concentrations of solutions
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Solutions
Molarity • Two solutions can contain the same
compounds but be quite different because the proportions of those compounds are different.
• Molarity is one way to measure the concentration of a solution.
moles of solute volume of solution in liters
Molarity (M) =
![Page 2: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 3: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 4: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Solutions
Mixing a Solution
![Page 5: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Solutions
Dilution
![Page 6: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 7: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 8: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Solutions
Using Molarities in Stoichiometric Calculations
![Page 9: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 10: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Solutions
Titration The analytical technique in which one can calculate the concentration of a solute in a solution.
![Page 11: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Solutions
Titration
![Page 12: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 13: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 14: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Solutions
Ways of Expressing
Concentrations of Solutions
![Page 15: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Solutions
Mass Percentage
Mass % of A = mass of A in solution total mass of solution × 100
![Page 16: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Solutions
Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
ppm = mass of A in solution total mass of solution × 106
Parts per Million (ppm)
Parts per Billion (ppb)
ppb = mass of A in solution total mass of solution × 109
![Page 17: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 18: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Solutions
moles of A total moles in solution XA =
Mole Fraction (X)
• In some applications, one needs the mole fraction of solvent, not solute—make sure you find the quantity you need!
![Page 19: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Solutions
mol of solute L of solution M =
Molarity (M)
• You will recall this concentration measure from Chapter 4.
• Because volume is temperature dependent, molarity can change with temperature.
![Page 20: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solutions
mol of solute kg of solvent m =
Molality (m)
Because both moles and mass do not change with temperature, molality (unlike molarity) is not temperature dependent.
![Page 21: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 22: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Solutions
Conversion of concetration units
![Page 23: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Solutions
![Page 24: Concentrations of solutions](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052700/55a19c4d1a28ab214e8b456b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Solutions
Changing Molarity to Molality
If we know the density of the solution, we can calculate the molality from the molarity, and vice versa.