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Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism

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Page 1: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Concept of

Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism

Page 2: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Concept of metamorphic rocks

METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm Geothermal gradient Confining pressure Directed pressure Regional metamorphism Contact metamorphism High-P metamorphism Burial or low-grade metamorphism Foliated texture Crystal Growth Pressure-Temperature Paths (pro-grade and

retrograde metamorphism)

Page 3: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 4: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Factors that control the type and and degree Metamorphism

•Heat

•Pressure

•Fluids

Page 5: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Temperature increases with depth A typical continental geothermal gradient is 30 degrees C per kilometer

Where is the 1300 degree isotherm?

Old lithosphere - 150 km

New lithosphere (Divergent) - 30 km

Volcanic regions (Convergent)- 50 km

Page 6: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 7: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 8: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 9: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 10: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

150

Page 11: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Confining Pressure

Confining pressure is the same in all directions (incl. 3rd dimension)

Confining pressure implies that there is little more in one direction that in the other directions.

In water, that is

one ton per m2 each meter of depth

10 m ~ 1 atm or 10 tons of pressure

Page 12: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Directed Pressure

When one pressure is greater than the other three (incl. 3rd dimension)

If directed pressure is great enough rocks can break and/or fold

Page 13: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Fluids

•Accelerate chemical reactions

•Dissolve ions and move them from one mineral to another

•(A change in rock composition by fluid transport is metasomatismmetasomatism)

Page 14: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 15: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 16: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Pressure

Temperature

Fluids

metasomatism)

(Impacts)

Contact

Burial

(low-P, low-T),

low-grade

TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

Increasin

g gradeRegional

Metamorphism

Subduction ZonesSubduction Zones

Mountain beltsMountain belts

Page 17: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

shock, contact, regional, and burialshock, contact, regional, and burial

Types of metamorphism

Page 18: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Depth,km

0

35

75

Asthenosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental crust

Continental crust

Regional metamorphism Oceanic

crust

Oceaniclithosphere

ShockShockmetamorphismmetamorphism

Page 19: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Depth,km

0

35

75

Asthenosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental crust

Continental crust

Regional metamorphism Oceanic

crust

Oceaniclithosphere

ShockShockmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalmetamorphismmetamorphism

Page 20: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Depth,km

0

35

75

Asthenosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental crust

Continental crust

Regional metamorphism Oceanic

crust

Oceaniclithosphere

ShockShockmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalhigh-pressurehigh-pressuremetamorphismmetamorphism

Page 21: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Depth,km

0

35

75

Asthenosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental crust

Continental crust

Regional metamorphism Oceanic

crust

Oceaniclithosphere

ShockShockmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalhigh-pressurehigh-pressuremetamorphismmetamorphism

ContactContactmetamorphismmetamorphism

Page 22: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Depth,km

0

35

75

Asthenosphere

Continental crust

Continental crust

Regional metamorphism Oceanic

crust

Oceaniclithosphere

ShockShockmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalhigh-pressurehigh-pressuremetamorphismmetamorphism

ContactContactmetamorphismmetamorphism

BurialBurialmetamorphismmetamorphism

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Page 23: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Depth,km

0

35

75

Asthenosphere

Continental crust

Continental crust

Regional metamorphism Oceanic

crust

Oceaniclithosphere

ShockShockmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalmetamorphismmetamorphism

RegionalRegionalhigh-pressurehigh-pressuremetamorphismmetamorphism

ContactContactmetamorphismmetamorphism

Continental mantle lithosphere

Continental mantle lithosphere

Water

SeafloorSeafloormetamorphismmetamorphism

Page 24: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

Textures to distinguish metamorphic rocks

Page 25: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 26: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 27: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 28: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 29: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm
Page 30: Concept of Metamorphic Rocks and metamorphism. Concept of metamorphic rocks METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm

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