concentrated solar power course - session 1 : fundamentals
DESCRIPTION
Lesson 1 : Fundamentals of concentrating solar thermal powerIn this session, the contents will focus on the physical and thermodynamic basis of Concentrated Solar Power: * High temperature solar-thermal conversion, limits to the concentration of solar radiation and description of the main concentrating technologies. * Solar thermal power plants: concept, background, general configuration and main typologies of solar thermal power plants.TRANSCRIPT
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By Manuel A. Silva Pé[email protected]
March 3, 2010
Concentrated Solar Thermal PowerTechnnology Training
Session 1
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons
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Session 1
• Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY• Fundamentals of Thermal Concentrating Systems• Solar Thermal Power Plants
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons
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Leonardo ENERGY:Education, Training and Advocacy on Sustainable Energy
170 partners from industry and academia contribute to Leonardo ENERGY
Leonardo ENERGY’s coordination is done by a team of professionals from the European Copper Institute and its European network of 11 offices
5,000 visitors/day, 69,000 e-mail subscribers, weekly webinars, monthly courses
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What can you expect from us?
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Global Solar Thermal Energy Council REEGLE
Estela Solar
Protermosolar
Seville University
Today’s webinar partners
CSP Today
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons
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SOLAR THERMAL POWER
Manuel A. Silva Pérez
Fundamentals of solar thermal concentrating systems
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons
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Solar Thermal Concentrating Systems
Systems that make use of solar energy by first concentrating solar radiation and then converting it to thermal energy
• Uses:– Electricity (Solar Thermal Power)– Industrial Process Heat– Absorption cooling– Chemical processes– …
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Solar energy
• Abundant• High-quality energy
• Variable (on time)• Unevenly distributed (on space)• Low density
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Excelent Very good Good Inappropriate
Solar resource availability. The solar belt
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3000 km
90 % of the total electricity demand could be supplied from STP plants covering 300x300 km2.
Effcient transmission via HVDC would allow electricity supply to remote areas with moderate losses.
DESERTEC project: STP plants in the Magreb Area to supply electricity for Europe and Africa
Solar resource availability. The Desertec project
EU25
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Why high temperature?
W
TOp
TA
Q2
Q1
TD
TC
Beam Irradiance
Radiative losses (emitted by receiver)
Difuse Irradiance
M.T.
Q2
Q1
W
TOp
TA
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The sun as a heat source
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Why concentrate solar radiation?
W
TOp
TA
Q2
Q1
TD
TC
Beam Irradiance
Radiative losses (emitted by receiver)
Difuse Irradiance
M.T.
Q2
Q1
W
TOp
TA
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Ideal concentrating system
• The receiver (or absorber) converts concentrated solar radiation to thermal energy (heat)
• An ideal receiver may be characterized as a blackbody, which has only radiative losses
CONCENTRADORCONCENTRATOR
RECEIVER
ThermalEngine
Beam Irradiance
Receiver losses
Concentrationlosses Concentrated
Solar radiation
Heat
Work / Electricity
HeatRejected
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Geometrical concentration ratio
abs
C
A
ACg
• The geometrical concentration ratio, Cg, is defined as
Where Aabs is the receiver (or absorber) area and Ac is the collection area.
Absorption area
Concentrator
Collection area
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Optical efficiency of the receiver
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Ideal concentrator
• The maximum theoretical optical efficiency (when Tabs≥TSky) is the effective absorptivity of the receiver.
• The higher the concentrated solar flux (C*I), the better the optical efficiency.
• The higher the absorber temperature, the higher the radiative loss and, therefore, optical efficiency is lower.
• The higher the effective emissivity, ε, the lower the optical efficiency.
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Global efficiency of the ideal concentrating system
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Ideal concentrating system
• For each value of the geometrical concentration ratio, there is an optimum temperature.
• The higher the geometrical concentration ratio, the higher the optimum temperature and the global efficiency.
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Concentration limits
Ssenn
nDC
22
2
3max,
• The Sun is not a point light source. Seen From the Earth, is a disk of apparent diameter θS ≈ 32’.
• The maximum concentration ratio is given by
Where n and n’ are the refractive indices of the media that the light crosses before and after the reflection on the concentrator surface
32’
32’
Focus
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Other factors affecting real concentrators. Non ideal concentrator surface
2222cspSD
Ideal curvature
Spherical curvature, with waviness
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Other factors affecting real concentrators. Sunshape
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Types of concentrating systems
• Line focus (2D)– Parabolic troughs; CLFR
• Point focus (3D)– Central receiver systems,
parabolic concentrators (dishes)
SDmáxC 23, sin/1
SDmáxC sin/12,
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Real concentrating systems
Theoretical
3D: < 46200
2D: < 215
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Manuel A. Silva Pérez
Solar Thermal Power Plants
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons
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Solar thermal power
• 100 % renewable• Based on well known technologies:
– Materials• Steel• Mirrors• Water• Thermal oil• Molten salts• …
– Engineering• Electrical• Mechanical• Thermal…
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Solar thermal power
• The “fuel” is beam solar radiation– Predictable within certain limits
• Storage and hybridization provide aditional basis for dispatchability
• Centralized or distributed generation
Solar thermal power has a very high potential of contribution to the
electricity system during the next decades
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Solar Thermal Power Plant. Basic configuration
Beam irradiance
Concentrator
Receiver
Thermal Storage
Concentrated irradianceElectricity
Power conversion system
Thermal energy
BoilerFossil fuel Biomass
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Main Concentrating Technologies
Central Receiver / Heliostats
Parabolic troughs
Parabolic dishes
Linear Fresnel Reflectors
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Solar thermal power plants
Solar Thermal Concentrating systems for electricity (energy) generation
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CSP in the Ancient times…
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CSP in the modern times
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CETS. Breve historia –Años 80: plantas de demostración
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Recent history of CSP
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Pontevedra, UNED, julio 2007
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Other (unrealized) projects…
Solgas (1993-1996). Hybrid solar-gas cogeneration plant
Colón Solar (1997-1998). Integration of solar energy in a conventional power plant
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Nevada Solar One (Boulder City, NV), 2006.
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PS10 and PS20 (Seville, Spain). 2007 and 2009
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Kimberlina (Bakersfield, CA), 2008.
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Calasparra (Murcia, Spain) 2009.
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Andasol 1 (Granada, Spain), 2009
Puertollano (Ciudad real, Spain), 2009
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Sierra Sun Tower (California, USA) 2009
Maricopa Solar (Arizona, USA) 2009
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…and many more to come during the next years
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons