computing for business and economics-iii. lecture no.6 course instructor- ms. tehseen semester-...
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COMPUTING FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS-III
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Lecture no.6
COURSE INSTRUCTOR- Ms. Tehseen SEMESTER- Summer 2010
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Chapter no. 6
Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management
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Learning Objectives
• Describe basic file organization concepts and the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment.
• Describe the principles of a database management system and the features of a relational database.
• Apply important database design principles.
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Learning Objectives
• Evaluate tools and technologies for providing information from databases to improve business performance and decision making.
• Assess the role of information policy, data administration, and data quality assurance in the management of organizational data resources.
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Organizing Data In a Traditional File Environment
• An effective Information System provides users with – Accurate – Timely – Relevant Information
This makes data management important.
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File organization concepts
• Computer system uses hierarchies• Field: Group of characters• Record: Group of related fields• File: Group of records of same type • Database: Group of related files
• Record: Describes an entity• Entity: Person, place, thing on which we store
information• Attribute: Each characteristic, or quality, describing entity
• E.g. Attributes Date or Grade belong to entity COURSE
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The Data Hierarchy
A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with the bit, which represents either a 0 or a 1. Bits can be grouped to form a byte to represent one character, number, or symbol. Bytes can be grouped to form a field, and related fields can be grouped to form a record. Related records can be collected to form a file, and related files can be organized into a database.
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File Organization Terms and Concepts
• The data hierarchy is– Bit – Byte – Field – Record – Entity – Attribute – File – Data base
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Bit
• Bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle.
• Computer input language or binary language.• 0, 1
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Bit
Bit 0 or 1
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Byte
• A group of bits called a byte.• 8 bits make one byte.• Ascii or binary code• It can be any number or symbol.
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Byte
Byte 0100 1001 (letter 1 in ASCII)
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Field
• A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words or a complete number (such as a person’s name or age) is called a field.
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Field
Field IS 101 (Course Field)
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Record
• A group of related fields, such as student’s name, the course taken, the date, the grade, comprises a Record.
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Record Record Student_ID course date grade
39044 IS 101 F08 B+
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File
• A group of records of the same type is called a file.
• Multiple tables can make file• The records could constitute a student course
file.
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File Record Student_ID course date grade
39044 IS 101 F08 B+
59432 IS 101 F08 A+ 64029 IS 101 F08 C
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Database
• A group of related files makes up a database. • The student’s course file could be grouped
with files on students’ personal histories and financial backgrounds to create a student database.
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Database
Course file
Personal file
Financial file
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Entity
• A record describes an entity.
• An entity is a person, place or thing or event on which we store and maintain information.
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Attribute
• Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity is called an Attribute.
• For example, student_id, course, date and grade are attributes of the entity course.
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Problems With the Traditional File Environment (files maintained separately
by different departments)
• Data redundancy and inconsistency• Data redundancy: Presence of duplicate data in multiple files• Data inconsistency: Same attribute has different values
• Program-data dependence:• When changes in program requires changes to data accessed
by program• Lack of flexibility• Poor security• Lack of data sharing and availability
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Traditional File Processing
The use of a traditional approach to file processing encourages each functional area in a corporation to develop specialized applications and files. Each application requires a unique data file that is likely to be a subset of the master file. These subsets of the master file lead to data redundancy and inconsistency, processing inflexibility, and wasted storage resources.
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The Database Approach to Data Management
• Database: • Collection of data organized to serve many applications by centralizing
data and controlling redundant data
• Database management system: • Interfaces between application programs and physical data files• Separates logical and physical views of data• Solves problems of traditional file environment
• Controls redundancy• Eliminated inconsistency• Uncouples programs and data• Enables central management and security
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Human Resources Database with Multiple Views
A single human resources database provides many different views of data, depending on the information requirements of the user. Illustrated here are two possible views, one of interest to a benefits specialist and one of interest to a member of the company’s payroll department.
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Types of DBMS
• Relational DBMS• Represent data as two-dimensional tables called relations or files• Each table contains data on entity and attributes
• Table: Grid of columns and rows• Rows (tuples): Records for different entities• Fields (columns): Represents attribute for entity• Key field: Field used to uniquely identify each record• Primary key: Field in table used for key fields• Foreign key: Primary key used in second table as look-up field to
identify records from original table
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Relational Database Tables
A relational database organizes data in the form of two-dimensional tables. Illustrated here are tables for the entities SUPPLIER and PART showing how they represent each entity and its attributes. Supplier_Number is a primary key for the SUPPLIER table and a foreign key for the PART table.
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Relational Database Tables (cont.)
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Operations of a Relational DBMS
Three basic operations used to develop useful sets of data• SELECT: Creates subset of data of all records that
meet stated criteria• JOIN: Combines relational tables to provide user
with more information than available in individual tables
• PROJECT: Creates subset of columns in table, creating tables with only the information specified
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Three basic operations of RDBMS
The select, project, and join operations enable data from two different tables to be combined and only selected attributes to be displayed.
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Object oriented DBMS
• Stores data and procedures as objects
• Capable of managing graphics, multimedia, Java applets
• Relatively slow compared with relational DBMS for processing large numbers of transactions
• Hybrid object-relational DBMS: Provide capabilities of both OODBMS and relational DBMS