concepts and indicators to support climate adaptation in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ConceptsandIndicatorstoSupportClimateAdaptation
intheSouthernGulf,NorthWestQueensland,Australia:
BenchmarkEvidenceBase
RebeccaPearse,AllanDale
TheCairnsInstitute,JamesCookUniversity,Cairns
![Page 2: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PublishedbyTheCairnsInstitute,JamesCookUniversity,Cairns
ThisreportislicencedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0Australialicence.Youarefreeto
copy,communicateandadaptthiswork,solongasyouattributeJamesCookUniversity[TheCairns
Institute]andtheauthor.
Thisreportshouldbecitedas:Pearse,R.,&Dale,A.(2015).Applyingsocialresilienceconceptsand
indicatorstosupportclimateadaptationtheSouthernGulf,NorthWestQueensland,Australia:
Benchmarkevidencebase.Cairns:JamesCookUniversity.
Theviewsandopinionsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarily
reflectthoseoftheCairnsInstituteorJamesCookUniversity.
Thisreportisavailablefordownloadfromeprints.jcu.edu.au/
October2015
![Page 3: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
TableofContents1. ABBREVIATIONSUSEDINTHISREPORT.........................................................................................I
2. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
3. THESOUTHERNGULFCATCHMENTSREGION...............................................................................3
4. CLIMATECHANGE...................................................................................................................5
5. METHODANDAPPROACHES.....................................................................................................6
6. RESULTS................................................................................................................................8
7. STRATEGICPRIORITIES...........................................................................................................12
8. POTENTIALNEXTSTEPS..........................................................................................................13
9. ATTRIBUTETABLESOUTHERNGULFPROFILE-2015...................................................................14
9.1 ATTRIBUTEONE:ECONOMICVIABILITY...................................................................................14
9.2 ATTRIBUTETWO:COMMUNITYKNOWLEDGE,ASPIRATIONSANDCAPACITY...................................29
9.3 ATTRIBUTETHREE:COMMUNITYVITALITY...............................................................................34
9.4 ATTRIBUTEFOUR:GOVERNANCE...........................................................................................43
10. REFERENCES......................................................................................................................47
![Page 4: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
i|P a g e
1. AbbreviationsusedinthisreportAFL AustralianFootballLeague
AUD Australiandollar
CDEP CommunityDevelopmentEmploymentProjects
COPD Chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease
CSIRO CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation
CRC CooperativeResearchCentre
DPS DiamantinaPowerStation
EDV EmergencyDepartmentVisits
FRAP FlindersRiverAgriculturalPrecinct
FTA FreeTradeAgreement
GSD GulfSavanahDevelopment
HEd HigherEducation
IFED IntegratedFoodandEnergyDevelopments
JCU JamesCookUniversity
JTHC JimaylyaTopsyHarryCentre
LGA LocalGovernmentArea
M&E MonitoringandEvaluation
MITEZ MountIsatoTownsvilleEconomicZone
MMG MineralsandMetalsGroup
NDRRA NaturalDisasterReliefandRecoveryArrangements
NESP NationalEnvironmentalSciencesProgram
NHMRC NationalHealthandMedicalResearchCouncil
NQ NorthQueensland
NQIAS NorthQueenslandIrrigationAgriculturalStrategy
![Page 5: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ii|P a g e
NQRSC NorthQueenslandResourcesSupplyChain
NRM NaturalResourceManagement
NWQ NorthWestQueensland
PCYC Police-CitizensYouthClub
RACQ RoyalAutomobileClubofQueensland
RDAT&NW RegionalDevelopmentAustraliaTownsvilleandNorthWestQueensland
SGC SouthernGulfCatchments
SWEEP StrategicWeederadicationandEducationProgram
TAFE TechnicalandFurtherEducation
TNQ TropicalNorthQueensland
VET VocationalEducationandTraining
![Page 6: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1|P a g e
2. IntroductionRegional and remote communities in Northern Australia are among Australia’s most
vulnerableinthefaceofclimatechange.Theyfacepotentialsealevelrise,moreintensedry
spells,increasingandlongertemperaturespeaksandtheriskofmoreintensecyclonesand
floods(Marshall,2015).SociologicallyandecologicallydiverseregionssuchastheSouthern
GulfCatchmentsregion(SouthernGulf)faceanuncertainfuture.TheSouthernGulfisavast
and flat regionwithpastoral,mining andAboriginal communities livingon low lying flood
plainsandislands.TothesouthonthehighergroundoftheMountIsaInlierbioregion,the
predominantindustryisminingandpastoralism.Theregionalsocontainsareasofsignificant
biodiversity,withtheGulfofCarpentariabeingawetlandofinternationalsignificance.
Thisreportbuildsonworkundertakeninothernaturalresourcemanagement(NRM)regions
ofTropicalNorthQueensland.Fourregionshavepreviouslyundertakenasocially-orientated
approachtoclimatechangeadaptationplanningataregionalscale(Daleetal.,2011).Initial
research explored the potential to use social resilience indicators in theWet Tropics sub
region. Thisworkwas subsequentlyextended in2012and2013 to theTorres Strait,Cape
York Peninsula and theNorthernGulf of Carpentaria (see Dale et al., 2014; Dale, Vella&
Cottrell,2015).
Theprocess gathersmultiple ‘linesof evidence’ into four stable “clusters”of attributesof
socialresilience(Daleetal.,2011).Thesefourattributeclusterscontainthebasicknowledge
needed to track and measure social resilience at any scale and to assist the regional
communitytodesign,implementandreviewregionalstrategiestobuildsocialresilience.In
this case, the regional scale covered by the SouthernGulf CatchmentNRM is considered.
Thefourattributeclustersare: (i)economicvitality; (ii)communityvitality; (iii)community
knowledge, aspirations and capacity; and (iv) governance. The individual social resilience
attributesthatwereusedtoorganisethegatheringofmultiple linesofevidenceto inform
thefourkeyattributeindicatorsdevelopedareshownbelowinTable1.
![Page 7: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2|P a g e
Table1.Fourclustersofsocialresilienceattributes
Attributecluster Exampleresilienceattributesthatcanbeusedtogathermultiplelinesof
evidenceandasabasisforthedevelopmentofattributeindicators
1. Economicviability 1.1 Diversityandqualityofgrowthineconomicactivity
1.2 Naturalresourcebase-Vulnerabilityofnaturalandenergyresourcebase
1.3 Economicequality-inclusivenessandeconomicfairness/equity
1.4 Workforceparticipationandemployment
1.5 Economicconfidence
1.6 Vulnerabilityofkeyeconomicinfrastructureassets
2. Community
knowledge,aspirations
andcapacity
2.1 Communityawarenesslevelsofclimatechangeandnaturalresource
sustainability
2.2 Education/knowledgelevelsandspreadacrossthecommunity
2.3 Skilllevelsandspreadacrossthecommunity
2.4 Individualleadershipandcomplexproblemsolving
2.5 Communityculturalintegrity
3. Communityvitality 3.1 Demographicstability
3.2 Wellbeing/happinesswithinthegeneralcommunity
3.3 Generalregionalcommunityhealthanddisparities
3.4 Communityservices,infrastructure,access,anddisparities
3.5 Housing,accommodationandaccessibility
3.6 Communitysafety,riskandriskmanagement
4. Governance 4.1 Structuralintegrityofregionalgovernancesystem
4.2 Connectivitywithinandamongkeydecision-makinginstitutionsand
sectors
4.3 Adaptivemanagementcapacityofkeydecision-makinginstitutionsand
sectors
4.4 Adaptiveuseandmanagementofintegratedknowledgesets.
![Page 8: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3|P a g e
3. TheSouthernGulfCatchmentsRegion
Forthepurposesofthisstudy,theSouthernGulfCatchments(SGC)regioncoversthearea
covered by the Southern Gulf Catchments NRMGroup. The boundaries of the region are
basedontheaggregatecatchmentsofthemajorriversthatdrainintothesouthernpartof
theGulfofCarpentaria,including:
• TheFlindersandCloncurryRivers
• TheLeichardtandAlexandraRivers
• TheNicholson,GregoryandAlbertRivers
• SettlementCreekandthesmallercreeksontheQld/NTborder
• MorningInletbetweentheLeichardtandFlindersrivers.
TheWellesey andMornington islands and the southern area of the ocean of the Gulf of
Carpentariaarealsoincluded(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
TheSouthernGulf region covers anarea comparable to the sizeofVictoria, however, the
populationisonly30,000people.ItstartswiththesouthernendoftheGulfofCarpentaria
andtheislandsoffthecoastthenfollowsthecourseoftheriverssouthandeasttoinclude
Mount Isa and the towns on the Barkly Highway as far as Hughenden (Southern Gulf
Catchments,2005).ThisregionisfullyinclusiveofDoomadgeeAboriginalShire,BurkeShire
andMorningtonShireand incorporatespartsofMount IsaCity,CloncurryShire,McKinlay
Shire,RichmondShireandFlindersShire(whileextendingtoasmallextentinthewestinto
theNorthernTerritory).
![Page 9: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4|P a g e
Figure1.SouthernGulfCatchmentsmap.Source:CourtesySouthernGulfCatchments
http://www.southerngulf.com.au/usingdatafromhttps://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/local-government-area-
boundaries-queensland/
The Southern Gulf catchment almost fully resides within Regional Development Australia
Townsville and North West Queensland (RDA T&NW) region. In addition Mount Isa,
Cloncurry,McKinlayandRichmondarepartoftheMount IsatoTownsvilleEconomicZone
(MITEZ).Burke,Carpentaria,DoomadgeeAboriginalShireandMorningtonShirearepartof
theGulfSavanahDevelopment(GSD)zone.
![Page 10: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5|P a g e
4. ClimateChange
Asmentionedintheintroduction,regionalandremotecommunitiesareamongstAustralia’s
mostvulnerable in the faceofclimatechange. It is therefore important tounderstandthe
regionalclimatechangepredictions.
Annual variations in rainfall are likely to continue to be accompanied by increases in
temperature and evaporation. These changes are likely to increase the frequency of
heatwavesandreducesurfacewateravailability,especially inthelatedryseason.Extreme
weathereventsarealsolikelytoincreaseresultinginfloodevents.Itisalsolikelythatsea-
levelswill continue to riseover thecomingcentury.A riseofbetween60mmand170mm
abovethe1986-2005levelisprojectedby2030(Marshalletal.,2015).
Average annual temperature has increased 0.2°C over the last decade (from 26.6°C to
26.8°C). Projections indicate an increase of up to 4.4°C by 2070, leading to annual
temperatureswell beyond those experienced over the last 50 years. By 2070, Burketown
mayhavemorethantwicethenumberofdaysover35°C,increasingfromanaverageof102
peryear toanaverageof222peryearby2070 (QueenslandGovernment,2012).Average
annualrainfall inthe lastdecadehasalso increasedbymorethan3percentcomparedto
theprevious30years.This isgenerallyconsistentwithnaturalvariabilityexperiencedover
thelast110years,whichmakesitdifficulttodetectanyinfluenceofclimatechangeatthis
stage.Modelshaveprojectedarangeofrainfallchangesfromanannualincreaseof24per
centtoadecreaseof26percentby2070.Projectionsindicateannualpotentialevaporation
couldincrease7–14percentby2070(QueenslandGovernment,2012).
![Page 11: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
6|P a g e
5. MethodandApproaches
As mentioned above, the socially-oriented approaches to climate change adaptation
planning developed in Tropical North Queensland (TNQ) provided a perfect vehicle to
explore and evaluate a wider range of social resilience issues that might typically face
vulnerable regions, particularly in a diverse tropical context. Exploring the range of social
adaptation measures from a holistic and socially-oriented approach to climate change
adaptationwillsupporttheregionanditscommunitiesindevelopingitsownregionalsocial
adaptation strategies and to underpin policy and investment negotiations with the
QueenslandandAustralianGovernments.
Consequently, the methods used in the development of this paper are simple and
preliminary innature.Basedon the foundation region-widesocialadaptationmeasuresor
strategiesidentifiedinDaleetal.(2014):
1. Theresearchteamundertookadetailedexaminationoftheliteratureandrelevant
experiential knowledge available to scope the regional context behind the social
resilienceofthesoutherngulfregion;and
2. Thiswas followedbydiscussionwith theSGCBoardmembers at ameetingon19
October 2015 to evaluate the evidence and conclusions drawn from the evidence
andtohelpassignaquantitativeindextotheattributes.
Throughthisapproachwedevelopedanindexratingforeachofthefourclustersofsocial
resilienceattributes.Consistencyinfurtherreviewingthisrating-basedapproachovertime
canbeachievedthrough:
• Properlyrecordingasummaryoftheindicatorsandlinesofevidenceusedto
determinetheindex(seethebelowrecordofevidenceprofiles)
• Makingdatalimitationsexplicitandrecordingtheseatthetimeofdeterminingthe
indexfigure(asperevidenceprofilesbelow)
• Recordingstatementsofclarificationconcerningourresearchteamlogicinsetting
theindexvalue(againasoutlinedintheevidenceprofiles)
• Attemptingtokeeptheindexmeasurerulesconsistentovertime.
Asimplesetofdecisionrulesappliedindeterminingtheindexvalueforeachattribute(and
addedforthefourattributeclusters)wereasoutlinedinTable2.
![Page 12: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
7|P a g e
Table2.Indexscaleofcommunityresilienceattributes
IndexRating DecisionRule
5 Therelevantcommunitywilleasilymitigateandadapttothemostsevereimpactsofclimate
changeandextremeclimaticevents,maintainingorimprovingtheireconomicandsocial
wellbeingandthehealthoftheirnaturalresourcebaseovertime.
4 Therelevantcommunitywillmakesomeprogressonmitigationandaccommodatingthe
mostsevereimpactsofclimatechangeandextremeclimaticevents,maintainingtheir
economicandsocialwellbeingandthehealthoftheirnaturalresourcebaseovertime.
3 Therelevantcommunitywillsuffersomeshocksassociatedwiththemostsevereimpactsof
climatechangeandextremeclimaticevents,takingconsiderabletimeandinvestmentto
adjusttosecuretheireconomicandsocialwellbeingandnaturalresourcebase.
2 Therelevantcommunitywillbeseriouslyimpactedbythemostsignificantimpactsof
climatechangeandextremeclimaticevents,resultingindecliningsocialandeconomic
wellbeingandnaturalresourcehealthovertime.
1 Therelevantcommunitywillbeirreversiblyimpactedbythemostsevereimpactsofclimate
changeandextremeclimaticevents,withbothsocialandeconomicwellbeingandnatural
resourcehealthunlikelytorecoveroverthelongerterm.
It should also be noted that through the regional stakeholder engagement already
established,SGCcancontinuetomonitorsocialresiliencewithintheregionandcontinueto
deliver information to a range of critical regional decisionmaking processes and to other
management agencies and can support collaborative decision making to take strategic
prioritiesforactionandprioritysocialadaptationmeasuresforward.
![Page 13: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8|P a g e
6. ResultsThe results show thatwhile the community is resilientoverall, itwill likely suffer possible
shocksassociatedwiththemoresevereimpactsofclimatechange,extremeclimaticevents
andun-relatedmajoreconomicadjustments in theminingandpastoral sectors. It is likely
the regional will need to take some considerable time and investment to adjust and to
securetheireconomicandsocialwellbeingandnaturalresourcebase.
Economicviability:15.5/30
Theregion’seconomicviabilityisvulnerabletoeconomicshocksbutithasthecapacityto
recoverwithtime,thoughperhapsunderatadifferenteconomiclevel.Economicactivityis
dependentontheresourcesectorandwithnomajornewfindsforeseeable,thefocusison
turningtoreprocessingofpreviouslyextractedmaterial.Whilethereisageneraldeclinein
pasturequalityresultinginafragilepastoralindustry,thenaturalenvironmentisavaluable
tourismasset,withpotentiallysomeofthebestfisheriesinAustralia(despiteatension
betweenfisheriesproductionandconservation).Aboomandbustcycleisnormalforthe
regionsotheregionanditspeoplearehistoricallyresilient,recognisingthatstrategic
planningiskey.FuturedevelopmentwilllikelybedrivenbytheFederalGovernment’sWhite
PaperfornorthernAustraliandevelopmentanditisrecognisedthatstateinvolvementiskey
withlongterminfrastructureinitiativessuchasarailwayfromMountIsatoTennantCreek
havingtheabilitytoincreaseeconomicresiliencethroughdiversity,qualityofgrowthin
economicactivityandbybreakingtherelianceonconnectivitytotheeastcoast.
Additionally,thereisaglobaltrendtowardautomationandlessemploymentopportunities
inboththepastoralandresourcesectorwithinnovationssuchasremotemonitoringof
stockanddriverlesstrucks.Potentialemploymentimpactsarecurrentlyexacerbatedby
droughtconditionsandthedownsizinganduncertaintyintheresourcessector.While
CenturyMineisclosingandjobsarebeinglost,thereisaflipsideasinfrastructuresuchas
railportlogisticsisfreedupforothersmalleroperatorstoexpandtheirminingoperations.
Droughtandruraldebtarecontributingtosignificantprofitabilityproblemsinthepastoral
sector.Corporatepastoralgroupsaremovingawayfromhavingregularstaffandare
increasinglybringingintemporarycontractgroups.Managersarereplacedregularlywhich
impactslongertermnaturalresourcemanagement.Thereisanincreasinglyatighter
squeezeonresourceswithjustaskeletoncrewonmanystations.
![Page 14: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
9|P a g e
Withintheregiontherearesomeemergingopportunitiesforirrigationschemes,some
growthintourismandpotentialvalueaddingthroughmeatprocessing.However,the
regionaleconomyiscurrentlysignificantlylimitedbymineralresourceavailabilityand
commodityprices,yetalsocurrentlypositivelyinfluencedbytheexchangerateofthe
Australiandollar.Significantstressesarealsoemergingregardingoveralllandconditionand
droughtresilience.Thecapacitiesexisttodevelopwaterresources,buthighlevelsof
climaticvariabilitymayaffecteconomicreturns.Newsustainableenergyopportunitiesare
alsoemerging,butremainaffectedbypolicyuncertainty.
Thereexistsasignificanteconomicdisparitybetweenthenorthandsouthoftheregion.
‘MountIsavstherest’representsawell-definedinequalityproblemwithatransienthigh
salariedsectordecreasingoverallregionalstability.NorthernIndigenousandpastoral
communitiesaresignificantlystrainedineconomicterms.Highincomeparticipantsare
reliantontheshortertermresourcesector.Employmentandparticipationinthisregionis
generallyhigh,howevertheworkforcestabilityisdirectlyaffectedbyeconomicstability.
Significantgeographicdisparitiesagainexistinequity,employmentandparticipationterms.
Theregion’smostsignificanteconomicinfrastructureremainshighlyaffectedbytheannual
wetseasonanddirectlyimpactedbyextremeclimaticevents,butinfrastructureis
progressivelyimproving.ItishowevervulnerabletoNaturalDisasterReliefandRecovery
Arrangements(NDRRA)changesinfunding,threateningthecurrentflexibilitytousefunding
forfurtherinfrastructureimprovements.Thecurrentdisasterarrangementsmaysee
insufficientrecoveryofassetmanagementobligations.Thelongertermretentionof
KarumbaPortatcurrentcapacityisalsoatrisk.Propertyscaleassetmanagementand
emergencyservicelinksareimproving.Informationtechnologyisverylimited.
Communityknowledge,aspirationsandcapacity:15.5/25
Theregionhistoricallyhasahighawarenessoftheimpactoftheclimateandnatural
resourcevulnerability,andconsequently,thecommunityislikelyabletoprogresstowards
mitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange.Thecommunityhasalwayshadtodealwith
theeffectsofextremeclimaticeventsandtheconsequentialimpactonnaturalresources
andhencethisisembeddedinpeople’sthinking.Recentdisastersandotherstressessuggest
thatkeyregionalplayersareawareofresourcevulnerabilities.
Limitedservicesmeanahighdepartureofgoodpotentialstudents.Educatedworkers
comingintotheregiontendtobetransient.Thereexistsastrongeducationaldisparity
betweentherichandthepoorintheregion.Experientialknowledgeisnotappreciatedor
![Page 15: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
10|P a g e
wellrecognisedintheeducationsystemwhileTAFEhaveremovedalltechnologybased
courses.Theneedtotravelforeducationresultsinmorefamiliesleavingtheareaatgrade7
astheneedforsecondaryeducationarises.Familiesthatstaymaysendtheirchildrento
boardingschoolsinBrisbane,oftenfacinghighfeesinanattempttoprovidetheirchildren
withthebestopportunitieswhichisconsideredcompensationfortheirrurallifestyles.
Whilestrongpracticalskillsexistintheregion,professionalskillslargelyneedtobe
imported.Skillsequalityintheregionischallengedbetweenrichandpoor.Educated
workerscomingintotheregionaredifficulttoattractandhardtoretainsotheytendtobe
transient.Attheotherendofthespectrumbackpackerlabourisequallytransientand,
therefore,managerialcapacityandgrowthisnotbeingfostered.Therearelimitedpastoral
opportunitiesforemploymentresultinginfamiliesleavingtheareaforemploymentreasons.
Strongleadershipexistsinvarioussectorsbutisnotwellconnectedacrossdifferentsectors.
Politicalleadershipisquiteconsistentandstrong,buthereisoftenahighturnoverof
administrativepersonnelanditisdifficulttoretainleadershipqualitieswithintheregion.
Thereisstrongculturalcontinuityandresiliencewithindifferentsectorsintheregion.The
region’scultureisstronglyeventsbased,forexamplethe‘DustnDirt’festivalheldannually
atJuliaCreek,whichcanbedisruptedorsuppressedbynegativeimpactssuchasdrought
andeconomicdownturn.Culturalstabilitycanalsocauseresistancetochange.
Communityvitality:18.5/30
PopulationgrowthisgenerallystablewithlessthantheaveragegrowthforQueensland.Age
profilesarepredictableandquitehealthywiththelargestpercentageinthe25–44yearold
bracket,aslightdeclineinthepercentagechildrenandaveryslightincreaseinover65year
olds.Populationitinerancycan,however,leadtosomedemographicstabilityproblems.
Periodsofrecentisolatedpopulationgrowthrelatedtominingsectoropportunitiesare
expectedtochangewiththeclosureofCenturyMine.ThereisamovementofIndigenous
malesoffthelandandintotownwiththedownturninthepastoralindustry.
Thereisgeneralreportingofhighlevelsoflifesatisfaction,withmanyanecdotalstoriesof
familiesthatarriveforshorttermcontractsandthensettleandstay.Converselyspecific
wellbeingissuesofconcernexistinpastoralandIndigenouscommunities.Byinternational
standards,thepeople’shealthintheregionisreasonable,butitsuffersthestandard
disparitiestypicalofremoteareas.Indigenoushealthissuesremainaconcern.MountIsa
hasspecificlead-relatedhealthrisksthatarebeingacteduponbytheminingindustry.
![Page 16: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
11|P a g e
TherearemajorservicesdisparitiesbeyondMountIsa.Investmentinstrategicservice
integrationislimited.Additionally,communitydevelopmentapproachestoservicedelivery
arelimited.Insomeregionaltowns,localgovernmentsarefundingteachersratherthanlose
attendeesandtheconsequentialnegativeimpact.Theeffectofjoblossequivalencywas
anecdotallydiscussedbytheSGCBoardandthelossof19publicsectorjobsinHughendenis
locallyconsideredtobeequivalenttothelossof8,000jobsinBrisbane.
Ruralserviceinitiativessuchasthe‘heartbus’whichvisitsruralareaswithaheartsurgeon
formonitoringandemergenciescompensatesomewhatforlimitedandfragmentedservice.
Retailisfeelingthecompetitionwithonlinetrading,andinanefforttoretainthevitalityof
smallbusinesses,ColesandWoolworthsareprohibitedfromopeninginMountIsaon
Sundays.TheNQRescuehelicopterandCareFightmergerhasresultedinlongtermfunding
security,whiletheRoyalFlyingDoctorServicecomplementsthehelicopterservice.
Peopleintheregionaregenerallywell-housed,however,housingavailabilitymakes
retentionaproblem.Mortgageissuesandapotentialincreaseinrepossessionsare
anticipatedwithboththedeclineintheresourcesectorandpastoralistswhohaveinvested
inrentalpropertiesinMountIsa.Housingstressandlowhomeownershipremainaproblem
inIndigenouscommunities.Theregionhassufferedaseriesofmajornaturaldisastersover
last10years,andchangingnaturaldisasterresponseandinsurancepoliciesarelikelyto
causeincreasedstress.CrimeratesarenotableinMountIsaandIndigenouscommunities.
Governance:11/20
Commonwealthandstateinvestmentinstrategicapproachestoregionaleconomic,natural
resourceandsocialplanningremainlimited,thoughthestatutoryfoundationsforwater
resourceandvegetationmanagementplanningareinplace.Regional-scalestrategic
planningcapacitiesexistbutarelimitedintheeconomicandNRMsectorsandare
particularlyweakinthesocialsector(particularlybeyondMountIsa).Regionalprogram
deliverycapacitiesaregenerallyweakacrossallsectors.Strategicmonitoringandevaluation
ofkeyregionaleconomic,naturalresourceandsocialservicedeliveryeffortsremainlimited.
Currentcentralisedfederal/statefundingmodelshaveincreasedcompetitivenessand
investmentshorttermismacrossallsectors(economic,socialandnaturalresource),
seriouslyaffectingregionalcapacities.Regionalcapacitiestomaximiseconnectivityacrossall
sectorsarealsoquitelow.Localgovernmentcapacitiesremainstrongrelativetothe
remotenessoftheregion.Regionalinstitutionalculturesregardingtheuseofscienceare
strong,butoverallcoordinatedscienceeffortwithintheregionremainslimited.
![Page 17: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
12|P a g e
7. StrategicPrioritiesThisresearchworkdidnotspecificallyseektoidentifykeystrategiesforimprovingregional
socialresilienceandconsequentlyclimateresilienceandimprovedapproachestonatural
resourcemanagementinthefaceofclimatechange.Somepreliminaryconceptsandideas
were,however,identifiedthroughtheprocessandarerecordedhereforpotentialfuture
action.Thesekeystrategicopportunitiesincludethefollowing:
Highstrategicprioritiesinclude:
• Improvingfarmdebtandsmallbusinessadjustmentcapacityandservicing
• AcallforanNDRRAover-haulandreformingrelationswiththeinsuranceindustry
• CoreincreasesinregionalstrategiccapacityoftheHumanServicesSector
• Addressingseriouswatersupplystrategydevelopment(foragricultureandtown
consumption)onthebackoftheWaterResourcePlanningprocess
• SecuringinfrastructureprioritiesinGulf,Kennedy-Hann/GregoryHighwaysandGulf
DevelopmentRoadsandexpansion/strengtheningoftheRoadsAlliance
• Takingastrategicfocusoninformationtechnologyservicesreform
• ReformofthenationalregionalNRMsystemandagreaterfocuson
building/supportingthecorecapacityoftraditionalownerinstitutions.
Emergingstrategicpriorities:
• Amajorfocusontargetedmineraldevelopmentandgreaterenergyindependence
andthedevelopmentcoordinationoflocalenergy
• Coastalandinfrastructureriskassessment(flood,stormsurge,emergency
evacuation)andmitigationviaregionalplansandplanningschemes
• Securingimprovedweather/eventforecasting
• Thebuildingofaninformationalliancetounderpinpropertyscaleknowledgeon
floodriskandemergencyresponse
• RecastingtheNationalEnvironmentalSciencesProgram(NESP)researchand
investmentmodeltobetterdeliverplace-basedscienceintheGulf
• ProgressingtheCollaborativeGrowNorthCooperativeResearchCentre(CRC)
consortium
• Furtherexploringecosystemservicemarketopportunitiesintheregion.
![Page 18: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
13|P a g e
8. PotentialnextstepsThisbenchmarkingexercisesimplyrepresentsafirstcutbuildofregionalprofilesoffour
clustersofimportantattributesofsocialresilience.Itgivestheregionasenseofitsown
resilienceinthefaceofclimatechangeandotherpressures.
ThesebenchmarkscanbesimplyreviewedandupdatedbySGCandthroughongoing
partnershipswithJCU’sCairnsInstituteorotherpreferredsuppliers.Suchreviewprocesses
canmoredeeplyengagetheBoard,SGCstaffandthewidercommunity.
Inviewingregionalsocialresilienceasakeyasset,however,isanopportunityforSGCto
considerthedevelopmentandimplementationofpriorityregionalstrategiesthatmay
increasetheregionalsocialresilienceoftheregionalovertimetoimprovenaturalresource
outcomes.SuchprocessescanbeaccommodatedwithintheongoingregionalNRMcontext.
TheMonsoonalNorthNRMClusterprovidesNRMbroaderrecommendationsforenhancing
resiliencein‘AhandbookforenhancingsocialresilienceintheMonsoonalNorthof
Australia’(MonsoonalNorthNRMCluster,2015).WhenconsideringtheroleofNRM
organisationsthekeymessageisthatadaptivecapacitycanbeenhancedthroughinvolving
peopleintheNRMprocess.Somespecificideasareprovidedtoenhanceregionalresilience:
• RegionalNRMorganisationspracticingactiveadaptivemanagement
• Buildingfurtherlearningandnetworkingopportunitieswithlandholders
• Partneringacrosssectorswiththedeliveryofcommunityservices
• Communicatingwidelyaboutclimatechangeimpactsandadaptationoptions
• Continuingtoassessandimprovetheadaptivecapacitywithintheregion
• InvolvingpeopleingoalsettingMonsoonalNorthNRMCluster,2015,p.20).
![Page 19: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
14|P a g e
9. AttributeTableSouthernGulfProfile-2015
9.1 AttributeOne:Economicviability
AttributeComponent
PossiblePressure,StateandTrendIndicators
Evidence Conclusions ValueandLogic(1-5)
1.1Diversityandqualityofgrowthineconomicactivity.
• ComparisonofGrossRegionalProductandGrossValueAddbyindustry.
• Economicgrowthrateswithsectoralspecificanalysis.
• Theprincipalindustriesoftheregionaremining,grazingcattleandsheeponlargeleaseholdproperties,fishingandtourism(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).Pastoralismrepresentsthemostextensivelandusewhileminingisthekeyindustry.Publicsectoremploymentisalsoimportantindrivingstabilitywithintheeconomy.RecreationalandcommercialfishingareimportantwithoneofthebestmanagedfisherieswithinAustralia.Tourismisagrowingindustry(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• Theregion’smaineconomyintheflatlowlyingareaaroundtheGulfisseverelylimitedbytheisolationcausedbytheannualwetseason,thesmallsizeofthehighlydispersedcommunities,andlimitedopportunitiesforeconomicdevelopment(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).
• TheNorthWestmineralsregioncontainsQueensland’smostconcentratedmineralsextractionactivity.TheregionincludesMountIsaCityCouncil,CloncurryShireCouncil,McKinlayShireCouncilandBurkeShireCouncil.TheNorthWestmineralsregionhasanumberofwell-establishedbasemetalsandpreciousmetalsminesinoperationproducingsilver,zinc,copper,leadandgold.Theregionalsohaspromisingfundamentalsforthedevelopmentofrareearthandphosphatemining.TheQueenslandeconomyiscurrentlytransitioningfromanhistoricallyhighperiodofresourcesectorinvestmentinnewprojectsduringthepastfiveyearstoasignificantincreaseinresourceproductionandexportoverthepasttwoyears.Queensland’slateststatefinaldemandestimatereportsbusinessinvestmentfellby11.3%intheMarchquarter2015,tobe14.4%lowerovertheyear(QueenslandGovernment,2015).
• MinesontheMountIsainliertothesouthwestoftheareaincludeRedbank,Century,LadyAnnie,MtGordon,LadyLoretta,MtCuthbert,GeorgeFisher,ErnestHenry,MtMargaret,Eloise,MtIsaPb-Zn-AgandMtIsaCu,withStarra,Duchess,OsbourneandCanningtoninthesouth(Geosciences
• Overalldataonregionaldiversityandqualityofgrowthanddebtineconomicactivityisnotverydetailedandrequiresfurtherinvestigation.
• Thereishighrelianceonthenaturalresourcebase,particularlyunstablemineralresourcecommodities,withwateralimitingfactor.
• Remote,flatlyingareaswithlowpopulationlimitsopportunitiesforeconomicexpansion.
• Thepastoralsectorremainsextremelyfragilewiththecurrentdroughtsituation.Highdebtlevelsinthepastoralsectorhavereducedresilienceinthegrazingsectorandassociatedcommunities.
• LivecattleexportsatKarumbaareincreasingwithnewtradeopportunitiesbutthreatenedbytheremovalofMMGcommitmenttodredgingthechannelpostNovember2015.
• MineclosureatCenturyMineisonlypartlymitigatedbynewminesatCloncurry.LackofcertaintyregardingthefutureofGlencorepresentsamajorrisk.However,thefallingvalueoftheAustraliandollar(AUD)isoffsettingthedecliningvalueofexports.
• ThefallingvalueoftheAUDisanticipatedtoalsohelpwiththecompetitivenessofprawnandbeefexports.
• Thereisemergingbutasyetunrealisedpotentialforwater-baseddevelopmentfordroughtproofingarrangementswiththenewallocationofwaterpermitsintheFlindersRiverregion.
2.5Significantdownsizinguncertaintyintheresourcessector.Droughtandruraldebtproblematicinthepastoralsector.Someemergingirrigation,tourismandmeatprocessingvalueadd.
![Page 20: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
15|P a g e
Australia,2015).• TheRegionalValueofMineralProductionfornorthwest
Queenslandwas$5,759min2010/11(CummingsEconomics,2012).
• Miningandmanufacturing/metalprocessinginSGCtogethergenerate$2billioneachyearandmakeup60%ofthetotalvalueofregionaloutput(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• Theminingsectorisdominatedbyfoursubstantialmultinationalcompanies,theSwissbased‘Xstrata’,Australian‘BHPBilliton’,thenewlyformed‘Zinifex’(oldPasminco)andtheIndian‘AdityaBirla’.Buttherearealsomanyminesacrosstheregionownedasone-offventuresbysmallerexplorationbusinesses(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• ProductionwillendatCenturyMineattheendinNovember2015(MMG,2015).
• MMGisinvestigatingalternativefeedsourcesfortheCenturyMineprocessingplantandfurthernearmineexplorationaswellasthepotentialretreatmentofmaterialsfromthetailingsdam.CenturyMinehasatrainingprogramtoassistwiththetransitionintononminingjobs.
• CuDecoLtdgainedStateGovernmentapprovalforitsRocklandsminein2011,(Cloncurry)withrightstoprocess3milliontonnesoforeayearfor10years.XstratacommencedanopenpitminingprojectnearCloncurryinnorth-westQueenslandwhichwillgenerate300full-timeminingjobsandproduce20milliontonnesofcopperoreover5years(Iminco,2015).CuDECOismovingforwardwithRocklands,despiteaslumpinthepriceofcopper.ThedepreciatingAustraliandollarisprotectingAustraliancopperminersfromthepriceslump(H.Renault,2015).
• AjointventurebetweenAltonaandSichuanRailwayInvestmentGroupwillseektodevelopanopen-pitcopperandgoldmineatLittleEva,whichissituatedwithinitsCloncurryProjectworth$214million(ArthurC,2015).
• BeefproductionfromnorthAustraliahasbeenexpanding.Improvedcattlebreeds,improvedsupplements,fencingandwaterpointshaveledtoexpandingcattlenumbers.With45%ofcattlenumberson40%ofthelandarea,therearenowmorecattlenumbersperhectareinnorthernAustraliathaninthesouth.Cattlenumbersincreased37%fromtheearly1990sto2011.SupportingtheexpansionhasbeengrowingmarketsnearbyinAsia,expandingfromIndonesiaandthePhilippines,toCambodiaandVietnam,andwiththeFreeTradeAgreementopeningupinChina.QueenslandGulfregioncapacityis2.7m
• ThediversificationofagricultureintheneighbouringGilbertRiverregionistoincludecropping,however,maydecreasethevulnerabilityoftheagriculturalsectorandincreasetheneedforlabourwhichmaybenefitFlindersandRichmondShires(Petheram,Watson,&Stone,2013).
• ArecentstudyusedacomputermodeltoexaminescenariosofvarioussupplyanddemandshiftsaswellasimpactsofclimatechangeonthedevelopmentofirrigatedagricultureinremoteNorthwestQueensland.Noclearwelfaregainswerepredictedfromirrigationdevelopment(Wittwer&Banerjee,2014).
• ProposalsforabattoirsinCloncurry,HughendenandKarumbaarebecominginvestmentreadyandmayincreaseprocessingcapacity.
• PotentialimprovementsintourismandrecreationactivitiesonthebackofimprovedroadsinfrastructurealongTheSavannahWay.Growthofregionalannualevents(e.g.,DustnDirtfestival).
• Somecattlefarmersareopeningtheirlandfortourismandaccommodationtoprofittheirlandinnewways.
• Amulti-speciesbio-economicandstochasticmodelexaminedtheAustralianNorthernPrawnFisheryandfoundthatthecurrentstrategiesdiversifyingcatchacrosssubregionsrequiresacompromisebetweenexpectedperformanceandrisk.Also,increasingfleetsizeincurrenteconomicconditionswillincreaseexpectedperformanceandvariability(Gourguetetal.,2014).
• CurrentMarineReservedeclarationscouldreduceviabilityandcapacityincommercialfisheries,reducingresilienceinthatsector.
![Page 21: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
16|P a g e
headofcattleandaturnoff(production)of0.6mhead.(CummingsEconomics,2015).
• In2012theAustralianandQldGovernmentsandtheCSIROidentifiedthepotentialtofurthergrowanddiversifythenorthernQldbeefindustryasanational/statepriorityintheNorthQldIrrigatedAgricultureStrategyworth$10million.Thestrategyfocusesonidentifyingandexpandingwatercapture/storage,commercialviabilityofirrigatedagricultureandotherservicesandinfrastructure(OfficeofNorthernAustralia,2013).
• ValueofcattleproductionatthefarmgateinNWQLDwas$353.1m(CummingsEconomics,2010).Northernbeefproducersarefacinganumberofchallengesincludingincreasingandunsustainabledebtlevels,adeclineinpropertyvaluesandunfavourableseasonalconditions(PPBAdvisory,2014).
• TotalcattleexportsoutofKarumbaportin2014wasmorethan20,000,whichwasmorethandoublethe2013exportnumbers(Renault,2014).
• ThemainfisheryintheGulfistheNorthernPrawnFishery,themostvaluablesinglegearfisherymanagedbytheCommonwealth($94.8min2010-11)extendingacrossnorthernAustralia(ABARES,2015).
• Theprawningindustry(basedoutofKarumba)iswortha$40mtothegulf,howeverthedollarreturntothecommunityislowbecauseoftheuseofmothershipsforsupplyingandprocessingintheGulfratherthaninKarumba(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).
• EstimatedvalueoffisheriesproductionfortheNWQLDfor‘Northernprawn’is$53mand160jobsand‘othergulfnetandprawn’$15,n100jobs(CummingsEconomics,2010).
• InthelastdecadethevalueofQld’swildcaughtfisheriesproductshasdeclinedby35%withprawnsreducingby43%duetothehighvalueoftheAUD$andcompetitionfromimportedprawns(ABARES,2015).
• Historically,cropproductioninthenorthernQueenslandregionhasbeenalongthetropicalcoastandTablelands.ThereisamajortrendtoexpansionwestintotheGulfandnorthintothePeninsula(CummingsEconomics,2015).
• TheIntegratedFoodandEnergyDevelopments(IFED)schemebasedonharvestingfloodflowsfromtheEinasleighandEtheridgeRiversisproposinglargeareasofsugarandbeefproductionincludingasugarmillandmeatworksinaschemeinvolvinganinvestmentof$1.9bnandannualoutputofover
![Page 22: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
17|P a g e
$800millionayear(CummingsEconomics,2015).• TheFlinderscatchmenthasthepotentialtosupportirrigated
agriculturaldevelopment(10,000to20,000ha)approachingthescaleoftheOrdRiverIrrigationAreain70–80%oftheyears.Irrigationonthisscalewouldbebasedonwaterstoredonfarmdams,pumpedfromtheriverorcapturedasoverlandflowduringfloodevents,eitherwidelydistributedthroughoutthecatchmentorinconcentratedareas(CSIRO,2013).
• TheFlinderscatchmentirrigationschemewouldvarysignificantlyfromyeartoyearandmaynotbepossibleindryyearschallengingthecommercialviability.Highcapitalcostsofonfarmdamsandlanddevelopment($10,000perhaofirrigatedland)wouldbeprohibitivetofarmers.Commercialreturnswerepossiblefrominvestmentbutrequiredconsistencyofwatersupplywhichwouldbechallenging(CSIRO,2013).
• TheupdatedGulfWaterResourcePlanwhichwillallowforthereleaseof700,000megalitresforirrigatedfarmingcoveringeightriversinQueensland'sGulfCountryacross315,000squarekilometres.ThemaintwocatchmentsaretheFlindersandGilbertRiver,239,000megalitresfortheFlinderssoonopentotender(HaileyRenault,2015).
• TheGulfcountryisapopulardestinationforfishersfromotherQLDregionaswellasfishingtouristsfromNSW&Victoria(ABARES,2015).
• Tourismisgrowingwithincreasedappreciationofthewildernessvaluesandwillmakeanincreasinglyimportantcontributiontotheeconomybutthisgrowthwillalsocreatechallenges.Mostofthesetouristsareself-sufficient,travelincampervansandrelyoncookingforthemselves,spendlittleonaccommodationorontraditionaltouristactivitiesorsouvenirsandtheirmajoractivityisfishingwheretheybringtheirownboatsandequipment(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• Inthe2000sitwasestimatedthatbetween8,000and10,000touristsvisitedtheregionannuallytopartakeinecotourismactivitiesincludingcamping,birdwatching,fossicking,andvisitingindigenous/non-indigenousculturalheritagesites(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).
• TheSavannahWayisa‘adventure’drivefromCairnstoBroomethatgoesthroughtheSouthernGulffromNormantontoBurkeTownandonintotheNorthernTerritory(Gray,2010;SavannahWay,2014);(SavannahWay,2014).
• TheDirtandDustFestivalisheldannuallyatJuliaCreek.First
![Page 23: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
18|P a g e
heldin1994withjust15athletesthetriathlonnowhas4,000peopleattending(DirtnDustFestival,2014).
• TheMorningGloryFestivaltakespaceinSeptembereachyearinBurketownincludingarodeo,campdraft,music,markets,seminarsphotographycompetitions,tours,workshops.
• TheWorldBarramundiFishingChampionshipsareheldinBurketowneachEaster.
• HughendenandRichmondsitonthe‘DinosaurTrail’,RiversleighisaninternationallyrenownedfossillocationwithamuseumatJuliaCreek.
1.2Vulnerabilityofnaturalandenergyresourcebase.
• Comparativemeasureofnaturalresourcedependency.
• Measuresofenergysecurityanddiversity.
• Measuresoffoodsecurityanddiversity.
• The‘moreforless’globalmegatrendrevealsthatmanyoftheworldslimitedsuppliesofnaturalresourcesarebeingdepleted.Likewiseunderthe‘going,going,gone’megatrendmanyoftheworld’snaturalhabitats,plantspeciesandanimalspeciesareindeclineoratriskofextinction(Hajkowicz,Cook,&Littleboy,2012).
• AlloftheSGCdrainagedivision’swetlandsareimportantforecologicalreasonsorbecausetheyhavehistoricalsignificanceorhighculturalvalue,particularlytoIndigenouspeople,oracombinationofthesereasons(CSIRO,2009).
• Theregionincludesarangeofnationalparks,resourcereserves,fishhabitatreserves,wetlandreserves,naturerefuges,andlandsandsiteslistedontheNationalEstateRegisterandtheWorldHeritageRegister(SouthernGulfCatchmentsNRM,2015).
• NaturalresourcesacrosstheMonsoonalNortharepredominantlyusedforgrazing,agriculture,fishing,horticultureandminingandarehighlysensitivetochangesintemperatureandrainfall.Changesinclimate,includingaveragetemperatures,rainfallandseasonalweatherpatternwillacttopushthesenaturalresourcesystemstowardstheirthresholdsoftolerance,threateningthefutureofindustriesandcommunitiesthatdependonthem(Marshalletal.,2015).
• IntheMonsoonalNorthonlyasmallproportionoflandholdersarewellpreparedforclimatechallenges.Thosethatarenotsufficientlypreparedriskexperiencingsignificantsocialandeconomicimpactsandwillacceleratesoildegradationprocesses,compromisingthefutureproductivityoftheregion(Marshalletal.,2015).
• Keydriversincreasingnaturalresourcevulnerabilitiesfortheregionweregrazingpressure,greaterclimaticvariability(longerdryseasonandheatwaveswithincreasedbushfireandperiodicflooding),erosion,feralanimalsandweeds(SouthernGulfCatchmentsNRM,2015).
• Economically,theregionisextremelydependentonmineralresourceswithalimitedlifecycle,withmanyresourcesnearingdepletion.
• Energysecurityremainsvulnerableduetolackofsourcedevelopmentandlocalgeneration.Theregionaleconomyisdependentonfossilfuelstransportedviaflood-vulnerableroads.Currentfuelcostsaresteadybutpriceincreasescouldshockthesystem.
• InaSGCphonesurveythelocalgovernmentsectoragreedthatalternativeenergyprojectsneedtobeprogressesandthattheyareaviableoptionforthecommunitiesintheregion(Connor,2014).
• Strategicuseofabundantsustainableenergyresourcesisstartingtomoveforward.ThisislikelytoaccelerateiftheFederalGovernmentpolicyimprovescertainty.
• Theprimaryindustrysectorhasbeenandisprovidingstabilitytotheregionaleconomy,however,thissector’sresourcebaseisvulnerabletochangeandisimpacteduponimmenselybysevereweatherwhich,overthepastnumberofyears,hasbeenslowertorecoverandhasresultedinanincreaseinfarmdebt.
• Ofparticularconcernisthatdegradationprocesseswithintheregionareespeciallyacceleratedduringdroughtperiods,especiallyonthegrazinglands.Duringdroughtsituations,whichmaybecome
2.5Regionaleconomyistimelimitedbymineralresourceavailability.Significantstressesareemergingregardinglandconditionanddroughtresilience.Capacitiesexisttodevelopwaterresources,buthighvariabilitiesaffecteconomicreturns.
![Page 24: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
19|P a g e
• MuchoftheregiondrainingintotheGulfcomprisesfloodplainsandisgenerallylow-lying,resultingintidalfloodingduringthewetseason.Almostallrainfallfallsintwoorthreemonthsoftheyear(CSIRO,2009).
• Rainfalldecreasesrapidlyawayfromthenortherncoast.Averagewet-seasonrainfallrangesbetween300mminthesouthto1800mminthenorthwithmoderate-to-highannualvariability.Potentialevapotranspirationratesarehighyear-round.Annually,rainfallisusuallylessthanpotentialevapotranspiration,sothedrainagedivisionmaybedescribedaswater-limited(CSIRO,2009).
• Potentialevapotranspirationincreasesunderallfutureclimatescenarios,possiblyupto4%relativetothehistoricalclimate.Becauseoftheextremelyhighevaporationrates,mostdevelopmentwillrequirewaterstoragesthatarelargeenoughtosupplywaterformanyyears.Thelowgradientsandflatlandscapedonotprovideforgoodsurfacewaterstorage,exceptintheheadwaterswhererainfallislower;sostorageshavetobelargeenoughtowithstandlongperiodsofbelow-averagerainfall(CSIRO,2009).
• WateriscurrentlythesinglelargestimpedimenttodevelopmentinNorthernAustralia(GulfSavannahDevelopment,2014).
• TheGreatArtesianBasinrechargesveryslowlyandtakesalongtimetorecoverfromwaterextraction(Herczeg&Love,2007citedinCrowley,2015)Overextractionofsurfaceandgroundwaterthreatenswater’svalue(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• WateravailabilityisseasonalthoughpotentialfortargetedwaterdevelopmentschemesunderthenorthQueenslandIrrigationStrategy.Harvestedwaterisinlimitedsupplyduringthedryseasonduetohighevaporationrates(Taylor,Larson,Stoeckl,&Carson,2011).
• Projectedincreasesintemperatureandevaporationrates(Moiseetal.,2015)willincreasetheperiodstockareexposedtoheatstressandreducethedistancestheycantraveltowatercitedin(Howden,2008citedinCrowley,2015).
• In2000thevalueofbeefproductionlossescausedbyPricklyAcacia,RubberVineandMesquitewas$3.17m.ThisfigurewouldhavebeendoublewithouttheQLDGov.SWEEPcampaign(StrategicWeedEradicationandEducationProgram)(Martin&vanKlinken,2006citedinCrowley,2015).
• Manyweedsareexpectedtoflourishunderclimatechange,e.g.,Pricklyacaciaoccupiesafractionofitspotentialrangein
more‘normal’,ifstockingratesaretoohighattheonsetofdrought,soilsustainabilitywillbediminishedandtheproductivityoffutureyearswillbeimpacted.Intheseinstancesitisdifficultforcattleproducerstodemonstrateresilienceandadaptationtoclimatechange(Marshalletal.,2015).
• Opportunitiesexisttoestablishaneconomicmarketinenvironmentalandlandmanagementservices.
• Foodsecurityisvulnerableandtheregionisanetimporter.ThismaybemitigatedbytheIFEDscheme.Moreextremeeventswithfloodingwillmakecommunitiesmorevulnerablebasedoncurrentlimitedtransportation.
• Currently,theregionandspecificallytheagriculturalsector,isvulnerabletochangesinwateravailability,whichisalreadylimitedduringthedryseason.NewwaterallocationshavebeenreleasedfortheFlindersRiver.
• TheSouthernGulf’spastoralandtourismsectorstabilitycouldbelimitedbyanincreaseinsevereweathereventsandchangingweather.
• Pastoralindustryresiliencewillcontinuetobenefitfromcontinuedsupportforextensionprogramsandbestpracticeframeworks(Crowley,2015).
![Page 25: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
20|P a g e
NorthernAustralia(Kriticosetal.,2003citedinCrowley,2015).
• Itisunclearifclimatechangewillinfluencethepestimpactsofdingoesorkangaroosandwallabies(Crowley,2015).
• Climatechangeislikelytoincreasethecostofmanagementofparasitessuchasticks,andsomediseasesfoundincattlesuchasBluetongue,whichisexpectedtoincreasewithrisingtemperaturesasitshostmosquitoesarefavouredbywarmwinters(Ward1994;Purseetal.,2005citedinCrowley,2015).
• Floodingin2010ledtoextensivepasturedeathinlow-lyingareas(personalcommunicationwithSGC20/10/2015).
• WhilemostGulffisherieshavebeenprogressingtowardssustainability,thereissignificantcompetitionwithnationalMarineProtectedAreaobjectives.
• Humanactivitiescreateseriousimpactsontheintegrityandconservationofriversystemsandwetlands.Touristsareamajorsourceofthoseimpactsonwaterinkeyareas.
• FreshwatersystemsnearCenturyMinearebelievedtobedeclininginbothqualityandquantityofwaterduetoimpactsofthemine.TraditionalOwnersoftheregionexplainthatwaterflowsfromthespringarelowerthanbefore.SimilarissueswereraisedfortheSpearCreekandParooRivernearMountIsa(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).WatershortageswereexperiencedatCloncurryinearly2014(Connor,2014).
• Theprimarythreatstotheregion’slandandnaturalresourcesincludepestplantsandwoodyweeds,unsustainablegrazingpracticesandlowstandardsofwastemanagement.Humanactivities(inparticulartourists)andoverextractionthreatenwaterresources.Airqualityisimpairedbylevelsofheavymetals,dust,smokeandfumes.Feralanimalsandweedsthreatenbiodiversityandoverfishingthreatenfishstocks(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• ConservingwaterisahighpriorityforMountIsaandCamooweal.Thestandardallocationforaprivateresidenceis950KL(950,000litres)peryear-900KLforuseonyourpropertyand50KLtomaintainthenaturestrip.WaterrestrictionscameintoeffectinMay2015(level1atCamoowealandlevel2atMountIsa)(MountIsaCityCouncil,2015).
• Significantwaterusewould,inthedownstreamenvironment,amplifytheenvironmentalandsocialchallengeassociatedwithdryyearsandwouldhaveimpactsoncommercialandrecreationalfishingcatches(CSIRO,2013).
• Climatechangeisnotexpectedtodirectlyaffectfire
![Page 26: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
21|P a g e
frequency,butthereisconfidencethatfirebehaviourwillbecomemoreextreme(Moiseetal.,2015).
• OnesavannaburningprojectistakingplaceatStirlingLotusVale(MyCarbonFarming,2015).
• Impactsofclimatechangeonthenorthernpastoralindustryarenegativebutcanbemitigatedbyimprovingresiliencethroughbestpracticeandarealreadyincorporatedintoextensionprograms(Crowley,2015).
• InMountIsacontaminantfromsmelteroperationshavepollutedtheatmosphere,soilandwater(Taylor,Mackay,Hudson-Edwards,&Holz,2010).
• Therearesignificantnewsolaractivitiesintheregion.ARENArecentlyannounced$4.6millionfora$11.9millionrenewableenergyprojectforDoomadgeewhileErgonEnergyisundertakinga1MWexpansionoftheawardwinningDoomadgeeSolarFarm(100%solardisplacingsome528,000litresofdieselperyear(AustralianRenewableEnergyAgency(ARENA),2014).
• InAugust2015Ergonsoughtexpressionsofinterestforthesupplyof150megawattsofelectricityfromrenewablesources–that’sequivalenttothepowerrequirementsofacitythesizeofMackayinnorthQueensland(https://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/news-hub/talking-energy/business/expressions-of-interest-open-for-large-scale-renewable-energy-projects).
• InDecember2014theDiamantinaPowerStation(DPS)openedinMountIsa:amodernhighefficiencypowerstationcomprising242megawattpowergenerationfromcombinedcyclegasturbines,with60megawattbackuppowersupplyavailablefromtheLeichhardtPowerStationopencyclefacility.ThishasdeliveredatotalenergysolutiontomeetthecurrentandfutureneedsofNorthWestQueensland’sproductiveminingregion.DPSrepresentsacleanersourceofpowergenerationforMountIsawithloweremissionsandhigherplantefficienciesthantraditionalcoalfiredpowerplants(DiamentinaPowerStation,2014).
• TherearesignificantgasreservesintheGulf,particularlyintheBurketownarea(GulfSavannahDevelopment,2014).TherearealsofiverenewableenergyprojectsunderwayintheGulfSavannah:thefirststageoftheErgonEnergyDoomadgeeSolarFarm,furtherdevelopmentoftheNormantonSolarFarm,Infigen’sForsaythWindFarm,abio-energyplantaspartoftheproposedEIAP,andaproposedsolarfarminGregorytownship(GulfEnergyGroup,2013).
![Page 27: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
22|P a g e
• Armourwasdrilling(in2013)theEgilabria2wellnearBurketown,northofMountIsa.TheEgilabria2wellisspecificallydesignedtotesttheLawnShaleformation,fromwhichstronggasshows.ArmouristargetingFebruary2016forthedeliveryoffirstgasfromArmour’snorthQueenslandprojectareaintotheproposedNORGASinfrastructure(ArmourEnergyLimited,2013).
• Stages1and2oftheNorthernAreaGasScheme(NORGAS)projectrequiretheconstructionof350kmofnewgastransmissionpipelinetotransportupto130Petajoulesperannum(PJ/a)ofgastoMountIsafromtheprojectareasouthofBurketown(ArmourEnergyLimited,2013).
1.3Inclusivenessandeconomicfairness/equity.
• Individualincome(analysedbyage,educationlevel,industryandoccupation).
• Householdincome(analysedbyfamilycomposition,tenuretypeandlowincomehouseholds).
• CommunitiesintheGulfregionaregenerallycharacterisedbyhighwelfarereliance,lowskilllevels,loweducation,lowincome,lowlevelsofhomeownershipandapproximately55%Indigenouspopulation(CentreforSocialResponsibilityinMining,2014).
• ThemediantotalpersonalincomeintheSouthernGulfin2011was$40,700,comparedtoamedianof$30,524inQueenslandasawhole.MountIsahadthehighestpersonalincomeat$49,504.OverallinSGC24%ofpeopleareinthemostdisadvantagedquintile.TheregionofDoomadgeehasaparticularlylowmedianincomeof14,560,with65%ofpeopleinthemostdisadvantagedquintile(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• ThemediantotalfamilyincomeintheSouthernGulfin2011was$100,972(comparedtoQueensland’smedialtotalfamilyincomeof$75,556),with10.6%offamiliesearninglessthan$31,200peryear.Doomadgeehad41%andMountIsa7.5%inthelowestquintile(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Some7,196persons(or21.7%)intheregionareIndigenous,comparedto3.6%inQld.Withintheregion,Doomadgee(S)LocalGovernmentArea(LGA)hadthelargestpercentageofIndigenouspersonswith92.0%(QueenslandGovernmentStatisticiansOffice,October2015)
• Some13,160persons(or52.2%)hadanon-schoolqualification.In2011intheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthelargestpercentageofpersonswithanon-schoolqualificationwith56.7%comparedwithDoomadgeewith19.5%andQld54.2%(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• IntheSouthernGulfin2011,5.0%ofpersonswereintheleastdisadvantagedquintilewith26.5%inthemostdisadvantagedquintile,butDoomadgeehad97.8%andCarpentaria87.4%.
• ThereisasignificanteconomicdisparitybetweenNorthandSouthwithintheregion.TheregionisdividedintotheSavannahGulfDevelopmentregionwithverylowincomesandtheMITEZcorridorwithmorevariabilityinincome–withtheminingsectorwellremunerated.
• ThismaymeanthatmanyresidentsoftheSavannahGulfDevelopmentregionarelivingbelowtheAustralianpovertyline,whichisanincomeof$234/week.
• Theregionhassomevulnerablepopulations,particularlywithbothhighIndigenousandeconomicallydisadvantagedpopulations,includingadebt-ladenfarmingsector.
• Therearefewopportunitiesorfacilitieswithintheregion(outsideMountIsa)forresidentstoexpandtheirskill-base,withmosthavingtotraveltootherregionsparticularlytogainhighereducation.
• Smallbusinessintheregiongenerallyhasalowerpercapitaincomethanelsewhere.
• Theregion’srelativelystablepopulationprovidesagoodopportunityforbuildinglongtermeconomicknowledgeandawareness.
• Overall,thereareadditionalvulnerabilitiesassociatedwithmajorclimaticevents(particularlyfloods).
2.5Thereisasignificanteconomicdisparitybetweenthenorthandsouth.Indigenousandpastoralcommunitiesaresignificantlystrainedineconomicterms.Highincomeparticipantsarereliantontheshortertermresourcesector.
![Page 28: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
23|P a g e
Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthelargestpercentageofpersonsintheleastdisadvantagedquintilewith7.8%referencefigureforQueenslandare20.0%inleastdisadvantagedquintileand20.0%inmostdisadvantagedquintile(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• In2006,19.3%ofpersonswereresidingatadifferentaddressoneyearearlier(comparedwith19.7%acrossQueensland)and42.6%wereatadifferentaddressfiveyearsearliercomparedwith47.6%acrossQueensland(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Government-drivenIndigenouscommunitysupportprogramssuchastheCommonwealthJobsProgramareasignificantsourceofadditionalincomeintheSouthernGulf.
• Genderbalanceisaffectedbyahighproportionofmalesshiftingintominingworkinandbeyondtheregion.
• Thereareknownhighlevelsofilliteracyandaffordabilityaffectsretentionintheregion.
1.4Workforceparticipationandemployment.
• Regionalemploymentparticipationratesandtrendsandemploymentbyindustry.
• Miningemploys32%ofthepopulationwhile7.7%areemployedintheagriculture,forestryandfishingindustry(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).Alargeproportionoftheworkforceisfly-in-fly-outworkerssourcedexogenouslytotheregion(Tayloretal.,2011).
• Regionalemploymentbyindustrybasedon2011Censusdata:wasmetaloremining(26.3%),agriculture(7.1%),preschoolandschooleducation(5.0%),publicadministration(4.9%)andExplorationandotherminingsupportservices(3.2%)(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Between2001and2011intheSGCregion,theshareofpersonsemployedintheminingindustryincreasedfrom17.1%to25.6%(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• InMountIsa,70%ofworkingagepeopleareinthelabourforce.IntheSouthernGulfthisfigurefallstolessthan50%(Larson&Alexandridis,citedinTayloretal.,2011).
• AsofMay2015,CenturyMine’sworkforcenumbered750people,approximately20%ofwhomareIndigenouspeoplewhohaveconnectionstotheLowerGulf.Bytheendof2015,CenturyMine’sworkforceisexpectedtobelessthan160people(MMG,2015).
• Rocklandsemploys125workersonsiteandwhenfullyoperational,thisnumberwillswellto185(Iminco,2015).LittleEvaisexpectedtocreate280newjobs(Arthur,2015).
• Snapshot-TheNorthWestStarSaturday17October2015outlinedjobcutsatGeorgeFishermineof466redundancies,
• TherearesignificantdifferentialsbetweenIndigenousandnon-Indigenousandgeographicemploymentandparticipationrateswiththeregion.TheQldGovernment’sFIFOpanelhasfaceddifficultiesinobtainingcurrentdataonthenon-residentworkforcenumbersintheNorth-Westregion.Themostrecentcredibledatawerecollectedin2007.Thereisaclearneedformorecomprehensivedatacollectionontheminingindustryworkforceinthisregion.WorkforcesatexistingoperationsnearMountIsaandCloncurryhavetraditionallyhadpredominantlyresidentworkforces.Duringconsultationsthepanelwasadvisedbyresourcecompaniesthattherehasbeenatrendtowardsahigherproportionofnon-residentworkersatnewprojects(QueenslandGovernment,2015).
• Pastoralandtourismindustryemploymenthasbeenstronglyaffectedbycyclones(flooding)anddebt.
• Theincreasedcoststoindustryassociatedwithdisasterrecoverylimitstheircapacitytoemploy,expandorgrow.
• Itisexpectedthattherewillbefew
3.0Employmentandparticipationinthisregionisgenerallyhigh.Workforcestabilityisaffectedbyeconomicstability.Significantgeographicdisparitiesexist.
![Page 29: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
24|P a g e
mitigatedbyincreaseatDugaldmineof‘afewhundred’jobs.RobKatterwaspushingtoretainlocalemployeesandforcutstobeforFIFOworkers.
• TheIFEDschemespromisetoaddthousandsofdirectjobsintheregionandtransformtheeconomyoftheGulfSavannahDevelopmentregion(CummingsEconomics,2015).
• Between2001and2011,theoverallunemploymentrateintheSGCregiondecreasedfrom5.2%to4.3(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Under-employmentisnotwellreflectedinthefiguresandyouthemploymentremainsoverlyhigh(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• AboriginalpeopleintheShiresofCloncurryandMountIsalamentedthelimitedemploymentopportunitiesinruralareas(Pearce,Eagle,Low,&Schurmann,2015).
changestotheunemploymentrateorredeploymentofworkforceinresponsetoclimatechangebecauseofchangestoprecipitationandseasonalemploymentopportunities.
• ClosureoftheCenturyMineandGlencoredownturnislikelytohavesignificantregionalimpactsonlocalworkforceparticipation(Everinghametal.,2013)butthismaybepartlymitigatedbynewminingoperationsopeningupintheregion.
• Tourismisexpectedtogrowbutbedisturbedbyfloodevents.
1.5Economicconfidence.
• Consumerconfidence.• Investorconfidence.• Smallbusiness
confidence.
• The‘silkhighway’globalmegatrendrevealsthepowerhousesofthenewworldeconomyareChinaandIndia.Thiseconomicshiftwillbuildnewexportmarkets,traderelations,businessmodelsandculturaltiesforAustralia.Tourists,fundsandideaswillincreasinglyflowoutofAsiancountriesandintoAustralia’seconomyandsociety(Hajkowiczetal.,2012).
• MountIsatoTownsvilleEconomicZone(MITEZ)hasastrategiccampaigntopromoteeconomicgrowthandhaspreparedmarketingmaterialfortheshirecouncilswithinthedevelopmentcorridorpromotinggrowthandinvestment(MITEZ,2015).
• ProjectsidentifiedbyMITEZincludetheFlindersRiverAgriculturalPrecinct(FRAP),ashovelreadyO’ConnellCreekOffstreamWaterStorageFacility,newminingoperations,abattoirsatCloncurryandHughenden(MITEZ,2015).
• Liveexportofcattlecontinuestogrownowtheliveexportbanshavebeenlifted(GulfSavannahDevelopment,2014).
• TheMountIsaMayordeclaresLittleEvaisavoteofconfidenceinthenorth-westmineralsprovince(ArthurC,2015).
• The2014CSIROstudyLivestockLogisticsstatesanabattoiratHughendenwouldgivea65%reductioninlivestocktransportcostscomparedtotransportingcattletoeastcoastplantsforliveexport.FlindersShireCouncilundertookascopingstudyinJuly2014andapre-feasibilitystudyinFebruary2015forabeefprocessingfacility.Futurestartupfeedlotsandimprovedpasturessupportedbylocalirrigationbusinessesareneededtoincreasethebeefproducedandtherangeofpotentialmarkets(FlindersShireCouncil,2015).
• Localbusinessconfidenceisgenerallylowinthepastoralindustry,andatthispointinthecycle,notsobuoyantintheminingsector.
• In2014-15farmcashincomeswerepredictedtoriseinQldmainlybecauseofhigherbeefcattleprices.In2013-14expansionofdroughtconditionsresultedina20%increaseintheaveragenumberofcattlesoldperfarmbyQldbeefindustryfarms.Pricesforcattleweredownwhileexpenditurewasup,thecostoffodderalmostdoubled,fuelandinterestpaymentsincreased.
• Theaveragefarmcashincomeforbeefindustrydeclinedtoaverage$68,200afarm(ABARES,2015).
• MITEZpromotionalmaterialsandshovelreadyprojectsarereadyforinvestmentwhenthefundamentalsareright.
• Increasedflightstotheregionindicateincreasedeconomicactivityintourismormining.
2.0Significantretreatanduncertaintyintheminingsector.Highlevelsofdebtbutsomeemergingopportunityinthepastoralsector.Someemergingbutsmallintensificationopportunities.
![Page 30: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
25|P a g e
• Currentenergyinvestorsareconsideringdown-sizingormovingoperationsduetothemonopolyenvironmentpresentinQueensland(GulfSavannahDevelopment,2014).
• PPBAdvisoryestimatesthatfollowingareturnofanormalwetseasoninnorthernAustralia,itwouldbe12to18monthsbeforeproducerswouldbeinapositiontohavecattleforsaleinordertogeneratecashflow,andatleast3yearsbeforenumbersreachcommerciallyviablelevels.Whenarecoverycomesintheformofabreakintheseason,thiswillinevitablyleadtoincreaseddemandforbreedingcowswhichwillsendmarketpriceshigherimpactingonrestockingcapability.Thispricevolatilityislikelytobegreaterthanoriginallyanticipatedduetoarecentescalationindestocking.Thesupplyofbreedingcowsorpregnantfemaleswillbesubstantiallylimited,withfinanciersreluctanttofundpurchaseswithoutequityinrealpropertyatcurrentmarketvaluesorcertaintyofcashflow(PPBAdvisory,2014).
• Thereisimprovedexpertanalysisoffarmingsectorriskdrawingoninformationaboutlevelsofinvestmentfromthebanks,populationgrowthisneeded.
• Investmentconfidencewithinthepastoralandfishingsectorsremainsverylowbecauseofsignificantdebtburdensandconservationinitiativesinthefishingsector.ThismatchesaGulf/CapefarmcashincomedeclinesforinlandQldbroadacrefarms,decliningfromanestimatedaverageof$84,500perfarmin2011–12toanaverageof$55,000perfarmin2012–13(ABARES,2014b,p.17).
• Some58.7%ofbusinesseshavebeenextremelyaffectedbythechangestofinancialarrangementsmadebybanksposttheLiveExportBan,with67.4%sayingthatthiswillaffecttheirviabilityintothefuture(Ikin,2014).
• TheFTAwithChinain2015willimpactontwopartsofthebeefsupplychain–onfarmandprocessing.GiventherecentchallengesintheAustralianbeefsectortheremaywellbeanopportunityfordebtreduction,investmentininnovation,acceleratingfarmsuccessionplans,andsomewelcometailwindsforthosegrazierslookingtoexpandtheirbusiness(Deloitte,2015).
• Prawnwildcatchshowedthelargestdeclineintherealvalueofproductioninoutbackfisheriesoverthepastdecade,reducingby$51millionand$58millionrespectively.Alargeproportionisexportedandtheappreciationoftheexchangeratesince2000–01hashadasignificanteffectonthevalueofexportsoftheseproducts.Competitionfromimportedprawns
![Page 31: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
26|P a g e
inthedomesticmarkethasalsoplacedsignificantdownwardpressureonpricesinrecentyears(ABARES,2014a,p.13).
• Thereareincreasinglevelsofinterest(nationalandinternational)ininvestmentintheregioninwaterandminingresourcedevelopmentopportunities,thoughtheresourcessectoriscurrentlyweakening.
• RegionalExpress(Rex)AirlineshasintroducedextraflightsbetweenMountIsaandCairnsduetoincreasingdemandfortheservice.ThisincludesincreasedservicetoMorningtonIsland,DoomadgeeandNormanton.TheincreasedflightswereasaresponsetothegrowingnumberofpassengerstravellingthroughouttheGulf(Margolis,2015).
1.6Vulnerabilityofkeyeconomicinfrastructureassets.
• Stabilityandstrengthofeconomicinfrastructure.
• Datarewhetherclimatechangewillstresskeyinfrastructureassetsofeconomicimportance.
• TheMountIsatoTownsvillecorridoristhestrategiclinkbetweentheNorthWestQueenslandMineralsProvinceandtheprocessingandexportportfacilitiesinTownsvilleandAbbotPoint.Itisanimportanteconomiclink,supportingtheexportof$15billionworthofproductperannum.TheNorthQueenslandResourcesSupplyChain(NQRSC)Projectaimstoimprovetheefficiencyandproductivityofthesupplychainbybettercoordinationamongstinfrastructureowners,operatorsandcurrentandfutureuserstomanagethemovementoffreightalongthiseconomicallyimportantcorridor(NQRSCPSteeringCommittee,2013).
• Thefinal100kmunsealedsectionatLyndJunctionoftheHannHighway,adirectroadroutetoMelbourneandAdelaide,isduetobesealed.ThedirectnorthsouthrouteviatheHannHighwaylinkthroughHughenden,Barcaldine,Charleville,Cobar,GriffithtoMelbourne,cutsoffapproximately800kmcomparedtothecoastalroutes(CummingsEconomics,2015).
• Williamsetal.concludedthat“Theeffectofclimatechangeonthesavannas[i.e.theMonsoonalNorth]mayappearrelativelysmallcomparedwithotherpartsofAustraliawherealtitudinalgradientsarestrong,andtopographiccomplexityishigh”(Williamsetal,2009citedinCook&Liedloff,2015,p.11)
• Becausewateris,infact,alimitingresourceforaconsiderablepartoftheyearanyclimatechangedrivenvariationintheamountandseasonaldistributionofrainfallinthisregionhasthepotentialtosignificantlyaffectwateravailability.
• Inthemonsoonalnorthclimatechangewillresultinchangestorainfallseasonality,withevidenceofincreasingdryseasonlengthanddecreasingdryseasonrainfallinnorthQld.Currentclimatemodelscannotrobustlymodeltheisolatedstormeventsthatdeterminethetransitionsbetweenwetanddryseasonsandthusthelengthofthedryseason.
• Transportinfrastructureismorevulnerableundermoresevereeventsleadingtoanarrowertradingwindow,thoughaprogressiveimprovementinroadinfrastructurehasbeenslowlyemerging.
• TheNQRSCCommittee’sviewisthattheMITEZcorridoris“fitforpurpose”,meetingtheneedsforthecurrentusers,andhasexistingsurpluscapacityinboththerailandportsystems.Opportunitiestofurtherenhancethesupplychainbyfocusingonthreebroadareasofimprovement.
• Improvedlongtermstrategicplanningthatcanbetteridentifypriorityinfrastructureupgraderequirements.
• Improveddaytodayoperationsofthecorridorarepossiblethroughbetterco-ordinationamongstcorridoroperatorsandparticipants.
• Improvedclarityandaccessarrangementsarepossiblefornew,smallerentrantsseekingexportsolutions(NQRSCPSteeringCommittee,2013).
• Newairlinederegulationpoliciescoulddecreaseregionalservices.Costoflivingwillincreaseintheregionduetoincreasedfreightandconsequentlyproductcostsifroadsarefloodedmorefrequentlyandfuelpricesrise.
• Thereisanewlocalrealisationthatfarmassetsandstockarevulnerabletomore
3.0Regionhassomegoodinfrastructureassetsdespiteremoteness.Regionremainshighlyaffectedbyannualwetseason.Currentdisasterarrangementsmayseeinsufficientrecoveryofassetmanagementobligations.RisksexistrelatedtoretentionofKarumbaPortcapacity.Propertyscaleassetmanagementandemergencyservicelinksimproving.
![Page 32: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
27|P a g e
• AnexampleoffloodinganditsextentwasininFebruary2014upto20ruralpropertiesacrossCarpentaria,Mornington,DoomadgeeandBurkeshirewereisolatedbyfloodwaters,followingrainfallsofover200millimetres.TheStateGovernmentsuppliedthecouncilwithahelicoptertohelpdistributeemergencysupplies.
• Theregionhasbeenaffectedbynaturaldisasterevents,predominantlyflooding.TheprocessofclaimingNationalDisasterReliefandRecoveryArrangements(NDRRA)fundingforrepairstoroadinfrastructure,isimpairedbytheineligibilityofdaylabourcosts.Consequentlycouncilshavebeenforcedtoengagecontractorstoundertaketheworks(representing20%ofthe2011costsinNWQld).Duetotheremotenessandtheinabilitytosourcelocalqualifiedindependent(non-council)contractors,theworkhasgonetocontractorschargingsignificantlyhigherrates.Thiscosthasbeenabsorbedintheannualmaintenancebudgetsresultinginadecreaseinfulltimeemployeesanddetrimentaltothelocaleconomy(RDATownsvilleandNorthwestQueenslandCommittee,2015).
• Muchoftheregion’snorthernpopulationandbusinessesarereliantonthelargersettlementsinthesouthoftheregion.Groceriesincurthreesetsoffeesduetofreight,soa2Lmilkorasmalltubofbutterisapproximately$6.60(MorningtonShireCouncil,2015).
• Keyroadtransportassetsareprogressivelyimprovingbutremainannuallyvulnerabletoflooding.TheGulfDevelopmentRoad/SavannahWayhasunsealedsections,whichincreasesriskofaccidentsanddiscouragestourisminremotetownsontheroute.Approximately110kmoftheHannHighway,anotherimportanttransportlink,isalsounsealed(GulfSavannahDevelopment,2014).
• Duetothehighlyunreliablenatureofroadnetworksintheregion(muchofwhichisunsealed)airtransportationisimportantforfreightandpassengertravel(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).
• Airtransportiscurrentlyveryexpensivewhichincreasesthecostoffreightandproductsintheregion.Airstripsaregenerallypoorquality(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).OnMorningtonIslandanaveragewageis$287.00ppandanaverageflighttoCairnsis$1000.00ppreturn(MorningtonShireCouncil,2015).
• KarumbaPortservicestheregion’sminingandpastoralindustries.CenturyMinecurrentlycarriesthecostofdredging
intensecyclonicandfloodevents.• NaturalDisasterRelieffundingmodelsare
notwellsuitedtoprogressivebetterment,andcouldbecomestressedunderrecentProductivityCommissionrecommendations(ProductivityCommission,2014).
• Potentialformajorportdisruptionistherebuthasnotyetbeenrealised.
• Onfarminfrastructureassetsthatareannuallyvulnerable(increasingly)butcouldbebettermanagedthroughrealtimedataandinformationmanagement.
• Bettermechanismsforsharingdataandknowledgeaccumulatedbyemergencymanagementsystemsandforintegratingintolanduseplanningsystemsneedtobedevelopedasamatterofurgency(Birdetal.,2013,p.2).
• Neitherclimatechangeadaptationmeasuresnorresponsivedesignstrategiesareincludedinlanduseplanning(Birdetal.,2013,p.2).
![Page 33: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
28|P a g e
thechanneltotheport.CenturyMine’sclosureinNovember2015willlimitthesizeandaccessofexportcattleshipments(Renault,2014).
• KarumbaPort’sabilitytoservicetheregion’spastoralandminingindustriesproductexportationisconstrainedbytheregion’spoorroadinfrastructureandtheinadequateportfacilities(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).Portinfrastructureisgenerallyundervalued.
• Coastalportassetsaregenerallydurablebutalsovulnerabletofloodingandcyclonerisk.
• Climatechangewillimpacteachlevelofthesupplychain.Forexample,CycloneMarciacutcommunicationsintheRockhamptonregionin2015andclosedtheabattoirfor6weeksduetopowerdisruptionsanddamagetothebuilding(Crowley,2015).
• Thereisnolinkbetweenemergencymanagementandlanduseplanning.Landuseplanningsystemsdonotusetheirplanninglegislationeffectivelytocreatedisaster-resilientcommunities(Birdetal.,2013).
• Regionalhousingstockcouldbevulnerabletomoreintensecyclonesthatpenetratefurtherinland,andtherearelowlevelsofcommunityinputintoIndigenoushousingdesignstandards(Birdetal.,2013).
2015ResilienceRating 15.5
MaximumforthisAttribute 30
![Page 34: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
29|P a g e
9.2 AttributeTwo:Communityknowledge,aspirationsandcapacity
AttributeComponent
PossiblePressure,StateandTrendIndicators
Evidence Conclusions ValueandLogic(1-5)
2.1Communityawarenesslevelsofclimatechangeandnaturalresourcesustainability.
• StateandtrendinindividualandsectoralunderstandingofNRMissuesandcurrentbehavior(regularsurvey).
• PostYasiand2010floods,Gulfcommunitieshaveaheightenedawarenessoftheimpactsofintensecyclonicandfloodingevents,ifnotanunderstandingofpotentiallinkstoclimatechange.
• ASGCphonesurveyin2014acrossallindustrysectorsfoundagreementthatthewetseasonwasarrivinglateranddeliveringlessrainfall(66%)howevergraziersweredividedonthecausewithmanydiscussingthe‘naturalcycle’whichlasts10/11years.Themining,conservationandindustryandIndigenouscommunityagreedthattherewereagreaternumberofextremelyhotdays(Connor,2014).
• Whenaskedifcycloneswerehavingabiggerimpactthaninpreviousyears,theresponsewasdividedwithonlytheconservationsectoragreeing(Connor,2014).
• Allsectorsagreedthatthespreadofweedseedisincreasingwitheachfloodeventandthatmanyweedspecieswereflourishing.Thegraziersidentifiedthatnewpestsandweedswouldincreasewithclimatechange(over86%eitheragreedorstronglyagreed)(Connor,2014).
• Communitygenerallyhasalowawarenessofclimatechange—awareofdroughtsbutnotnecessarilytheawarenessoftherelationshiptoclimatechangeorhowtopersonallychangethings.ThereisnorecyclinginMountIsa(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015)
• Arecentstudyconsistingof18interviewsand91surveysofbeefproducersinnorth-easternAustraliafoundthatmostpeopleweremotivatedtolearnnewpracticesandskillstoimprovelandconditionandproductionbyawarenessoftheunsustainabilityofcurrentpractices,financialhardship,andorganizedlearningprograms.Theyreportedlearningprimarilythroughobservationofpeersandfirst-handexperience.Evidenceoftransformativelearningthatfosteredsustainabilitywasonlyobservedin5interviewees(Lankester,2013).
• Arecentnationalstudyonfarmdecision-makingandclimatechangefoundthattherearedifferenttypesoffarmersandthattheydiffersystematicallywithrespecttofactorsrelatedtotheclimatechangeadaptation.Itidentifiedthreetypesof
• LimitedinformationaboutlandholderandwidercommunityunderstandingofclimatechangeandnaturalresourcesustainabilitymakesithardtodrawconclusionsinSGC.
• Recentpost-disasterexperiencesuggestsawarenesslevelsofclimatechangeandnaturalresourcesustainabilityarelikelytobevariedbutwellarousedacrosstheregion.
• Ongoingperiodsofhighenvironmentalvariabilityprovideanopportunitytobuildawarenesslevelsaboutclimatechangeandnaturalresourcesustainability.
• Peoplemayrecognisethatchangesarehappeningwithintheregion,butnotnecessarilybecauseofclimatechange.
• Duetolevelsofdebtandpersonalfinancialhardship,primaryproducershaveastrongincentivetomakedecisionsforshort-termeconomicgainratherthanconsideringlong-termsustainability.
3.5Severalstudiessuggestahighwillingnessforinnovationamongproducers.Recentdisastersandotherstressessuggestkeyregionalplayersareawareofresourcevulnerabilities.Modestwaterresourceproposalsareonthecardswithintheregion.Strongawarenessofenergyandecosystemserviceopportunities.
![Page 35: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
30|P a g e
farmers:‘Cashpoorlong-termadaptors’(55%ofthesample),‘Comfortablenon-adaptors’(26%)and‘Transitioners’(19%)(Hogan,Berry,Ng,&Bode,2011).TheapplicabilityofthistotheGulfrequiresassessment.
• Greiner(2013)reportedapositiveresponsebyagroupofleaseholdersintheNorthernGulfRegiontothedevelopmentofaprototypeenvironmentalcodeofpracticeforgrazing,suggestingreasonablewillingnesstoadapttoclimaticchangeintheregion.
2.2Education/knowledgelevelsandspreadacrossthecommunity.
Educationdistributionmeasures.
• ParticipationratesinVocationalEducationandTraining(VET)andHigherEducation(HEd)inruralandremoteAustraliaaresignificantlylowerthanthatinourcitiesandurbanareas(Marksetal,2000;Bradleyetal.,2008;Pratley,2012citedinTaylor,Andrews,&Wallis,2013).
• Isolationandremotenessarebothbarrierstolearningandkeyfactorsinattrition(Conrad&Donaldson,2004).Costsandaccessaremajorimpedimentstoparticipation,butattitudesandaspirationstowardtertiaryeducationexplainmorevariationinparticipationrates(Jamesetal.,1999citedinTayloretal.,2013).
• Between2001and2011,theshareofpersonswithabachelorsdegreeorhigherintheSouthernGulfincreasedfrom17.7%to18.0%,butisstillwellbelowtheQldaverage(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Ofmalesaged25-44intheSouthernGulfin2011,64.9%hadanon-schoolqualification(e.g.,bachelordegree,diploma).Only56.5offemalesage25-44hadanon-schoolqualification.Thiscompareswith67.4%and64.5%forQueenslandasawhole(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Thefieldsofstudywiththelargestshareofnon-schoolqualificationsintheSouthernGulfin2011wereengineeringandrelatedtechnologies(23.5%),managementandcommerce(9.8%),andhealth(6.8%).Only2.8%ofnon-schoolqualificationswereinagriculture,environmental,andrelatedstudies(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• 6,731occupiedprivatedwellings(or68.6%)hadinternetconnections.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthelargestnumberofdwellingswithinternetconnectionswith4,726.Withintheregion,Mornington(S)LGAhadthelargestpercentage(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Manychildrenrelyoninternetfordistanceeducation.Currently,5GBofdataataspeedof1056kpbsisavailablefor$92/monthcomparedto$20/monthatspeedsof2-3MBSin
• Educationsupportsresilienceandadaptationbyprovidingindividualswithknowledgeandskills,andskillsmixisgenerallylowerinSavannahGulfarea,butbalancedbystrongpracticalandtraditionalknowledgelevel.
• Schoolcurriculumsdonotyetsufficientlytakeintoaccountfuturing/planningandrelevantbuildingofcivicskills.
• Studentswishingtocompletetheirsecondaryeducationmusteitherleavetheregiontodosoorcompletetheireducationthroughdistanceeducation.
• FewpeopleintheSouthernGulfCatchmentsarereceivinghighereducationinagricultureandenvironmentalsciencesnecessarytoincreasetheknowledgebasenecessaryforsustainablecommunities.
• Afterreceivingauniversitydegree,peoplewhogrewupintheSouthernGulfarelikelytorelocateelsewhereandareunlikelytoreturntotheregion.
2.5Strongeducationaldisparitybetweenrichandpoorintheregion.Limitedservicesmeanahighdepartureofhighpotentialstudents.Educatedworkerscomingintotheregiontendtobetransient.
![Page 36: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
31|P a g e
metroareas(GulfSavannahDevelopment,2014).• Rateofschoolandpost-schooleducationintheSouthernGulf
RegionislowerthantheQueenslandAverage(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• Educationoutcomesremainwellbelowthestateaveragealthoughthenumberofpeopleovertheageof15whohavecompletedyear12isincreasing(Everingham,Barnes,&Brereton,2014).
• Sometownsintheregiondonothaveprimaryschoolsandtherearelimitedsupportservicesacrosstheregion(GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee,2000).
• Thereare33earlychildhoodeducationandcareservicesofwhich19areinMountIsa(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).Departureofchildrenisamajorproblem.
• Manyhighschoolstudentsinremoteareasattendboardingschoolinurban/moredevelopedcoastalareasorrelyonschooloftheairfortheireducation(Stokes,Holdsworth,&Stafford,1999).
2.3Skilllevelsandspreadacrossthecommunity.
Skillsdistributionmeasures. • Thereisasignificantgeneralskillsshortageintheregion.Theroleofwomeninthepastoralindustryisnotgenerallywellrecognised,howeverwomenarewellrepresentedinlocalgovernment(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Thereisalsoasignificantemigrationoftheregion’syouthandskilledpeopletowardslargercitiesseekinggreatereducationandemploymentopportunities.
• Thereisabroadshortageof‘mostprofessionals’inregionalandremoteareasofQueensland,particularlyinnon-coastalregions(BureauofInfrastructureTransportandRegionalEconomics,2011).
• Thereisaneedtore-skillandprovideassistancetodevelopbusinessandbusinessresilienceplanstohelpcopewithchangeandincreasebusinessresilience.
• ParticipantsinastudyaroundMountIsaandCloncurryexpressedaneedforfundingtohelpAboriginalpeoplegain‘skillsforalifetime’(i.e.,upskillduringperiodsofdownturninpastoralism)(Pearceetal.,2015).
• IndigenousliteracyishamperinguptakeofopportunitiesinprogramssuchasthevocationfocusedRemoteJobsandCommunitiesProgram(replacingthewelfare-orientatedCommunityDevelopmentEmploymentProjects(CDEP))andtheMountIsaMinesapprenticeshipprograms(Pearceetal.,2015).
• SkilledworkersmustoftenbebroughtintotheregiontocompleteworkandrarelyresideintheGulfregionbeyondthescopeoftheiremployment.
• Re-skillingindustries/labourforcestoadapttootherbusinessmodelsorbusinessenterprisesorcopewithchangedresourceconditionsispoorbutiscurrentlybeingimplementedbyMineralsandMetalsGroup(MMG)withtheclosureofCenturyMine.
• Thereisalackoftertiaryorvocationaleducationfacilitiesinwhichtoup-skilltheregion’spopulationinassociationwithenterpriseleveladjustment.
• Socialandeconomicbarrierstosuccessiononfarmandinkeybusinessesleadingtoaskillsgapinbusinessandcommunityleadership.
2.5Whilestrongpracticalskillsexistintheregion,professionalskillslargelyneedtobeimported.Skillsequalitywithintheregionisstronglychallengedbetweenrichandpoor.
![Page 37: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
32|P a g e
2.4Individualleadershipandcomplexproblemsolving.
Expertbasedindicatorofregionalleadership(champions).
• Thereislimitedquantitativedataagainstwhichtomakeamoredetailedassessment.
• Leadersforsolvingcomplexproblemsintheregionareemergingwithinlocalgovernment,industryandthenot-for-profitcontext,butoftenwithahighturnoverwithintheregion.
• Therehasrecentlybeenahighleadershipturnoverinregionaldevelopment,NRMandlocalgovernment.SomecrossregionalcollaborationisemerginginNRMandregionaldevelopment.
• Industrysectoralleadershipisnotalwaysstrongwithintheregion,leavinglocalproducersvulnerabletopolicysettingssetelsewhere.
• Adapterstendtobecashpoor,leavinginnovatorsexposedwhentakingrisks.
• RangelandChampionshaveplayedakeyroleinraisingawarenessofeducationalopportunitiesandpathways,inimprovingparticipationinhighereducation,and,throughtheirsupportandencouragement,inretainingmature-agedstudentsinhighereducationinremoteAustralia(Tayloretal.,2013).
• Leadershipintheshirecouncilsisdynamic.Councilsareadaptingtotheircircumstances(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Australia’sruralleadershipprogramhasalowuptakeexceptforthecandidatesputforwardbyJCUruralhealthunit(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Knight(2015)considersthecommunitysuffersfromalackofconfidenceinthemselves–butpridethemselvesontheirlocalknowledge.
• Leadershipinthebeefindustryhasnotbeenwellfosteredwhileminingsponsorshipsinlocalindigenousleadershiphasbeengood–butlocal(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Campdriveassociation,communityfestivalsetcarethriving.MountIsarodeohasonememberofstaffemployedbythecouncilbutwithhugevolunteereffort(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015)
• RDATownsvilleandNWreceivedalargenumberofgrantapplicationswithwell-developedideasreflectingforwardthinkingbuttheyareincompetitionwithTownsvilleandoften
• Leadershipcapacityintheregioncontinuestobespreadacrossandwithinanumberofsectors.
• Fragmentationandturnoverofleadershipcausesstabilityproblems.
• Communitieshavelearnedtobeinnovativeandresilientbasedonprevioushardshipsfaced.
3.5Leadershipexistsinvarioussectorsbutnotwellconnectedacrosssectors.Highturnoveranddifficulttoretainleadershipqualitieswithintheregion.
![Page 38: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
33|P a g e
notsuccessful(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Localinitiativesarestrong(e.g.,Cloncurry–puttingitselfforwardasacentreofequineexcellence,andNormanton,Hughenden,JuliaCreekandRichmondalllinkingupontheDinosaurtrail.Theeffectivenessdependsonlocalleadership(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
2.5Communityculturalintegrity
Expertbasedindicatorofculturalhealthandintegrity.
• IndigenouspeopleoftheGulfcontinuetohavestrongculturalconnectionstothelandandseaintheareatheyarefromandretaincustodialresponsibilitiestoensuretheirprotection(Everinghametal.,2014).
• AboriginalpeoplewhohadgrownuponcountryaroundMountIsaandCloncurryexpressastrongdesiretostayoncountry(Pearceetal.,2015).
• Thereisastrongcultureofindividual/communityself-relianceinthepastoralandfishingsectors.
• Moretransientsectorstendnottohavestrongculturalconnectionstoplace,butdorelatetowiderAustralianculturalnorms.
• Communityculturalintegrityishighandconsequentlythecommunityweathersshockswell.Facebookpagesofthecommunitiesarevibrant.Variousindustriesarespringingupontheinternet.
• Smallcommunitiesregroupquickly,butitisharderinMountIsaandhardestforthenewarrivalsthatarriveinthegoodtimesandthenaresurprisedastheminingordroughtcyclebegins(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• TheGulfregioncontinuestohavestronganddistinctculturalintegrityaroundkeycommunities/industries.
• Someaspectsoflongstandingcultures,however,mayresultinsomeresistancetonecessarychanges.
• CriticalmassofservicesinMountIsadoesenablestrongculturalservicesandeffortsinregion.
3.5Strongculturalcontinuityandstrengthwithindifferentsectors.Culturalstabilitycan,however,alsocauseresistancetochange.
2015ResilienceRating 15.5MaximumforthisAttribute 25
![Page 39: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
34|P a g e
9.3 AttributeThree:Communityvitality
AttributeComponents
PossiblePressure,StateandTrendIndicators
Evidence Conclusions ValueandLogic(1-5)
3.1Demographicstability.
Basicdemographiccharacteristics(e.g.,population,agestructure,migrationandgrowthrates).
• TheaverageannualgrowthrateintheestimatedresidentpopulationoftheSouthernGulfRegionwasbetween30June2001and30June2014was0.4%.TheaveragesforQldwere2.2%and2.0%respectively(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• ThepopulationofMountIsafellbetween2001and2007,since2007to2012ithasrisenby9.3%(1,917people).Likewise,Cloncurryfellbetween2001and2006buthassincerisenby5.4%(175people)(Pearceetal.,2015).
• Between2001and2012,theshareofpersonsage65andolderintheSouthernGulfincreasedfrom5.7%to7.8%.Theshareofpersons0-14hasdecreasedfrom26.5%to22.9%(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• MostofthepopulationintheSouthernGulfisinthe25-44(32.5%),1-14(22.9%),and45-64(22.8%)agegroups(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• IntheSouthernGulfsome21.7%areIndigenous.TheaverageforallofQldin3.6%(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Between2001and2011,theIndigenouspopulationincreasedby100persons(1.4%),non-Indigenouspersonsaccountedfor74.2%ofthepopulationin2001and68.7%in2011(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• Between2001and2011,theshareofpersonsbornoverseasincreasedfrom9.7%to11.6%ItheSouthernGulf(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• ThepercentageofpersonsintheSouthernGulfwhohadadifferentaddressoneyearagowas19.3%andfiveyearsago42.6%(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice,2015).
• InGulfIndigenouscommunities,demographicsaresubjecttorapidchangesovershortperiodsoftime.ThismaybeattributedtoCensusdates,recentweatherevents,orphasepositionsinthecyclesofin-andout-migration(Birdetal.,2013).
• Localpopulationshocksoccur(e.g.,therailwayheadquartersclosingatJuliaCreekandHughenden).Contestabilityincontractsandtenderinghasanegativelocaleffect,tenderingoutthejob-findagenciesforexample.Contractorscannotcompetewiththelocalknowledgebuthavetheadvantageof
• Populationgrowthisstatic,withthepopulationslightlyaging,withgrowthconcentratedintheIndigenouscommunities.
• Populationturnoverissteadyandstable,butmobile,youngandmaledominatedinIndigenouscommunities(Birdetal.,2013).
• ThereisgreaterproportionofadultsatworkingageandfewolderpeoplecomparedtotheQldaverage.
• Bird(Birdetal.,2013,p.2)suggeststhatinthefuturethereislikelytobemoreIndigenousout-migrationintheeventofenvironmentalstresses.
3.5Populationgrowthisgenerallystableandpredictable.Ageprofilesarequitehealthy,buthideregularoutmigrationofolderpeople.Populationitinerancycanleadtosomestabilityproblems.
![Page 40: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
35|P a g e
scalesofcost,thenmoneyleavesthearea,nolocalknowledgebeingincorporatedintooperations(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
3.2Wellbeing/happinesswithinthegeneralcommunity.
• Happiness,wellbeingorgenuineprogressindexes.
• Dissatisfactionratings.
• PeoplelivinginremoteareasofQldreportedhighersatisfactionwithlife,particularlywithsafetyandfeelingpartofthecommunity,andweremorewillingtohelpeachother,comparedwithurbanandruralareas(Kreger&Hunter,2005).
• IndigenouspeopleinthisremoteregionhavestrongconnectionstotheirkinwholiveinthemanyregionaltownsandAboriginalcommunitiesacrossawidegeographicalarea(Memmott&Nash,2012).
• RemoteareasofQueenslandcomprised3.1%ofthetotalpopulation,butaccountedfor4.3%ofthetotalsuicideincidencefrom2008-2011((DeLeo&Heller,2004).
• From2008to2010,thehighestnumberofsuicidesbyAboriginalandTorresIslanderpeoplewasinNorthandFarNorthQueensland(26.2%)(DeLeo&Heller,2004).
• InMountIsa64%ofrespondentslistedpeoplerelatedaspectssuchasfriendlinesswithinthecommunity,caringnatureandconnectednessoflocalresidentsasthebestthingsaboutlivingintown(Pearceetal.,2015).
• TheoutbackregionofQldhasahighparticipationrateforrecreationalfishingamongstitsresidentsat23%(stateaverage17%)(Taylor,2012citedinABARES,2015,p.13).
• MiningaffectscommunitystructurewhereminesareoperatedbyFIFOstaff(Hossainetal.,2013citedinCrowley,2015).
• In2013therewasadeclineinthementalwellbeingofAboriginalcommunitiesintheShiresofMountIsaandCloncurryasaresultofthedownsizingofthepastoralsectorduringprolongeddrought(Pearceetal.,2015).
• Localeventsarefrequentwith,forexample,CloncurryMerryMusterfestivalinJuly,BouliaCamelracesinJuly,DroversCampFestivalinAugust,LakeMoondarraFishingFestivalinOctober.JuliaCreekhas12annualevents.Hughendenhas29eventsscheduledin2015whileRichmondhas13events.
• InstituteofHealthandWelfareundertookahealthandwell-beingsurveyandillustratedtheareafaredwell(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Stressanddistressareasresultingindrugandalcoholissuesincludingdomesticviolence(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,
• Havingbeenthroughsignificantrecentdisastersandhighdebtlevel,thepastoralcommunitymaybemorevulnerableandpronetodepression,suicideriskandhaveloweredresiliencetochangewhenthereisalackofadequatesupportnetworks.
3.5Generalreportingofhighlevelsoflifesatisfaction.SpecificwellbeingissuesofconcerninpastoralandIndigenouscommunities.
![Page 41: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
36|P a g e
20/10/2015).3.3Generalcommunityhealthanddisparities.
• Specificgeneralhealthindicators.
• Comparativeindicatorsacrosskeycommunitysectors.
• SocioeconomicandculturalfactorsspecifictoruralAustraliaarekeyinfluencesofhealthinSGC.Theserangefromindividual-levelfactors(e.g.,ruralstoicism,povertyandsubstanceusenorms)toneighbourhoodsocialcharacteristics(Beard,Tomaska,Earnest,Summerhayes,&Morgan,2009).
• Climatechangepredictionssuggestadversehealthimplicationsforremotecommunities(Pearceetal.,2015).
• Peopleinremoteareasaremorelikelytodiefromlungcancer,chronicheartdisease,stroke,suicide,injury,poisoning,roadtrafficinjury,diabetes,asthmaandchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(COPD).Inremoteareas,therewerehigherdeathandhospitalisationratesduetohazardousandharmfulconsumptionofalcoholandtobaccosmokingaswellasahigherproportionofharmfulandhazardousalcoholconsumption(Kreger&Hunter,2005).
• Ruralcommunitieshavesocioeconomicandculturalcharacteristicsthataredistinctfromnon-ruralcommunities.Evidencethatsocioeconomicdisadvantageisakeydriverofruralhealthdisparities(Beardetal.,2009).
• TherateofsuicideinruralAustraliaindicatesthatthereisahighprevalenceofmentalhealthissues.Certainoccupationshavebeenfoundtobeassociatedwithahigherriskofmentaldisorders.Programstocombatmentalhealthissuesinruralareashavefocusedonfarmers(Fragaretal.,2010).
• Ruralworkershaverelativelyhighlevelsofpsychologicaldistress.Whilemuchattentionhasbeenfocusedonthoseworkingonfarms,theruralunemployedhavehighlevelsofdistress.Earlyinterventionandvocationalrehabilitationprogramsshouldbedevelopedinruralcommunitiestoservethishard-to-reach,butneedy,ruralpopulation(Fragaretal.,2010).
• ‘SuicideinQld1999-2001’providedanindicatoroftheextentofvarianceinmentalhealthstatusbetweeninmetropolitan,ruralandremoteareas.Mortalityratesformalesinremoteareas(42.3per100,000)weresignificantlyhigherthanthemaleratesformetropolitanareasandQldasawhole.Regionalratesformalesandallpersonsweresignificantlyhigherthanthosefromcounterpartsinmetropolitanareas(DeLeo&Heller,2004).
• Relationshipbetweenlevelsofmentalhealthandwellbeingwithemploymentandoccupationalstatusofruralresidentsfoundthehighestlevelsofdistressandfunctionalimpairmentwerereportedinthosepermanentlyunabletoworkandthe
• Whilehealthisnotbadinaninternationalcontext,therearesignificantdisparitieswithinthecommunityandwiththeoutsideworld,impactingresilience.
• Despitechronicchildhoodbloodleadexposuresinbothcommunities,thereisahistoryofdenialanddownplayingofthesourceandimpactofthecontamination.Acontributoryfactortothispatternofbehaviouristhefragmentedandinconsistentdeliveryofdataaswellasitsinterpretationinrelationtoenvironmentalandhealthimpactsfromexposures(Tayloretal.,2015).
• GiventhattheCityofMountIsaisdirectlyadjacenttoMountIsaMineandthecity'sprincipaldrinkingwaterstoragearea,LakeMoondarra,isdownstreamofthese,elevatedconcentrationsofmetalsintheriversystemandinsoilsandsedimentsaroundtheurbanareamightbeproblematic.NewspaperarticlesrelatingtotheissueofmetalcontaminationanditspotentialenvironmentandhumanhealthimpactsinMountIsahighlightthatthisisamajorissueofconcerntotheareaaswellastothewiderminingcommunity(Tayloretal.,2015).
• Giventhetwincaveatsoffutureclimatechangecoupledtothepreferentialstorageofsignificantconcentrationsofmetalsinfine-grainedriparianalluvialstores,itisparticularlyimportanttoobtain,modelandutilisereliabledataformetal-contaminatedaridsystemstoquantifythecurrenthealthofriversandassociatedhumanandecologicalsystems.Indoingso,suchdatawillhelpdefinestrategiestomitigatetheeffectsoffutureperturbationsarisingfromclimatechange,industrialisationandfluctuationsinrunoffregimes(Taylor&Hudson-Edwards,2008).
• Exposuretoairpollutantssuchassulphur
3.0Byinternationalstandards,SGChealthisreasonable.TheSGCregionhasstandarddisparitiestypicalofremoteareas.Indigenoushealthissuesremainasignificantconcern.MountIsahasspecificlead-relatedhealthrisksbeingactedon.
![Page 42: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
37|P a g e
unemployed(Fragaretal.,2010).• Ruralunemployedsufferconsiderablepsychologicaldistress
and‘disability’,yettheyarenotthetargetofspecificmentalhealthpromotionandpreventionprograms(Fragaretal.,2010).
• IndigenousresidentsofruralandremoteAustraliaexperiencementalhealthissuesassociatedwithsocialdisadvantage(Hunter,2007).
• ThereareamultitudeoforganisationsprovidingalliedandmentalhealthorwellbeingsupporttoresidentsinNorthWestQueensland(NWQ)butmanywhoneedhelpdonotutilisetheservicesduetostigmaassociatedwithmentalillness,aninabilitytorecognisetheextentoftheirhealthneeds,afearofshowingvulnerabilityortimeconstrains(Pearceetal.,2015).
• AtHeadspace,agovernmentfundedorganisationtohelpwithIndigenousandnon-Indigenouspeople50%oftheclientswereself-referred(personalcommunication,HeadspaceManager).
• IndigenouslifeexpectancyislowerinSGCthannon-indigenousby12years(CummingsEconomics,2013).
• Disparitiesinhealthexistintheregion.MountIsaisaprettyunhealthytown.Unhealthydiet,lifestyle,nofootpaths,nocycletracts,vibrantcyclingclubbutnokidscyclingtotownVsCloncurryandJuliaCreekwithgoodwalkingtracksasaresultofahealthandcommunityinitiative(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Aculturallytailoredsurvey,includingrespondentsfromMountIsa,DoomadgeeandMorningtonfoundwomenreportedhighratesofstressfullifeeventsinpregnancy,lowlevelsofchoiceinplaceofbirthandmodelofcareandlimitedoptionstocarryoutculturalpractices.Highlevelsofconfidenceinparentingwerealsoreported.Womenwerelesslikelytoreportbeingtreatedwithkindness,understandingandrespectbymaternitycarestaffthanwomenansweringasimilarmainstreamsurvey(Parker,McKinnon,&Kruske,2014).
• Sediment-metalconcentrationsadjacenttoanddownstreamoftheMountIsaminesignificantlyexceedbackgroundconcentrationsaswellasAustraliangovernmentsedimentqualitylowtriggerguidelines.Overbanksedimentsaremorecontaminatedthanchannelsediments.DeliveryofcontaminantsduringwetseasonsfromMountIsaMineandhistoricallycontaminatedriverbanksremainsanongoingissue.Theeaseofdustentrainmentinaridzonesmeansthat
dioxidecouldincreaseincidentsofpneumonia.Miningalsohasaadverseeffectonthesemi-aridfreshwatersysteminMountIsawiththedensitiesofbacteriaindicatorsinremnantpoolsthroughouttheLeichardtriverexceedingacceptableguidelineswhichmightexposechildrentogreaterriskofdiarrhoea(Xu,2015).
• FuturepneumoniaanddiarrhoeapreventionandcontrolmeasuresinQueenslandshouldfocusmoreonMountIsa(Xu,2015).
• Moreintenserainyseasonswillincreasetheburdenofpneumoniaanddiarrhoea(Xu,2015).
• AboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderwomenhaveadditionalmaternityneedstomainstreamAustralianwomenandthesearenotbeingmeteffectively.Recommendationsincludedimprovingservicesincludingtheneedtoenhancetheculturalcompetenceofmaternityservices;increaseaccesstocontinuityofmidwiferycaremodels,facilitatemorechoicesincare,workwiththestrengthsofAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderwomen,familiesandcommunities,andengagewomeninthedesignanddeliveryofcare.(Parkeretal.,2014).
• AtMountIsa,theGlencoreminingcompanywillhavespentmorethanA$600milliononarangeofenvironmentalimprovementsbytheendof2016.Hopefully,theseinvestmentswillresultinbetteroutcomesforthenextgenerationofchildrengrowingupinthesetoxicmetalrichcommunities(Tayloretal.,2015).
![Page 43: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
38|P a g e
sedimentsenrichedintoxicconcentrationsofmetalsmaybewidelydispersedandultimatelyingestedandabsorbedbybiota(Taylor&Hudson-Edwards,2008).
• MountIsaisthelargestemitterofsulphurdioxide,leadandsomeothermetalsinAustralia.ThebloodleadlevelofchildreninMountIsaismuchhigherthaninchildrenofotherregionsofAustraliaandtheconsequentlifelongnegativehealthandintellectualimpactsonchildrenhasbeenextensivelyreported(Xu,Hu,&Tong,2015).
• AlthoughemissionstotheenvironmentareregulatedaccordingtoAustralia’snationalairqualitystandards,significantatmosphericpointsourcetoxicemissionsofarsenic,leadandsulphurdioxidecontinuetocontaminateMountIsacommunities.Short-termatmosphericcontaminantemissionsacrossresidentialareasfromtheMountIsaMinesoperationsaresignificant.MountIsaisalsoblanketedbyelevatedsulphurdioxideconcentrations,withtheAustralianandQueensland1-hairqualitystandard(0.2ppm)beingexceededon27occasionsin2011(Taylor,Dong,Kristensen,&Zahran,2015).
• ChildreninminingandsmeltingtownssuchasMountIsawhoareexposedhighlevelsoflead,arsenicandcadmiumaremorethantwiceaslikelytohavedevelopmentaldisordersthanthenationalaverage.Theyalsoperformlowerthanneighbouringpeersonschooltests.ChildrenlivingclosesttoMountIsa’sminewhohadthehighestlevelsofexposuretotoxicair,dustandsoilsconsistentlyhadthelowestliteracyandnumeracyscoresinyearsthreeandfive.(Tayloretal.,2015).
• InMay2015,theNationalHealthandMedicalResearchCouncil(NHMRC)loweredthechildhoodbloodleadinterventionlevelfromtentofivemicrogramsperdecilitre.Thisreflectstheglobalviewthatthereisnominimumsafelevelofexposure.Thisnewguidelinemeansaround50%ofchildrenunderfiveyearsoldinMountIsahaveabloodleadinexcessofthenewinterventionvalue(Tayloretal.,2015).
• EmergencyDepartmentVisits(EDVs)forchildhoodpneumoniaanddiarrhoeawerehighestincentralwest,northwestandfarnorthofQld.MountIsacityisahighriskclusterwherechildhoodpneumoniaanddiarrhoeaco-distribute.ThereisalowsocioeconomicindexassociatedwithhighEDVforchildhoodpneumonia.EDVsincreaseby3%(pneumonia)and4%(diarrhoea)forevery10mmincreaseinmonthlyaveragerainfall(Xuetal.,2015).
![Page 44: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
39|P a g e
3.4Communityservices,infrastructure,access,anddisparities.
• Generalisableandcomparableservicebenchmarks.
• Comparativeindicatorsacrosskeycommunitysectors.
• The‘virtuallyhere’globalmegatrendmeansweareincreasinglymovingonlinetoconnect,todeliverandaccessservices,toobtaininformationandtoperformtransactionssuchasshoppingandworking(Hajkowiczetal.,2012).
• IntheSouthernGulf,70.5%oftheregionwasclassifiedas“RemoteAustralia”and29.5%as“VeryRemoteAustralia”(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• Datashowsnumbersofagedcare,childcare;hospitalservicessignificantlylowerthannumbersacrossQld.
• Thevastscale,remotenessandsparsepopulationcreatesevereservicechallengesforstategovernmentagencies.Asaresult,localgovernmentplaysamoreimportantroleinrepresentingandservingthelocalcommunitythaninmetropolitanareas.ThesecouncilsrelyheavilyonexternalfundingsupportfromstateandtheAustralianGovernmenttosupplementtheirrelativelysmallrateableincomebase.Theyarealsodependentonafewmajorcontracts,e.g.,withQueenslandMainRoads,tomaintainaviableworkforcewhichisthenabletosupportawiderrangeofservicesforthecommunity(SouthernGulfCatchments,2005).
• TheSouthernGulfhad35earlychildhoodeducationandcareservicesasat31August2015and13longdaycareservices.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthelargestnumberofserviceswith19(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• SouthernGulfhas30schoolsasat30June2015,13hospitals.Intheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthemostschoolswith15(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• SouthernGulfhas15Policestations,12ambulancestations,13hospitalsand6firestations(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• SouthernGulfhas19agedcareservicesasat30June2014with235agedcareserviceoperationalplaces.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthemostagedcareserviceoperationalplaceswith112(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• MorningtonShireCouncil’sexcitingcollaborationwiththeDepartmentofHousingandPublicWorks(BuildingandAssetServices)isalreadyopeningupnewopportunitiesformotivatedlocalseagertolearn,earnandcontribute.
• FederalMemberforKennedy,BobKatter,andhisson,MemberforMountIsa,RobbieKatter,journeyedtoMorningtonIslandtoseefirsthandtheextentofdisadvantageintheWellesleyIslandtownship.
• Accesstoservicesismuchpoorerthanruralormetropolitanareas.
• Indigenouscommunities,particularlytheislands,havesignificantdisparities.
• Keylinkageinfrastructurecontinuestothreatenshort-termfoodsecurityandavailabilityoffreshproduceaftermajorweatherevents.
2.5SignificantservicesdisparitiesbeyondMountIsa.Limitedinvestmentinstrategicserviceintegration.Limitedcommunitydevelopmentapproachestoservicedelivery.
![Page 45: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
40|P a g e
• Giventhefarmdebtcrisis,some71%ofproducerswouldliketoimprovedaccesstofinancialplanning,45%willneedtoaccessCentrelinkassistance,54%wouldliketoaccesscounsellingformentalhealth/depression(Ikin,2014).
• ThereductioninFrontierServicescapacitywithintheregionhasnotablydiminishedcoordinativecapacityandflexibilitywithintheservicessector.
• Dataaboutservicesisnotbenchmarkedacrossthecommunity.
3.5Housing,accommodationandaccessibility.
Levelsofrentaldependency.Levelsofmortgagestress.Comparativeindicatorsacrosskeycommunitysectors.
• IntheSouthernGulftherewere240residentialdwellingsalesinthe12monthsending31March2015.Amediansalepricehasnotbeencalculated.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthehighestmediansalepricewith$355,000.ThelowestShirewithdatawasFlindersat$77,000.TheQldMediansalepricewas$415,000(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• Inthe12monthsto31March2015therewere4newhousessalesand44vacantlandsales.Withintheregion,Carpentaria(S)LGAhadthehighestmedianvacantlandsalepricewith$20,000.WithinQldtheMediannewhousesalepriceof$435,000andMedianvacantlandsalepricewas$209,000(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• IntheSouthernGulf,therewere23approvednewhousesinthe12monthsending31July2015.$14.8millionofbuildingvalueinresidentialbuildingapprovalsinthe12monthsending31July2015.Withintheregion,Mornington(S)LGAhadthelargestvalueofresidentialbuildingapprovalsinthe12monthsending31July2015with$6.5million.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthelargestvalueofnon-residentialbuildingapprovalsinthe12monthsending31July2015with$10.6million(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• OfoccupiedprivatedwellingsintheSouthernGulf2,061occupiedprivatedwellings(or21.0%)werefullyowned.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthelargestnumberoffullyowneddwellingswith1,165.Withintheregion,Mornington(S)LGAhadthelargestpercentageofrenteddwellingswith94.4%(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
• UnemployedAboriginalpeoplemaybeforcedtomigratefromregionalareastonearbytownsforeconomicreasons.InCloncurry15.9%ofIndigenoushouseswereinneedof1extrabedroomand16.2%inMountIsa(against3.4%and3.6%respectivelyfornon-Indigenoushomes(Pearceetal.,2015).
• Housingavailability/stressisaprobleminattractingandretainingservicesandstaff.
• Accesstoservicespoorandweakerthanmetropolitanareas.
• Highvulnerabilitytofoodandpetrolshortageswhenmainaccessroadsareclosedorfloodedaftermajorweathereventssuchascyclones.
• AlargediscrepancyexistsinquantityandvaluehousingbetweendifferentareasoftheSouthernGulf.EffortstoimprovehousingaccessibilityareneededinareassuchasMornington,DoomadgeeandCarpentaria.
• MorningtonandDoomadgeehavenoformalhousingmarket.Home-ownershipcouldbeencouragedtocreatelong-termwealthandsenseofplace.
• AtJTHCsomeclientmotivationsandbehavioursarenotfullyunderstood.Itisparticularlyinterestingthatsomeclientsareregularly‘recycling’throughtheCentre(andotherservices)andbecoming,ineffect,longtermstayers.Thislongtermneedmayindicateaservicegapintheregion,especiallyaspublichousingisunder-resourced(Memmott&Nash,2012).
3.0Peopleintheregionaregenerallywellhoused.Housingavailabilitymakesretentionaproblem.HousingstressandlowhomeownershipremainaprobleminIndigenouscommunities.
![Page 46: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
41|P a g e
• Disparityisexacerbatedbynopublictransport.Therearehighhealthneedsinvulnerablecommunitiesandlackofaccesstoservicesexacerbatesthis(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Thereisaneedformorehouses.Overcrowdedandpublichousingpoorlyconstructedandnotbuilttoendure,e.g.,toiletsinremotecommunitiesarenotbuiltforsustainability.ThereisnolowcosthousinginMountIsa.Campsitesaresetupforworkers.Couchsurfingoccurs(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Powerstationhasjustfinishedbeingbuiltandthedownturnintheresourcessectorhasrelievedsomepressureonthehousingmarket(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• TheJimaylyaTopsyHarryCentre(JTHC)inMountIsahasbeenprovidingsafetemporaryaccommodationtohomelessIndigenouspeoplesince2003.Between30and40clientsareinresidenceonmostdayshoweverthenumbersriseconsiderablyduringwinter,rainyperiodsandespeciallyduringtheMountIsarodeoandcertainfootballevents.Thehighestrecordednumberofclients(180)occurredwhenanIndigenousteamplayedinthelocalAustralianFootballLeague(AFL)final(Memmott&Nash,2012).
• AsmorepeoplemovetoliveinMountIsa,therateofmobilityandtheresultingpressureonhousingandinfrastructureareevident.Althoughmanyvisitorsstaywithrelatives,lackoffinancialandothersupportcanleadtoaperiodofpublicplacedwellingwhichinturnoftenresultsinriskyriverbedbingedrinkingbehaviour(Memmott&Nash,2012).
3.6Communitysafety,riskandriskmanagement.
• Spatiallyidentifiedflood,cyclone,droughtandothernaturalriskratios.
• Levelsofcommunityresponseandinsurance.
• Criminality/responsereportingindicators.
• Thereisanecdotalevidenceofruralcommunitiesknowingwhattodointhecaseofextremeevents(duetohighcontactwithvariabilityinclimateandweather).
• Verystrongdisasterpreparednessandresponsemechanismsinplacethoughrequireimprovedinformationflows(e.g.,radar/floodmonitoring).
• CycloneYasi(Category5)causedsignificantenvironmentalandpropertydamagebetweentheeastcoastlineandMountIsaduetowind,floodingandtorrentialrain(Felderhof&Poon,2011).
• Thefloodingin2009and2014causedpropertydamageandinsubsequentyearsincreasedfuelloadsleadingtoincreased
• Strongcommunitypreparednessandresponsemechanismsbutimprovedrealtimedatasystemsarerequired.
• Growingstressesareemergingfrompolicy(NDRRAandinsurancefailures).
• CommunityandsafetyissuesassociatedwithcriminalityareofimportanceinMountIsaandIndigenouscommunities.
• Identifiedbarrierstoimprovingresiliencieshaveincluded:thetransientnatureofemergencyservicepersonnel;thecentralisationofservicesleadingtofurther
3.0Regionhasnotsufferedaseriesofmajornaturaldisastersoverlast10years.Naturaldisasterresponseandinsurancepoliciesarelikelytocause
![Page 47: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
42|P a g e
fires(personalcommunication,SGC)• In2011followingsignificantfloodeventsinBrisbaneand
muchofregionalQueensland,itwasdiscoveredthatmanyinsurersdidnotincludefloodcoverageintheircontentinsurancepolicies(TreasuryAustralian,2011).
• Cycloneswerefullycoveredbymostinsurersmeaningmostpolicy-holdersclaiminglossordamagefromCycloneYasiwerecompensatedbytheirinsurers(TreasuryAustralian,2011).
• FollowingCycloneYasisomeinsurersincreasedtheirpremiumsbyupto300%(TreasuryAustralian,2011).
• GovernmentNDRRAarrangementsarerelativelycentralised,bureaucraticandinflexible,resultinginreducedbettermentoutcomespostdisaster.
• Therateoffraud-basedcrimesincreasedby31%,robberyoffencesincreasedby13%andarmedrobberyoffencesdecreasedby18%inNorthernQldbetween2009and2010(Field,2010).Gulfimplicationsarelikelytobelesssignificant.
• InMountIsa,negativepeoplerelatedfactorssuchasthelevelofcrime,alcoholanddrugabuse,andtheinfluxofhomelessandunemployedaboriginalswerelistedby14%ofrespondents(Pearceetal.,2015).
• Peopleintheregionfeelsafe.Violenceoccursinpocketsandisnotrandom.Thepoliceforceisproactive.DisparitybetweenMountIsa,Indigenousareasandruraltowns.
• AlcoholisexacerbatingaccidentsandinjurywhilethedrugiceisnotyetahugeproblemandnotnewinMountIsa(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• IntheSouthernGulftherewere8,885reportedoffencesin2014–15,or25,199per100,000persons.874offencesagainsttheperson,or2,479per100,000persons.2,426offencesagainstproperty,or6,880per100,000persons.Withintheregion,MountIsa(C)LGAhadthehighestnumberofreportedoffenceswith5,175or22,846per100,000persons.Incomparison,Queenslandis587per100,000offencesagainstthepersonand4,140per100,000offencesagainstproperty(QueenslandGovernmentStatistician’sOffice,2015).
marginalisationofremotelocations;inconsistenciesinemergencymanagementproceduresinurbancomparedwithremotecommunities;limitedfundingfromgovernmentsfordisasterpreparednessandmitigationworks;andlimitedaccesstoremotelocationsandthelackofcapabilityforevacuationfromtheseareasinanemergency(Birdetal.,2013,p.3).
increasedstress.CrimeratesarenotableinMountIsaandIndigenouscommunities.
2015ResilienceRating 18.5MaximumforthisAttribute 30
![Page 48: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
43|P a g e
9.4 AttributeFour:Governance
AttributeComponents
PossiblePressure,StateandTendIndicators
Evidence Conclusions ValueandLogic(1-5)
4.1Structuralintegrityofregionalgovernancesystem.
• Presenceofallrequiredstructuralcomponents(visionsettingtoMonitoringandEvaluation(M&E))acrosseconomic,socialandNRMsector.
• Strategic/regulatorysystemsforwaterallocation,vegetationmanagement,airpollutionandbiodiversitymanagementarerelativelystableunderQldlegislation.
• NRMsectorhasrevampedregionalNRMplan,butdeliverycapacityiscurrentlydecliningduetochangesinnationalNRMframework(AllanDaleetal.,inpress).
• AchievingoutcomesintheSGCNRMregionisalmostentirelydependentoninvestmentsbystateandfederalgovernmentsinenablingSGCtoworkwithlocallandmanagers,localgovernments,stateagenciesandotherregionalNRMbodiesandcommunitypartners(SouthernGulfCatchmentsNRM,2015).
• Economicdevelopmentsector(e.g.,RDAT&NWandMITEZ)haverecentlyrevampedstrategicpriorities,thoughdelivery,implementationandmonitoringframeworksarelimitedbyavailablecapacitiesandresources.
• Humanandsocialservicessectorhasveryweakstrategicplanningfocuswithexceptionofstate-basedhealthandeducationsystems.Newhospitalboardshaverecentlyrevitalisedhealthplanning,butlossofMedicareLocalsystemmayseeadeclineinintegrationbetweenprimaryandsecondaryhealth.
• Localgovernmentplanningframeworksarereasonablewelldevelopmentandimplementeddespiteresourcelimitations.
• StrategiccapacityofGulfSavannaDevelopmentiscurrentlyinflux.
• Regionallanduseplanningframeworksareparticularlyweak(Rebegetz,Arthur,&Agius,2014).
• WildRiverslegislationrepealedinQldasnewplanninglawsintroducedtoprotectrivers(Rebegetzetal.,2014).Morningtoninlet,SettlementandtheGregoryCatchmentwereallpreviouslydeclaredwildrivers.
• StructuralintegrityofNRMandeconomicsectorsarecurrentlyreasonablebutstable.
• Structuralintegrityofthehumanservicessectorweakwiththeexceptionofprimaryhealthcare,policingandschool-basededucationsystems.
• Currentlyfewlinkagesbetweenstrategiceffortsofall(economic,naturalresourceandsocialservicessectors).
3.0InvestmentinstrategicapproacheslimitedineconomicandNRMsectorsandweakinsocialsector.Regionaldeliverycapacitiesaregenerallyweak.Limitedmonitoringandevaluationofstrategicefforts.
4.2Connectivitywithinandamongkeydecisionmakinginstitutionsandsectors.
• Expertbasedindicatorofinstitutionalconnectivity.
• ConnectivitybetweenNRMbody,traditionalowners,humanservicesector,localgovernmentandkeyindustryplayershasstabilisedbutremainsweak.
• HistoricallypoorlinkagesbetweenregionalNRMandcouncils.
• Connectivityamongregionalinstitutionshasbeendisruptedthroughleadershipchangesandchangedfundingmodels.
• Seriousseveranceinstrategiclinkageswithinandacrossscienceinstitutionsis
2.5Currentfederal/statefundingmodelshave
![Page 49: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
44|P a g e
• LimitedconnectivitybetweentheNRM,economicdevelopmentandsocialsectors.
• NRMisdependentongovernmentfundingandpriorities,andprogramssuchasweedcontrolareverydependentonthisfundingandtheireffectivenesshangsinthebalancewithcorepersonnel,theirconnectionsandknowledgebeingpivotalintheeffectivenessofprograms.
• ClearconnectionbetweenregionalinterestsandhigherleverRDAregionalandcrossregionalstrategicinterests.
• TraditionallystrongNRMsectorlinkagestosciencecommunitypartiallyrestoredviaMonsoonalClimateCluster.
• ‘Isasafe’isaprojectbetweenQldpoliceservices,QldambulanceServices,QldFireandEmergencyServices,MountIsaHospital,MountIsaShireCouncil,AlcoholandOtherDrugServicesandRACQCareflight.
• Thelocalgovernmentworkswellandinteragenciescommunicationisstrong.Police-CitizensYouthClub(PCYC)isverystrong(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
slowlybeingrebuilt.• Strongconnectivitycanbeandisbeing
fosteredbytheconnectiveactionsoflocalpoliticians.
• TheSGCNRMisnotwellresourcedtocollaboratewithotherinstitutionsandgovernmenttoputmanagementactionsinplace.TheSGCNRMhasthecapacitytoformlinkstoresearchinstitutions,thoughthecultureoftheresearchisnotsuitedtodeliberatepartnerships(Daleetal.,2014).
increasedcompetitivenessandshorttermism.Regionalcapacitiestomaximiseconnectivitylow.
4.3Adaptivemanagementcapacityofkeydecisionmakinginstitutionsandsectors.
• Expertbasedindicatorofregionalleadershipandcapacity.
• Strategicplanningcapacityofregionalcouncils,SouthernGulfNRMandGSDimprovingbutstillseriouslyhamperedbyresourceconstraintsandabilitytoattractandretainstaff.
• Strategiccapacitieswithinthepastoralsectorarealsoaffectedbydebtanddrought,thoughAgforceagencyandrepresentationisimprovingintheregion.
• Traditionalownerinstitutionalcapacitieshavebeensteadilyimprovingbutcanbesubjecttochange.
• Limitedcapacityfortheconsiderationofclimatechangewithintheeconomicandsocialsector.ConsiderationofclimatechangeisimprovingintheinfrastructureandNRMsectors.
• Thereisnosystematiccatchment-focusedplanningapproachfortheGulfRiversthatrecognisestheneedtoaddressthreatsbeyondindividualproperties,exploretheinteractionbetweenthreatsandmanagementaction,andprotect/restorenaturalfloraandfauna(Daleetal.,2014).
• StateandcommonwealthenvironmentalplanninghasbeencentrallydrivenfromBrisbaneandCanberra.Thereisalackofsmall-scalevisionacrossfederal,stateandregionalinterests(Daleetal.,2014).
• Strategiccapacityofkeyregionalandsub-regionalinstitutionshasbeenunstablebutgenerallyimproving.
• Generalstrategiccapacityofkeyinstitutionsremainschronicallylimitedbyavailableresources.Thehumanservicessectorhaslostleadershipcapacitywithservicechanges.
• CapacitytoattractandretainstrategicCEO-levelleadershiphighlylinkedtohousing,servicesandlocalinstitutionalleadership(Dechastel&Stark,2014).
• Institutionswillhaveagreatercapacityforchangethroughdirectcontactwithpeopleandcommunities,ratherthanthroughfederalandstatepolicies.
2.5Institutionalcapacitiesseverelyaffectedbyremotenessandcentralised,shorttermfundingmodels.
![Page 50: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
45|P a g e
4.4Adaptiveuseandmanagementofintegratedknowledgesets.
• Expertbasedindicatorofregionalleadershipandcapacity.
• Scienceinvestmentintheregionhasbeenlimitedandpoorlycoordinated,thoughkeyregionalinstitutionshavekeylinkagesandgoodknowledgeoflocationandvalueofexistingknowledge.
• Thereisarelativelystrongregionalacceptanceandrespectfortraditionalandhistoricalknowledge.
• Economicandsocialdatawithintheregionareweakandfragmentedandnotabletoadequatelytrackshorttermchanges.
• Theregionisstillsomewayoffhavinglong-termconditionandtrendassessmentinmonitoringofnaturalresourcesandtheintegrationofsocialandeconomic(includinggovernance)dataisembryonic.
• Currentlylimiteduseofeffectivedecisionsupporttoolstointegratedataintodecision-makingandadaptivemanagementprocesses,butbeingexplored.
• Strongregionalbeefextensionframeworksareinplace,supportedbyregionalNRMarrangements.
• NRMintheFlinderscatchmenthasbeeninformedbyextensiveresearchwithmajorinstitutions,butthereisnolong-termregionalagendathatintegrateslocalandscientificknowledge(Daleetal.,2014).
• Researchisoftenwellusedbystakeholders,butthereislimitedsciencecapacity(Daleetal.,2014).
• TheNorthQueenslandIrrigationAgriculturalStrategy(NQIAS)knowledgeisnotwellconnectedtotheregionalvisionanddecisionmaking(Daleetal.,2014).
• Councilsreactandadaptwellbutcanbeslowtomodernisethroughtechnology.JCUandCloncurryShirepartneredtoprovideaccesstohealthcarecoursesthatwouldnothavebeenavailableotherwise(videoconferencingforexample).
• JCUremotehealthfacilitiesoperateinMountIsabutfindithardtorecruitandretainstafftomeetthehealthneedsandgeography.Bycreatingacademicsupport,JCUcanbuildcapacityinthearea.Ithasaringfencedbudget.Theypartnerwithindustrytocapacitybuildinthecommunityanddepartments(personalcommunicationwithS.Knight,DirectorJCUMtIsaCentreforRural&RemoteHealth,20/10/2015).
• Whiletherearedatalimitations,theregionhasareasonablyhighcapacityofaccessanduseawiderangeofdata.
• Scienceeffortandcoordinationhasdeclinedwithchangingcommonwealthandstatefundingmodels,includingbeefextension,butmaybesomeimprovementthroughthenewNESPframework.
• Thereisstillasignificantdisconnectbetweenresearchinstitutionsandprimaryproducersintheregion.
• Beneficial,applicableresearchexistsbutconnectivityneedsimprovement.
• Improvedspatialdatamanagement,manuals,extensionoflandmanagementpractices,andmorerecentmonitoringofbiodiversityandlandconditioninformregionalprogramsarerequired(Daleetal.,2014).
3.0Regionalculturefortheuseofscienceisstrong.Significantandstrategicscienceeffortisweak.
2015ResilienceRating 11MaximumforthisAttribute 20
![Page 51: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
46|P a g e
Notes
• AllOfficeandEconomicandSocialResearchdataisacombinationofthestatisticalinformation/censusdataforDoomadgeeAboriginalShire,BurkeShireand
MorningtonShireandincorporatespartsofMountIsaCity,CloncurryShire,McKinlayShire,RichmondShireandFlindersShire
• TheSouthernGulfcatchmentsregionfallsacrosstheNorthWeststatisticalregions.
![Page 52: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
47|P a g e
10. References
ABARES.(2014a).AgricultureandfisheriesintheoutbackregionofQueensland,2014:Aboutmyregion14.30.
Canberra:ABARES.Retrievedfrom
http://data.daff.gov.au/data/warehouse/9aa/regionalReports/201406/pb_regnrd9aa__0302014063QldOut
back2.0.0.docx
ABARES.(2014b).Australianfarmsurveyresults2011-12to2013-24.Retrievedfrom
http://data.daff.gov.au/data/warehouse/9aas/FarmSurveyResults/2014/FarmSurveyResults2014_V1.0.0.pdf
ABARES.(2015).AgricultureandfisheriesintheoutbackregionofQueensland,2015,Aboutmyregion15.30.
Canberra:ABARES.Retrievedfromhttp://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/publications/aboutmyregion
ArmourEnergyLimited.(2013).HeadsofAgreementwithAPAGroupforgastransportationservices.Retrievedfrom
http://www.armourenergy.com.au/assets/downloads/announcements/2013/june/asx_20130626_apa-
announcement.pdf
ArthurC.(2015).$214mAltonaminedealwithChina'sSichuana'massivevoteofconfidenceinnorth-westQld'.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-29/china-mine-deal-massive-a-massive-vote-
of/6580260
AustralianRenewableEnergyAgency(ARENA).(2014).Solarsolutionforremotecommunity.Retrievedfrom
http://arena.gov.au/media/solar-solution-for-remote-community
AustralianTreasury.(2011).Naturaldisasterinsurancereview.Canberra:AustralianGovernment.
Beard,J.R.,Tomaska,N.,Earnest,A.,Summerhayes,R.,&Morgan,G.(2009).Influenceofsocioeconomicand
culturalfactorsonruralhealth.AustralianJournalofRuralHealth,17(1),10-15.doi:10.1111/j.1440-
1584.2008.01030.x
Bird,D.,Govan,J.,Murphy,H.,Harwood,S.,Haynes,K.,Carson,D.,...Larkin,S.(2013).Futurechangeinancient
worlds:IndigenousadaptationinnorthernAustralia.GoldCoast:NationalClimateChangeAdaptation
ResearchFacility.Retrievedfromhttp://www.nccarf.edu.au/publications/future-change-indigenous-
adaptation-northern-australia
BureauofInfrastructureTransportandRegionalEconomics.(2011).NorthAustralianstatisticalcompendium2011
update.Retrievedfromhttp://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/2011/files/stats_014.pdf
![Page 53: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
48|P a g e
CentreforSocialResponsibilityinMining.(2014).SocialaspectsoftheclosureofCenturyMine.Retrievedfrom
https://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/component/content/article/15-publications/874-social-aspects-of-the-
closure-of-century-mine-social-impact-assessment-stage-2?highlight=WyJjZW50dXJ5Il0=
Connor,S.J.(2014).SouthernGulfCatchmentsLimitedphonesurveyresultstosupporttheupdateoftheSouthern
Gulfnaturalresourcesmanagementplan.Retrievedfrom
http://www.southerngulf.com.au/documents/App%205%20SGC%20Phone%20survey%20RESULTS%20REPO
RT%20September%202014.pdf
Conrad,R.-M.,&Donaldson,J.A.(2004).Engagingtheonlinelearner:Activitiesandresourcesforcreative
instruction.SanFrancisco:Jossey-Bass.
Cook,G.D.,&Liedloff,A.C.(2015).ClimatechangeandcarbonmanagementintheMonsoonalNorth.Australia:
CSIRO.Retrievedfromhttps://terranova.org.au/repository/monsoonal-north-nrm-collection/climate-
change-and-carbon-management-in-the-monsoonal-north/csiro-report-monsoonal-north-climate-change-
and.pdf
Crowley,G.(2015).Beefindustrycasestudy.Unpublishedreport.
CSIRO.(2009).WaterintheGulfofCarpentariadrainagedivision.Retrievedfrom
http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/nasy/documents/GulfOfCarpentaria/NASY-
Gulf-of-Carpentaria-Drainage-Division-Factsheet.pdf
CSIRO.(2013).FlindersandGilbertagriculturalresourceassessment.Retrievedfromhttp://www.csiro.au/FGARA
CummingsEconomics.(2010).ContributionoftheprimaryindustriessectortonorthernQueenslandregional
economices.Retrievedfromhttp://www.cummings.net.au/pdf/recent/J2315CEAginvestreport.pdf
CummingsEconomics.(2012).ValueofminingactivityinFarNorthQueenslandnowupto$1bn.Cairns:Cummings
Economics.Retrievedfromhttp://www.cummings.net.au/pdf/recent/J2551CENoteMiningFNQ201011.pdf
CummingsEconomics.(2013).Statisticalnote:LifeexpectanciesinthefarNorth.Cairns:CummingsEconomics.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.cummings.net.au/pdf/recent/J2738CEStatNoteLifeExpectanciesintheFarNorth.pdf
![Page 54: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
49|P a g e
CummingsEconomics.(2015).AgricultureintheCairns/TropicalNorthQueenslandregion“Thenewwave”.Cairns:
CummingsEconomics.Retrievedfrom
http://www.cummings.net.au/pdf/recent/J2896WebPageAgriculture.pdf
Dale,A.,Vella,K.J.,&Cottrell,A.(2015).CansocialresilienceinformSA/SIAforadaptiveplanningforclimatechange
invulnerableregions?JournalofNaturalResourcesPolicyResearch,7(1),93-104.
doi:10.1080/19390459.2014.963371
Dale,A.,Vella,K.,Cottrell,A.,Pert,P.,Stephenson,B.,Boon,H.,...Gooch,M.(2011).Conceptualising,evaluating
andreportingsocialresilienceinvulnerableregionalandremotecommunitiesfacingclimatechangein
tropicalQueensland.Retrievedfromhttp://eprints.jcu.edu.au/21204/
Dale,A.,Vella,K.,&Potts,R.(n.d.).NorthernGulfNRMplan.Unpublishedreport.
Dale,A.,Vella,K.,Ryan,S.,Broderick,K.,Hill,R.,Potts,R.,...Brewer,T.(inpress).Designingnationalsystemsfor
governingcommunitybasednaturalresourcemanagement:AnAustraliancasestudy.
Dale,A.P.,Pressey,B.,Adams,V.M.,Alvarez-Romero,J.G.,Digby,M.,Dobbs,R.,...Gobius,N.(2014).Catchment-
scalegovernanceinNorthernAustralia:Apreliminaryevaluation.JournalofEconomic&SocialPolicy,16(1),
Article2.
deChastel,B.,&Stark,P.(2014).AtractionandretentionofCEOsandseniorstaffinrural-remoteandIndigenous
localgovernments.Volume1:Researchreport.Broadway,NSW:AustralianCentrefofExcellenceforLocal
Government.
DeLeo,D.,&Heller,T.S.(2004).SuicideinQueensland1999-2001:Mortalityratesandrelateddata.Brisbane:
GriffithUniversity-AustralianInstituteforSuicideResearchandPrevention.
Deloitte.(2015).ImpactoftheChina-AustraliaFreeTradeAgreementonAustralianagribusiness.Agribusiness
Bulletin.Retrievedfromhttp://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/impact-china-
australia-free-trade-agreement.html
DiamentinaPowerStation.(2014).DPSOfficialopening[Newsrelease].Retrievedfrom
http://www.dpspower.com.au/images/pdfs/20141203_DPS-Official-Opening.pdf
DirtnDustFestival.(2014).Programoutline.Retrievedfromhttp://www.dirtndust.com/program
![Page 55: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
50|P a g e
Everingham,J.,Barnes,R.,&Brereton,D.(2014).GulfCommunitiesAgreement-15yearreview.Brisbane:CSRM.
Retrievedfromhttps://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/publications/gulf-communities-agreement-15-year-review
Everingham,J.,Brereton,D.,Arbelaez-Ruiz,D.,Barnes,R.,Collins,N.,Weldegiorgis,F.,...OñateSantibáñez,B.
(2013).SocialaspectsoftheclosureofCenturyMine:Combinedreport.Brisbane:CentreforSocial
ResponsibilityinMining.Retrievedfromhttps://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/publications/social-aspects-of-the-
closure-of-century-mine-combined-report
Felderhof,L.,&Poon,L.(2011).Post-cycloneYasiwildfiremitigationproject.Atherton:FirescapeScience.
Field,D.(2010,12November).NewstatisticsshowQld'scrimeratefalling.ABCNews.Retrievedfrom
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-12/new-statistics-show-qlds-crime-rate-falling/2334432
FlindersShireCouncil.(2015).Beefprocessingopportunity.Retrievedfrom
http://www.northbeef.com.au/downloads/StewartRoutledgeBeefProcessingSynopis.pdf
Fragar,L.,Stain,H.J.,Perkins,D.,Kelly,B.,Fuller,J.,Coleman,C.,...Wilson,J.M.(2010).Distressamongrural
residents:Doesemploymentandoccupationmakeadifference?AustralianJournalofRuralHealth,18(1),
25-31.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01119.x
GeosciencesAustralia.(2015).TheAustralianatlasofmineralsresources,minesandprocessingcentres.Retrieved
fromhttp://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/?site=atlas
Gourguet,S.,Thébaud,O.,Dichmont,C.,Jennings,S.,Little,L.R.,Pascoe,S.,...Doyen,L.(2014).Riskversus
economicperformanceinamixedfishery.EcologicalEconomics99,110-120.
doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.01.013
Gray,D.(2010).GulfSavannah:CairnsandGreatBarrierReef-Whererainforestmeetsthereef.Cairns:Tourism
TropicalNorthQueensland.
Greiner,R.(2013).Environmentaldutyofcare:Fromethicalprincipletowardsacodeofpracticeforthegrazing
industryinQueensland(Australia).JournalofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalEthics,22,527-547.
doi:10.1007/s10806-013-9475-6
GulfEnergyGroup.(2013).Renewableenergyinvestmentsettogrow[Pressrelease].Retrievedfrom
http://www.gulf-savannah.com.au/images/stories/Gulf_Energy_Group_Media_Release-23_Sept.pdf
![Page 56: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
51|P a g e
GulfRegionalPlanningAdvisoryCommittee.(2000).GulfRegionalDevelopmentPlan.Retrievedfrom
http://www.dsdip.qld.gov.au/resources/plan/gulf-region/grdp_dec_2000.pdf
GulfSavannahDevelopment.(2014).Newinquiry-DevelopmentofnorthernAustralia.Retrievedfrom
http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=j
scna/subs/sub033_gulfsavannahdevelopmentinc.pdf
Hajkowicz,S.A.,Cook,H.,&Littleboy,A.(2012).Ourfutureworld:Globalmegatrendsthatwillchangethewaywe
live.The2012revision.Retrievedfrom
https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP126135&dsid=DS2
Hogan,A.,Berry,H.,Ng,S.,&Bode,A.(2011).Decisionsmadebyfarmersthatrelatetoclimatechange.Agricultural
Science,23(1),36-39.
Hunter,E.(2007).Disadvantageanddiscontent:Areviewofissuesrelevanttothementalhealthofruralandremote
IndigenousAustralians.AustralianJournalofRuralHealth,15(2),88-93.doi:10.1111/j.1440-
1584.2007.00869.x
Ikin,N.(2014).Gulfcattleman’ssurveyresultsasof18thAugust2014.Unpublishedreport.
Iminco.(2015).CopperminingjobsforCloncurry.Retrievedfromhttp://iminco.net/copper-mining-jobs-for-
cloncurry
Kreger,A.,&Hunter,E.(2005).Unfencedroadahead:Areviewofruralandremotementalhealthservicedelivery
andpolicy.Brisbane:UniversityofQueenslandandQueenslandHealth.
Lankester,A.J.(2013).Conceptualandoperationalunderstandingoflearningforsustainability:Acasestudyofthe
beefindustryinnorth-easternAustralia.JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,119,182-193.
doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.002
Margolis,Z.(2015).RegionalExpressAirlinesintroducesmoreMountIsa-Cairnsflightsasdemandtakesoff.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-17/regional-express-airlines-boosts-mount-isa-cairns-
flights/6782544
Marshall,N.A.,Capon,S.,Curnock,M.,Edgar,B.,Race,D.,&Scherl,L.M.A.(2015).Ahandbookforenhancingsocial
resilienceintheMonsoonalNorthofAustralia.Townsville:CSIROLandandWater.
![Page 57: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
52|P a g e
Memmott,P.,&Nash,D.(2012,October2012).Homeawayfromharm:Atransitionalaccommodationcentrefor
IndigenouspeopleinMtIsa.Parity,25,16-17.
MITEZ.(2015).Regionalmarketingandpromotion.Retrievedfromhttp://www.mitez.com.au/cpt_projects/regional-
marketing-promotion
MMG.(2015).Century.Retrievedfromhttp://www.mmg.com/en/Our-Operations/Mining-operations/Century.aspx
Moise,A.,Abbs,D.,Bhend,J.,Chiew,F.,Church,J.,Ekström,M.,...Whetton,P.(2015).Monsoonalnorthcluster
report:ClimatechangeinAustralia:ProjectionsforAustralia'sNRMregions.Retrievedfrom
http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.1.5/cms_page_media/172/MONSOONAL_NORT
H_CLUSTER_REPORT_1.pdf
MonsoonalNorthNRMCluster.(2015).AhandbookforenhancingsocialresilienceintheMonsoonalNorthof
Australia.Retrievedfromhttps://terranova.org.au/repository/monsoonal-north-nrm-collection/monsoonal-
north-social-resilience-handbook
MorningtonShireCouncil.(2015).BobandRobvisitaimstochangetidesforisland.Retrievedfrom
http://www.mornington.qld.gov.au/sites/mornington.qld.gov.au/files/attachments/KATTERJULY.pdf
MountIsaCityCouncil.(2015).WaterrestrictionsinCamooweal.Retrievedfrom
http://www.mountisa.qld.gov.au/camooweal-restrictions
MyCarbonFarming.(2015).Projects.Retrievedfrom
http://www.mycarbonfarming.com.au/projects/?mode=map&state=684
NQRSCPSteeringCommittee.(2013).NorthQueenslandresourcessupplychainproject.Retrievedfrom
http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/regional-development/regional-priorities/nqrsc-project.html
OfficeofNorthernAustralia.(2013).CommuniquéofthesixthmeetingoftheNorthernAustraliaMinisterialForum.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.regional.gov.au/regional/ona/namf-communique-13-14-june-2013.aspx
Parker,S.,McKinnon,L.,&Kruske,S.(2014).‘Choice,cultureandconfidence’:Keyfindingsfromthe2012havinga
babyinQueenslandAboriginalandTorresStraitIslandersurvey.BMCHealthServicesResearch,14.
doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-196
![Page 58: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
53|P a g e
Pearce,M.,Eagle,L.,Low,D.,&Schurmann,A.(2015).Cutfrom'country':Theimpactofclimatechangeonthe
mentalhealthofaboriginalpastoralists.TheAustralasianJournalofRegionalStudies,21,(1),50-79.
Petheram,C.,Watson,I.,&Stone,P.(Eds.).(2013).CatchmentreportfortheGilbertcatchment,northQueensland.
Australia:CSIROWaterforaHealthyCountryandSustainableAgricultureflagships.
PPBAdvisory.(2014).Northernbeefupdate.Brisbane:PPPBAdvisory.Retrievedfrom
https://www.ppbadvisory.com/uploads/a407-00504INS-Northern-Australian-Beef-Insight-July-2013.pdf
ProductivityCommission.(2014).Naturaldisasterfundingarrangements:ProductivityCommissioninquiryreport.
(Reportno.74).Canberra:ProductivityCommission.Retrievedfrom
http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/disaster-funding/report/disaster-funding-volume1.pdf
QueenslandGovernment.(2012).ClimatechangeimpactsonQueensland’sregions.Retrievedfrom
http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/climatechange/pdf/climateqreport-chapter5.pdf
QueenslandGovernment.(2015).FIFOreviewreport:Anindependentreviewofexisting,predominantlyfly-in-fly-
outresourceprojectsinQueensland.Retrievedfrom
http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/resources/report/fifo-review-report.pdf
QueenslandGovernmentStatistician'sOffice.(2015).Queenslandregionalprofiles.Retrievedfrom
http://statistics.qgso.qld.gov.au/qld-regional-profiles
RDATownsvilleandNorthwestQueenslandCommittee.(2015).NDRRAroadworksinwesternQueensland:Avalue
formoneyapproach.Retrievedfromhttp://www.rdatanwq.org.au/files/submissions
Rebegetz,L.,Arthur,C.,&Agius,K.(2014).WildRiverslegislationrepealedinQueenslandasnewplanninglaws
introducedtoprotectrivers.ABCNews.Retrievedfromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-
06/queensland-wild-rivers-legislation-repealed/5651624
Renault,H.(2014).CattleexporterseyefutureofKarumbaafterCenturyzincminepullsoutofport.ABCRural.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-10/karumba-port-looks-to-future-beyond-zinc-
mine/5956870
Renault,H.(2015).AustralianminerCuDECOtoforgeaheadwithCloncurrycopperminedespitepoorcommodity
price.ABC,QLDCountryHour.Retrievedfromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-22/australian-miner-
cudeco-forges-ahead-with-cloncurry-copper-mine/6793850
![Page 59: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
54|P a g e
Renault,H.(2015,24August).QueenslandGovernmenttoreleasemorethan700,000megalitresofwaterfor
irrigationintheGulfCountry.ABCRural,CountryHour.Retrievedfromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-
08-24/qld-gulf-water-resource-plan/6720650?site=centralwest
SavannahWay.(2014).Australia'sadventuredrive.Retrievedfromhttp://www.savannahway.com.au/index.html
SouthernGulfCatchments.(2005).NaturalresourcemanagementplanoverviewfortheSouthernGulfregion.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.southerngulf.com.au/index.php?element=Book+1+Summary+NRM+Plan+10May2005.pdf
SouthernGulfCatchmentsNRM.(2015).SouthernGulfCatchmentsNRMdraftplanV9.Retrievedfrom
http://www.southerngulf.com.au/page/NRM+Plan
Stokes,H.,Holdsworth,R.,&Stafford,J.(1999).Ruralandremoteschooleducation:AsurveyfortheHumanRights
andEqualOpportunityCommission.Finalreport.Retrievedfrom
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/human_rights/rural_remote/scoping_surv
ey.pdf
Taylor,A.,Larson,S.,Stoeckl,N.,&Carson,D.(2011).ThehavesandhavenotsinAustralia'sTropicalNorth–New
perspectivesonapersistingproblem.GeographicalResearch,49(1),13-22.doi:10.1111/j.1745-
5871.2010.00648.x
Taylor,J.A.,Andrews,T.,&Wallis,E.(2013,February13-15).Embeddedcommunitysupportformature-agestudents
inremoteAustralia.PaperpresentedattheInternationalSymposiumforInnovationinRuralEducation
(CommunityNetworksSession),Perth.
Taylor,M.P.,Dong,C.,Kristensen,L.,&Zahran,Z.(2015).Australianchildrenexposedtotoxicminingmetalsdo
worseatschool.TheConversation,(6October).Retrievedfromhttp://theconversation.com/australian-
children-exposed-to-toxic-mining-metals-do-worse-at-school-48343
Taylor,M.P.,&Hudson-Edwards,K.A.(2008).Thedispersalandstorageofsediment-associatedmetalsinanarid
riversystem:TheLeichhardtRiver,MountIsa,Queensland,Australia.EnvironmentalPollution,152(1),193-
204.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.011
Taylor,M.P.,Mackay,A.K.,Hudson-Edwards,K.A.,&Holz,E.(2010).SoilCd,Cu,PbandZncontaminantsaround
MountIsacity,Queensland,Australia:Potentialsourcesandriskstohumanhealth.AppliedGeochemistry,
25(6),841-855.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.03.003
![Page 60: Concepts and Indicators to Support Climate Adaptation in ...s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/os-data-2/tci-jcu... · JTHC Jimaylya Topsy Harry Centre LGA Local Government Area M&E](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051902/5ff1b54944658379ce1e45db/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
55|P a g e
Wittwer,G.,&Banerjee,O.(2014).InvestinginirrigationdevelopmentinNorthWestQueensland,Australia.
AustralianJournalofAgriculturalandResourceEconomics,58(3),189-207.doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12057
Xu,Z.,Hu,W.,&Tong,S.(2015).Thegeographicalco-distributionandsocio-ecologicaldriversofchildhood
pneumoniaanddiarrhoeainQueensland,Australia.EpidemiologyandInfection,143(5),1096-1104.
doi:10.1017/S095026881400171X