NIKILA SHRI.S.V10AR38

EVOLUTION OF CONCEPTS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

“Every project is unique: a site and a circumstance, a culture, a climate, a program. You need a concept to hold the manifold pieces together”-Steven Holl

INTRODUCTION Concept is the initial idea that drives a design. It is

not an invention, but arises from observations and beliefs, those that are being encountered in daily life. No two buildings are similar…the concepts behind every piece of architecture is different based on the project, client and the architect.

What makes a building different from another?

How does an architect perceive a design problem?

What influences the architect to take up a particular concept?

An architect communicates with people through his works, by using a particular language that uses shapes, dimensions, colors and textures to express the idea and stimulate responses in humans.

“A building must have a strong idea that is architectural rather than sculptural or painterly-one that is related to the activity in the building”- Edward Larrabee Barnes

“There is an essential oneness about every job. In the best solutions there is a strong central idea involving activity. It may be static or mobile, but it has to do with the human being in space”-Edward Larrabee Barnes :

“Real artists copy, great artists steal”- Pablo Picasso

“Architecture is a visual art and the buildings speak for themselves”-Julia Morgan

DEFINITIONS Concepts may be described as abstract ideas that allow

one to make connections and recognize relationships between thoughts ,observations, beliefs, context, and integrate them as a whole.

Notions, ideas, concept and conceptual scenario

NOTIONS:Initial step in resolving problem• Random idea generation• Irrelevant• Absurd• notional

IDEAS: Thoughts as a result of understanding and observation . As the

architect proceeds from the initial stage, he develops a greater understanding of the project and identifies some notions as more appropriate.

Theory Belief Intention Thought

CONCEPTS: Similar to ideas, a concept can be a thought arising as a result of

understating but it also takes the effort in integrating various elements like project requirements, context, etc and grouping ideas together in the form of simple diagrams or few words.

CONCEPT SCENARIO: A concept scenario combines all applicable concepts as a whole.

It includes all the issues and problems left out by the brief concept statement and also includes the factors influenced by the architects.

• It is also developed from self-criticism

NOTION

IDEAS

CONCEPTS

SCENARIO

HIERARCHIES

Increasing complexity,Appropriateness,depth of thought

TYPES OF CONCEPT

ANALOGIES:Analogy is defined as correspondence in some respects especially in function or position between things, otherwise dissimilar. •Identifies literal relationships between things-comparison of a whole object and a design problem.•Easy to compare with known objects to generate new ideas

Poultry inspired office building-egg shaped “cybertecture” building concept

ANALOGY

METAPHOR

ESSENCES

PROBLEM SOLVING

IDEALS

A blooming lotus that has its leaves surrounding it. it appears to be floating in water.

METAPHOR:•Identifies abstract relationship between things.•Parallel relationships but analogies identify possible literal relationships•Creating the spirit of the thing in the design

Turning torso by santiago calatrava

ESSENCE:•Making the intangible tangible.•Taking out the extract of complex issues by identifying its roots and placing them in design.•Robert Harris –”The full process includes observing supportive places, learning from them what characteristics and structuring relationships are present, inspecting the potential transcendence of those characteristics as possibly common to other intangibly and profoundly satisfying places as well, and seeding the findings into the new places we may build”

Symbols are subsets of essence category. They make the public understand by capturing the essence in forms. They are images that evoke immediate response, usually visual

PROGRAMMATIC/PROBLEM SOLVING:•Concepts that are developed based on issues identified in the design program.

•The hymenocallis desert flower shape.•Reduces wind forces on building•most amount of natural light into the interior of the building.•maximum view of the Persian Gulf

IDEALS:•Here, the architect, instead of looking inside the design problem, brings ideal concepts from outside. •This may be appropriate or not.•It makes the task of architects easier to develop ideals as concepts which helps in the design development•They are external values brought by the architect•They are not problem specific but issue specific

“Honest expression of materials” in residential village by architect christopher charles benninger

Hierarchy of concepts

ConceptWhole project

Portion of a design

•Super-organizing ideas/themes•Analogies•Metaphor

Issue or an aspect of performance

F.L.Wright uses geometry as main organizational theme in

his building- “falling waters”

Based on a small element-circulation pattern-Jewish

museum by Libeskind

Concept in Design Process In concept design, plan form, volumetric, architecture and overall

shape of the building is set captured in essence. The concept encapsulates the spirit, form, aesthetics and technical principles of the overall project within its urban context

Ways to approach a design problem Implicit approach: Design is a creative

process It is inhibited by the

application of too much logic.

it is mysterious and springs from the depths of the designer's subconscious.

Explicit approach: Design is only valid so far as it

addresses the problems underlying the process.

Here, the designer understands, in a fully conscious way, the human problems to be solved by the design and then starts sketching.

The level of understanding on which they are based grows from careful analysis.

Understanding brief

Feasibility study

Concept/idea

Design develop

ment

EXPLICIT APPROACH

•Detailed program•Client-needs and objectives, size, function•Relationship between space, character

•Gathering and analyzing information•Site analysis•Rough plans in site•Finding alternatives

•Concept sketches, illustrations, models•Construction scope, budget, schedule•Presenting to owner –to finalize based on agreement

•Basic conceptual sketches, brainstorming ideas•General layout•Form overall appearance of both site and building•Designing feature elements-stairs, furniture, etc

• “Contemporary Architecture is not simply anti-vernacular but also architecture that can have a number of influences but still tries to be visionary, risky and uses new materials in an innovative way. Contemporary Architects attempt to push at the boundaries of materials and technology, and, especially in recent decades, geometry”- NORMAN FOSTER.

• The focus of the topic is on public buildings. Public buildings are those that are owned by the state/region and accessed by all people such as libraries, museums, monuments, etc

• Design of a public building involves understanding of people’s perception, their behavior and their responses to stimuli. It will be interesting to study how a concept caters to the public.

CONTEMPORARY PUBLIC ARCHITECTUREMid to late 20th,21st century

Interesting Concepts

‘The pompidou centre’ by rogers +piano. The building becomes a true expression of its purpose. Times square

building, NY by Arquitectonica. The building is designed to look like an exploding meteor.

“The Jewish Museum is conceived as an emblem in which the Invisible and the Visible are the structural features which have been gathered in this space of Berlin and laid bare in an architecture where the unnamed remains the name which keeps still.”  – Daniel Libeskind

Aim • To underline the importance of ‘’concept” in architectural

design process by studying about factors playing a crucial role in generating concepts.

Objective

• To understand the role played by physical, visual, social and other factors in generating a concept.

• To define the different dimensions of concept design.• To see through the transformation of a design concept

from context to final design.

Scope:• Concepts are the initial ideas to carry out a design.

Learning about concepts and their underlying factors gives a clear picture of how to transform an idea into a meaningful design that addresses various issues in design problem

Limitations:• There are numerous prevailing concepts behind famous

buildings starting from early stages of history till date but this topic focuses only on contemporary public buildings.

METHODOLOGY Stage-1:• Introduction • Definitions of notions, ideas, concepts &concept scenarios• Types of concept• Ways to approach a concept in design process• Concept examples

Stage-2:• Literature case studies of contemporary public buildings across all

regions from mid-late 20th to 21st century till date• Analysis of evolution of concepts behind each building by

understanding factors influencing the design problem

Stage-3:• Live case studies in India. Analysis of buildings based on

comparison between live and literature case studies.• Comparison based on architectural theories• People’s perception of each buildingStage-4:• Identifying the factors involved in concept development

based on analysis of case studies.• Importance of concept by highlighting its part played in

building design.• Conclusion

S.V.NIKILA SHRI10AR38

Evolution Of Concepts In Architectural Design Process

DISSERTATION STAGE- II

ARCHITECTURAL STATEMENTSArchitects use buildings as tools for communicating their concepts.The quality of communication is determined by how elegantly it is expressed which becomes the basis for public criticism and collective evaluation of the building.Each building requires a number of communicating elements to express a total image.

MODES OF PERCEPTIONVisual -form-light directions, colorsSensations-form & texture

Temperature Humidity Touch sound

Overall communication image

Hierarchial list of ideas or concepts

Appropriate design technique

SOURCE of Architectural statementsThe first design issue is to select the most effective substance of the architectural expression

Intended meanings?- forms/images related to these meanings.

Relative importance of the meanings.

Logical order of building construction.

Types -ANALOGY

MILWAUKEE ART MUSEUM - Quadracci pavillion

Location-Wisconsin, USAArchitect –Santiago CalatravaYear completed-2001

•To set a strong architectural statement at the waterfront ,to be added to the existing Milwaukee art museum designed by Earo Saarinen .•A style that complemented Earo Saarinen’s design.•Exhibition galleries, museum store and auditorium.

LAKE MICHIGAN

QUADRACCI PAVILION

WAR MEMORIAL CENTER

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

SITE PLAN

Design problem

MovementInspired by nature

DYNAMISMMoving structures in nature..

HUMAN figuresMotion of birds, human

body...wavesBone and skeletal systemWHITE color in structures

THE ARCHITECT-Santiago Calatrava

Nature as inspiration

Bird wings

CONCEPTTo design a glowing lantern radiating light in all directions.•Glass- enclosed reception hall•Boat -like prow facing the Lake•Huge, wing-like sunscreen

The long linear cabled bridge connecting to the pavilion creates focus

DYNAMISMAs we approach the pavilion through the cabled pedestrian bridge, the bird-like form appears to fly above the water.

Cable-stayed pedestrian bridge

Brise Soleil

waves

MAJESTIC

231 feet

An enormous sun-screen that can be controlled to admit or avoid natural light .

Ship like detailing and design at southern terrace providing a view of the lake in the front.

Organic forms + technological innovationBird’s wings as brise soleil that tends to close and open when required.

BIRD’S NEST OLYMPIC STADIUMLocation-Beijing,ChinaArchitect –Jacques Herzog and Pierre de MeuronYear completed-2008

Chinese ceramics

bowl

IMPACTThe same stadium portrays a different image during night as a beacon of light , it lures people.it suggests tension beneath the surface, the steel frames trying to hold the structure like rubber bands.

Bird’s nest Interwoven twigs

SITE PLANLocation –Oslo,ScandinaviaArchitect –Renzo PianoYear completed-2012

Astrup Fearnley Museum

PROBLEM IDENTIFIEDClimate- Extreme cold , warm summer temperatures in Scandinavia. Winters are cold; temperatures hover below freezing and snow blankets the city. The available light in winter has to be used efficiently.

PROBLEM SOLVING

Office

Gallery

Leisure ParkCanal

Fritted glass

Three different buildings under one unique glass roof

CONCEPTLIGHT- Light is an important factor for an art gallery

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH

Glazed roof allowing natural light which gets diffused

Interaction at various levels

Sweeping fritted-glazed curved roof

CONCEPT-Light

Bridge over canal

BRIGHT COLORED TIMBERTimber for the facades and interiors like in traditional Scandinavian construction of local buildings and boats. The bright colour reflects sunlight

VIBRANT ENVIRONMENTThe integration of Art related activities in all three buildings and the mix with offices and leisure activities, makes the complex a vibrant part of the new urban fabric that attracts a very broad public.

Location-Pune, IndiaArchitect –Christopher Charles BeningerYear completed-2009

Suzlon Headquarters

IDEALS

DESIGN PROBLEM•To create the greenest office in India.•Use of non-toxic and recycled materials.•To use vernacular solutions with sensitivity to climate•A land scraper, not a skyscraper

Fatehpur Sikri, Agra

Sacred spaces --Water bodies--Open courtyards

Meenakshi temple complex, Madurai

Balance with tradition

EVOLUTION

Nodes and Vistas-focus

Open & built-up spaces-balanced

Built-up & connecting spaces

CONCEPT-Interplay of open & closed spaces

Nodes Water body

Bramhasthan open to sky

Water body to the east

•The Deep sthamb or oblix, reaching out to the sky as a symbol of excellence and hope •Visual connector

•Motifs(cylinders, water bodies. Deepasthum, gardens)•Components that tie all these together.

•Work stations with daylight and external views-interaction with nature outside

Balance with change

Balance with nature•People close to nature•Everyone can sense the seasons and time of the day from their work place

Inter-locking spacesIntegrating spaces

Cylinders of light

View of waterbody from work place

Location-Berlin, GermanyArchitect –Daniel LibeskindYear completed-

ESSENCE

JEWISH MUSEUM

Design ProblemPropose an extension to Berlin museum for Jewish collection

HIstoryElimination of the Jewish culture due to the Holocaust.

INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION

Criss-crossing Jewish and German history lines

Star of David

Preliminary layout-sketch

Trajectories of Berlin

Tracing Jewish presence in Berlin Sky

Star evolving into Zig-zag

Combination of the invisibility of the jews and the history lines of Jews and German

System of void spaces

Separate void building

Garden of exile

VOiDS-Invsisibility of Jews

•24 meters high holocaust tower•Lit by a single narrow slit high above the ground•Bare and empty•Symbolizing tribute paid to the numerous Jewish victims of mass murder

ABSENCE OF JEWS IN BERLIN

Dialogue between the past and the present

SOCIAL IMAGERY OF THE BUILDING TYPE

Three sails symbolise the Holy trinity and the highest sail wants to represent god’s protection over the christian community. Church of the year 2000 by

Richard Meier

Symbolism of the building type within its context.Each type is symbolic of its function in the society and has a traditional place in the context of that society.

Location-Beijing, ChinaArchitect –Zaha HadidYear completed-2012

GALAXY SOHO

Retail stores, offices and entertainment facilities

METAPHOR

•Four large domes that are connected using large bridges and platforms that, all mixed together, give the impression of a fluid and natural environment.•The inspiration was clearly drawn from natural forms, such as dunes and rivers and even canyons represented by numerous public courtyards and a large central open space.

THE ARCHITECT’S INDIVIDUAL STYLE “The reality of architecture is not

contained in the roof and walls, but in the space within. It is the space that is.“ 

Nari Gandhi

Tejani 'Metro Shoes' Bungalow, Maharashtra 1990-1993

Organic architecture

Unconventional thinking

Use of stone, brick, wood, glass

and leather. Arches

Indoor gardens

The movement of light, the flow of  breeze, the gradations of earth and the expanse of sky were his building materials

APPROACHES

THE BUILDING PROGRAM

SOCIAL IMAGERY OF THE BUILDING TYPE

THE BUILDING SITE

ARCHITECT’S INDIVIDUAL STYLE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH

TECHNOLOGY

TYPES

ANALOGY

METAPHOR

ESSENCE

PROBLEM SOLVING

IDEALS

Concave structure and glass façade reflects intensified heat(69.8C) onto nearby buildings, streets and roads.

WALKIE TALKIE TOWER

Concepts affecting usabilitySite & neighborhood

While buildings may feature an energy efficient facade that successfully blocks solar heat gain, it could possibly affect the environment of neighbouring buildings if the facade is too reflective.

Frank Gehry’s Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles also created extreme exterior reflectance.Highly polished panels that amplified the sunlight onto adjacent building facades.

WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALLMaterial

Sliding ice and snow from the building’s window boxes and other projecting roof areas, blocking emergency exits and damaging other building elements.”

Strata centre

Form/ structure

Parts of the opera house roof at City of Arts and Sciences complex are falling off just eight years after completion.

The architect’s original builders have made several attempts to fix the roof so it doesn’t let in water, and now the owner wants to hire a new architect to design a replacement for the curvy roof.

Palau de les Arts Reina Safia opera house- Santiago Calatrava

Ysios Winery- Santiago Calatrava

S.V.NIKILA SHRI10AR38

Evolution Of Concepts In Architectural Design Process

DISSERTATION STAGE- III

Live Case studies

• Care college, Trichy• Centre for Development Studies and Activities-CDSA,

Pune

• Lotus temple-Fariborz Sahba• Isha yoga, 30 Kms from Coimbatore

LOCATION

Lake

Artificial Pond

C.A.R.E campus

Farm land

N

C.A.R.E College, Trichy

•The emphasis on the inner most shrine is symbolized by a water body -natural peace•Creates a centre/focus •To create a transition from outer spaces to inner calm spaces

Outer Public Spaces

Sacred Inner Spaces

CONCEPT

THE ‘DEITY’•The emphasis on the inner most shrine is symbolized by a water body -natural peace•Creates a centre/focus •To create a transition from outer spaces to inner calm spaces

Layering of spaces

N

Entrance points from which lake view and vistas are seen

Existing lakeArtificial water body

Entrance points

ELEVATION

FLOOR PLAN

N

HIERARCHY- The height of the blocks decrease gradually as we near the water pond to facilitate view from periphery.

Lab Classroom Workshop Water plazaCourtyard

•Wide courtyards with seating stones for relaxation.•View of the other end- visually connected

•View of the water pond, which acts as the central element that attracts the surrounding spaces.•it acts as a central gathering space overlooking the lake view

Dining areas face the lake side

Integration of nature into built forms

Use of light to modulate spaces

LOCATION

•The site lies on Pune Pashan highways•A contoured site•Fairly Barren land

Centre for Development Studies and Activities Pune

CONCEPT

Staggered plan by juxtaposing rectangular built and open spaces

Residential zone

Entrance

Institutional zone

15

5

4

9

9

8

8

8

8

6

7 2

3

N

FLOOR PLAN

•The architect has explored new patterns by playing and juxta-positioning of parallel walls.•A system of outdoor courtyards and built spaces cluster around the central podium.

Sensitivity to nature

Responsive to climate•The use of Hipped roofs to tackle strong westerly monsoon winds.

Westerly monsoon30

45

SECTION

ELEMENTS

Water sprouts to drain water

Shaded windows•Use of natural stones•Exposed grey finish•Earthy colors•Blend with nature•Pathways defined by courtyards, open and built spaces.

C.A.R.E COLLEGE CDSA, PUNETYPE Educational Institution Educational Institution

YEAR 2009 2000LOCATION Thayanur village,Trichy Pune

SITE –Physical features Existing Lake, surrounded by farmlands

Barren land with contours

ARCHITECT Sanjay Mohe Christopher Charles Benninger

STYLE Modern Vernacular

COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

AR.SANJAY MOHE

Concept evolution in architectural design process

•An American-Indian architect and planner born in the United States in 1942. His firm Christopher Charles Benninger Architects (CCBA) chooses very few projects. Other than India, its works range from Sri Lanka to Bhutan.

DESIGN APPROACH•Responding to climate•Integrating nature into the built form•Using light to modulate spaces•Design from inside-out, rather than outside-in•Transition from outdoors to indoors by using semi-covered and open spaces•Believes in simplicity

INSPIRATION•Tadao Ando•Richard Meier•B.V.Doshi, Charles Correa for building in tropical climate

AR.CHRISTOPHER CHARLES BENNINGER

Concept evolution in architectural design process

•An American-Indian architect and planner born in the United States in 1942. His firm Christopher Charles Benninger Architects (CCBA) chooses very few projects. Other than India, its works range from Sri Lanka to Bhutan.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

•Expansive campuses reveal an understanding of Indian “place making” reflecting the great temple complexes and the Mogul campuses. •His narrative presents a language that lies between American ideals embedded in its wooded Arcadian landscapes and sacred notions enshrined within Indian courtyards, generating a unique approach to architecture and place making.•His work in India is characterized by• Brick and stone bearing walls,• Exposed concrete work and • Glass panels.

C.A.R.E COLLEGE CDSA, PUNEINITIAL CONCEPT Use of Metaphor-

comparing to South Indian temples like Srirangam temple, Trichy

Use of Ideals- clustering of spaces around a podium in a staggered manner

EVOLUTION Utilising the existing lake view

Utilising the existing contours by creating levels

C.A.R.E COLLEGE CDSA, PUNE

HOW IT IS APPROACHED Planning layout-layering of spaces, interesting play of open spaces, courtyards-experiencing spaces-views, vistas, sounds, breeze

From planning till small architectural elements in detail

Horizontal and vertical planes defining courtyards, transition from classroom to corridors by blurring boundaries

Water sprouts, brass pots, sculptures, water Kund, tile roof

MATERIALS White color finish, black granite flooring

Basalt Stone walls , kota stone flooring, exposed concrete beams

Concept evolution in architectural design process

LOCATION Lotus temple, New Delhi

CONCEPT

•Mr. Fariborz Sahba, had travelled extensively in India to study the architecture of this land and was impressed by the design of the beautiful temples, as well as by the art and religious symbols wherein the lotus invariably played an important role.• He was influenced by this experience, and in an attempt to bring out the concept of purity, simplicity and freshness of the Bahá’í Faith, he conceived the Temple in Delhi in the form of a lotus. The temple gives the impression of a half-open lotus flower, afloat, surrounded by its leaves.

ARCHITECT- Fariborz Sahba

ANALOGY TO ‘LOTUS FLOWER’-sacred form -brahma, buddha sprang from it-islamic architecture- Taj Mahal

A concept that would be acceptable to the people of all different backgrounds

The whole superstructure is designed to function as a skylight. The interior dome is composed from intersection of nine spheres and patterned after the innermost portion of the lotus flower. The interior dome, therefore, is like a bud consisting of 27 petals, and light filters through these inner folds and is diffused throughout the hall. Nine open petals, each of which functions as a skylight, surround the central hall and nine entrance petals complete the design.

•The lotus, as seen from outside, has three sets of leaves or petals, all of which are made out of thin concrete shells. The outermost set of nine petals, called the 'entrance leaves', open outwards and form the nine entrances all around the outer annular hall. The next set of nine petals, called the 'outer leaves', point inwards. The entrance and outer leaves together cover the outer hall. The third set of nine petals, called the 'inner leaves', appear to be partly closed. Only the tips open out, somewhat like a partly opened bud. This portion, which rises above the rest, forms the main structure housing the central hall.

LOCATION Dhyanalingam,Isha yoga centre,Coimbatore

•Isha Yoga Center is an ashram near the city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, southern India.• The ashram was founded by Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev two decades ago and is administered by the Isha Foundation

•. It is located on 150 acres of lush land at the foothills of the Velliangiri Mountains. •Surrounded by thick forests and situated right next to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the ashram is the site of the Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple and the Linga Bhairavi Temple and hosts several yoga programs every month.

Dhyanalingam

CONCEPT

•In ancient temples, the structure that houses the Deity is as important as the Deity itself. The parikrama or the walkway of the temple, the garbhagriha or the innermost shrine of the temple, the shape and the size of the idol, the mudra held by the idol and the mantra (sound) used for the consecration of the temple are the fundamental parameters of a temple. These elements are matched and built according to a certain science and based upon the understanding of the energies, thereby creating a powerful energy situation and facilitating inner transformation. The energies of the Dhyanalinga have been consecrated to last for more than 5000 years without any dissipation.

sound

S.V.NIKILA SHRI10AR38

Evolution Of Concepts In Architectural Design Process

DISSERTATION STAGE- IV

Aim

• To underline the importance of ‘’concept” in architectural design process by studying about factors playing a crucial role in generating concepts.

Objective • To understand the role played by physical, visual, social and other

factors in generating a concept.• To define the different dimensions of concept design.• To see through the transformation of a design concept from

context to final design.

STAGE-1

STAGE-2

STAGE-3

STAGE-4

•Introduction •Definitions of notions, ideas, concepts &concept scenarios•Types of concept•Ways to approach a concept in design process•Examples of interesting concepts

•Literature case studies of contemporary public buildings across all regions from mid-late 20th to 21st century till date•Analysis of evolution of concepts behind each building by understanding factors influencing the design problem

•Live case studies in India. Analysis of buildings based on comparison between live and literature case studies.•Comparison based on architectural theories•People’s perception of each building

•Identifying the factors involved in concept development based on analysis of case studies•Inference based on analysis•Evolution of modern concepts –contemporary scenario•Conclusion

CASE EXAMPLES DESCRIPTION BUILDING TYPE

CONCEPT GENERATORS

CONCEPT

•BMW central building•Germany •Year -2005•Architect-Zaha Hadid

Car assembling unit

The building program

Problem solving

•Church of the year•Italy•Year-2000•Architect-Richard Meier

Church Social imagery of the building type

•Analogy

•Milwaukee art museum,•Year-2001•Architect-Santiago Calatrava

Museum Architect’s style Analogy-bird’s wings

CASE EXAMPLES DESCRIPTION BUILDING TYPE

CONCEPT GENERATORS

CONCEPT

•Bird’s nest olympic stadium•China •2008•Architect-Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron

Sports stadium Technology Analogy to chinese bowl, bird’s nest

•Jewish museum•Berlin, Germany •2001•Architect-Daniel LIbeskind

War memorial museum

Social imagery of the building type

Essence

•Galaxy soho•China•Architect-Zaha Hadid•2012

Commercial & entertainment

Architect’s style Metaphor – comparison between sand dunes, rivers, canyons

CASE EXAMPLES DESCRIPTION BUILDING TYPE

CONCEPT GENERATORS

CONCEPT

•Suzlon Headquarters,Pune2009•Architect-Christopher Charles Benninger

Office Behavioral and Environmental Research

Metaphor- comparison to open spaces in Fatehpur Sikri

•Astrup Fearnley art museum, Oslo•2012•Architect-Renzo Piano

Art museum The Building Site Problem solving

•C.A.R.E college, Trichy•2009•Architect-Sanjay Mohe

Educational Institution

Site Analogy- to layering of spaces in Meenakshi amman temple, Madurai

CASE EXAMPLES DESCRIPTION BUILDING TYPE

CONCEPT GENERATORS

CONCEPT

•C.D.S.A, •Pune ,India•2000•Architect-Christopher Charles Benninger

Educational Institution

Environmental and Behavioral Research

IdealClustering of open, semi-open and closed spaces around a podium

•Lotus Temple•New Delhi, India•Architect-Fariborz Sahba

Temple Social Imagery of the building type

Analogy to lotus flower

•Dhyana Lingam•Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India•Architect-Karthikeyan

Temple The building program

Essence

CONCEPT GENERATORS

THE BUILDING PROGRAM

SOCIAL IMAGERY OF THE BUILDING

TYPE

THE BUILDING SITE

ARCHITECT’S INDIVIDUAL STYLE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL

RESEARCH

TECHNOLOGY

TYPES

ANALOGY

METAPHOR

ESSENCE

PROBLEM SOLVING

IDEALS

inference

Concept types

Analogy- Literal relation

MUSEUMSymbolic analogy-bird’s wingsOLYMPIC STADIUMSymbolic analogy to chinese bowl, bird’s nest

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTEDirect analogy- to layering of spaces in Meenakshi amman temple, Madurai

TEMPLESymbolic analogy to lotus flower

CHURCHSymbolic analogy to sea waves

SYMBOLIC ANALOGY

DIRECT ANALOGY

•All these are public buildings- all types of users.•The architect tries to communicate through the form by creating expressions.•The visitors experience the feeling of visual connection to the building long before they enter it.•The analogies are left to be interpreted in different ways by people.•Psychological impact on users•Comparing to objects similar in functions.•How layering of spaces facilitates activities in an environment.•Behavioral concepts work well in institutions

inference

Concept types

Metaphor- Abstract relation

COMMERCIAL & ENTERTAINMENTComparison to natural dunes, rivers, canyons( flow)

OFFICE Comparison to open courtyards, water bodies in Fatehpur Sikri, Delhi

•People come to enjoy, feel relaxed in entertainment spaces•They spend more time in the inside shopping. •The concept of fluid forms gives a relaxed feeling and exciting atmosphere.•A metaphor differs from analogy that comparison is on whole basis

•An office building is not open to public. The users are the people working.•The concept of expression through forms/ function is not relevant•A concept based on the behavior of users in the environment gives comfort•The open spaces, water bodies, courtyards provide a different ambience than the working environment

inference

Concept types

Essence-roots of the design

problem

WAR MEMORIALApproach- social imagery of the building

TEMPLEApproach – understanding the program

•Understanding the historical context of the site and trying to express in design•For this, a very strong concept is required which is poignant enough to have a deep impact on the minds of the people.•A war memorial is different from a museum as it relates to an event in history, calling for a stronger concept.•The history is communicated through the building. – the narrow slits of windows, dead-end spaces, single source of sky-lights, etc.•Finding the roots- temple- place of worship-Peaceful, calm environment-A hemispherical dome that reflects the sound in multi-directions- The users come to know of the importance of sound by listening to just a single drop of water falling from a height, being reflected by the dome.

inference

Concept types

Ideal - environments

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONApproach- environmental & behavior research

•Large podiums have been considered ideal environments for interaction in an educational institution by the architect.•The concept of clustering of open, closed spaces around the rectangular podium.•This is an external factor brought by the architect into the design.

Concept types

Problem solving- identifying issues

CAR ASSEMBLINGApproach-The building program

ART GALLERYApproach – site

•The design brief demanded separation of three activity zones.•Hence the architect has tried to understand the problem and solve by designing such that it connects the existing units in the site.•The sequential processes in a car assembling unit have to be considered.•The primary requirement in any art gallery is the lighting. •Issue of snow accumulation during winter was identified in the location. Hence the architect has designed sloping glazed roofs that also bring in huge amounts of daylight and also slope drains away the melting snow.

concepts in present scenario

•SUSTAINABILITY- GREEN BUILDINGS

•Recycling- re-use of materials

•BIO-MIMICRY

•Water- floating structures

•Deconstructivism

•ORIGAMI -PAPER FOLDING

Modern concepts

Why Sustainable??

•Only collective, international action will lead to measures substantial enough to make a change in the trajectory the planet is headed for. Architecture can be a powerful collective in the face of such a challenge.•We have to use available resources economically for a promising sustainable environment in the future by designing more greener environments.

Green buildings

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

•‘Turn Down the Heat’, a snapshot of the latest climate science prepared for the Word Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, says we are on a path to a 4°C (7.2°F) warmer world by the end of this century.

Biological concrete

-breathing façade

Green technology showroom, China

•Global Warming•Resource depletion•Climate change•Energy crisis

Vertical farming in a residence

Modern conceptsRecycle

•Chinese architect Wang Shu who won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize designed this building.•The outer wall decoration of Ningbo Museum is made in two ways. Some walls are decorated by millions of tiles collected in local areas. Other walls are decorated with cement-covered bamboos.• It is reported that Ningbo Museum was the first museum built with large number of used materials.

The Ningbo museum, China(2008), by architect Wang Shoo

Modern conceptsRecycle

The Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew Temple, Thailand

•More than a million recycled bottles to construct a new Buddhist temple.•Uses everything from beer to wine bottles as bricks to support the entire structure.

The Tower of Babel

•30,000 old books, which were donated by libraries and readers, to create the 82-foot tall Tower of Babel.

The Grandma Prisbrey’s Bottle Village, California

•The construction work spanned over 25 years and includes a variety of recycled materials such as beer bottles, old dolls and numerous other found materials collected from a local dump. •Using bottles makes the structure shimmer with different colors as sunlight hits the façade of the structures.

Modern conceptsBiomimetic in architecture

•Biomimetic architecture is a contemporary philosophy of architecture that seeks solutions for sustainability in nature, not by replicating the natural forms, but by understanding the rules governing those forms

•Involves mimicking of how the environments and many components work together and tends to be on the urban scale or a larger project with multiple elements rather than a solitary structure.

Termite mounds Namibia Eastgate Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe

The project mimics the Namibian desert beetle to combat climate change in an arid environment. It draws upon the beetle’s ability to self-regulate its body temperature by accumulating heat by day and to collect water droplets that form on its wings. The greenhouse structure uses saltwater to provide evaporative cooling and humidification. The evaporated air condenses to fresh water allowing the greenhouse to remain heated at night.

•The Palm Island is made out of only sand and rocks (no use of concrete was used to build the island). This was done according to the order of the Prince of Dubai to make it very natural. •The primary objective of construction of the Palm Islands was to increase tourism in Dubai, as the oil reserves in the gulf were getting depleted. The Palm island consisted of resorts, hotels and was a major holiday destination.

Modern conceptsWater Architecture

•Each settlement will be in the shape of a palm tree, topped with a crescent. The settlements will have a large number of residential, leisure and entertainment centres and will add 520 kilometres of non-public beaches to the city of Dubai.

The Palm Islands, Dubai

•The Palm Islands are two artificial islands in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in the shape of palm trees. The islands are the Palm Jumeirah and the Palm Jebel Ali.

Water Discus hotel, Maldives

Modern conceptsWater Architecture

• A luxury multi-million dollar resort featuring 21 moveable rooms found in the heart of spectacular coral reefs.

•The luminous hotel features two large disc-shaped lounges seven-meters above the water, housing a luxury restaurant and spa. The lounges are connected to a glass tunnel plunging 30-meters below the water, leading to 21 opulent bedrooms.•Not only does the hotel look like a spaceship -- it actually moves like one, with the largest underwater saucer-shaped room able to slide to the surface in emergencies.

•The chance to explore an underwater world from the comfort of your bedroom."•Those wanting to explore the spectacular underwater world, can also dive straight in from the hotel's airlock compartment, including its own decompression chamber.

Modern concepts‘Deconstructivism’

Baton rouge librarySeattle public library by Rem Koolhas

•Deconstructivism is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. •Views architecture in bits and pieces•Fragmentation, manipulation of skin’s structure, shapes that distort elements depicting chaos and confusion

Modern concepts‘Origami trend’

Scenography by Aquli Alberg•The tunnel was inspired by the specific style of cutting garments up and splicing them together in new ways, horizontally, vertically and from back to front to create hybrids.

• Set against the sculptural backdrop, the collection is also a nod to the myriad ways that architecture influences dress. •A series of sliced surfaces generate a complex, yet controlled volume, obtained through three-dimensional digitalisation.

• The tunnel of the catwalk, where the models walked out

was formed to create a backdrop for the

runway.

Conclusion

•The approach to each design problem differs based on the architect’s personal experiences. It is the architect who has to make a decision after all. The architect may give importance to any part of a problem, which he thinks needs the utmost care and attention.

•If issues are identified in the site, concepts can be approached by addressing those issues or if approached in a different manner, the site issues should be taken care of by that approach.

•From all the case studies, it is evident that all architects give importance to users in the first place. Concept of public buildings, office buildings, entertainment & commercial buildings, all depend primarily on the users. Understanding the physical and psychological needs of the users is very important.

•A concept is not a separate stage in a design process. It takes shape through the design process.

•Any notion or idea that strikes may seem irrelevant initially, but may seem appropriate later.

Conclusion

•The results of growing awareness and inclination towards sustainable development is more visible in current day architecture.

•Man should try to strike a balance between nature and built environment without harming both.

•The developing global issues like global warming, resource depletion, energy crisis, etc have impact on the whole world- no matter of rich or poor. Built environments contribute significantly to these factors. Hence, architects have to consider this perspective of looking at nature and be sensitive to it while designing.