator controls the movement
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The voice coil actuator controls the movementof the actuator arm
Positions theread/write heads
Similar to a speaker! Uses a coil and
permanent magnet
Converts electricalsignals into mechanicalmovement
In this picture, magnethas been moved to theleft during disassembly
to expose the coil Coil moves freely
under the magnet
http://www.storagereview.com/guide2000/ref/hdd/op/over.html
Small Tolerances
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Small Tolerances
5-80 Mbytes/sec media transfer rateScaled up to size of Boeing, tolerances are
equivalent to traveling at 65 mph at an
altitude of 1.5 mm
As an analogy, a magnetic head slider flying over adisk surface with a flying height of 25 nm with arelative speed of 20 meters/second is equivalent to
an aircraft flying at a physical spacing of 0.2 m at900 kilometers/hour. This is what a disk driveexperiences during its operation.
Magnetic Storage Systems Beyond 2000, George C. Hadjipanayis
A C t i h th
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A Computer is much more than a processor.
Processor Intel Core2Q6600 Quad-Core (8MB L2cache,2.4GHz,1066FSB)
Video Cards 768MB nVidiaGeForce 8800 GTX
Memory 2GB* Dual ChannelDDR2 SDRAM at 667MHz - 2DIMMs
Hard Drive: 500GB* -7200RPM, SATA 3.0Gb/s, 16MBCache
Optical Drive Single Drive: Blu-ray Disc Drive (BD/DVD/CDburner w/double layer BD write
Monitors 20 inch E207WFPWidescreen Digital Flat Panel