Concepts related to tracer study

Dr.V.Thanikachalam

ConceptsDefined concepts to describe an activity to the readers of the tracer study reportLargely defined in the educational processMay be redefined to suit the views or the processes described

Advisory committeeSpecially constituted committee consisting of experts drawn from industry / higher education / national or state research laboratories / consultantsLimited tenure Mostly to assist the curriculum development / revision / instructional planning

Affiliated institutionsDiploma / degree awarding institutions which will conduct prescribed courses.The end examinations will be conducted by the State Board of Technical Education for diploma / post diploma programmesThe university will conduct the end examinations in the case of degree /post graduate / doctoral degree programmes.

Autonomous institutions(Academic)

The curriculum will be planned by the institutions for the approved programmesThe final examinations will be conducted by the institutions.The diploma / degree will be awarded by the State Board / University.

ASSUREACRONIYUM A: ANALYSE THE LEARNERS:STATE THE OBJECTIVESS: SELECT THE MATERIALSU:UTILIZE THE MATERIALSR:REQUEST LEARNERS RESPONSEE:EVALUATE THE INSTRUCTION

ADMINISTRATIVE AUTONOMY

PERMITED TO TAKE ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS , but to be approved by the government.HAS A DUELY CONTITUTED BOARD OF GOVERNORS BY THE GOVERNMENTCONSISTS OF MEMBERS DRAWN FROM INDUSTRY, UNIVERSITY, AICTE,STATE, CENTER,FACULTY REFRESENTATIVE(S )C.E.O IS THE SECRETARY Of the Board.Enjoys partial financial autonomyAcademic autonomy is not given sometimes.

Academic councilBody to take academic decisionsExperts from the universities / other higher education institutions are includedCurriculum will have to approved by this council Examination is to be approved by the council.

Technical Skills Technical skills:Investigation, testing, planning,designing,proto type developing,operating, testing, improving,testing,certifying,mass manufacturing,Costing,Estimating,value engineering, testing and certifying, maintaining,total quality management,marketing

Managerial skillsManufacturing technologyIndustrial engineeringLeadership Human resource managementCommunication skillsFinancial managementOrganizational developmentInnovation in products and services

Apprentice Trainee under Board of Apprenticeship schemeOne year industrial trainingStipend is paid by government of India and industry equally.

Internship Paid work / job before getting the degree / diplomaUsually for one year onlyDoes not need any change in the visa statusCompanies pay less to the interns than regular employees

Assignment Exercise to gain mastery Compulsory follow up activityCarries internal marksTransfer exercise to real life problem

Board of StudiesA committee constitutes to check the relevance,contents,objectives,courses,evaluation processes.Clears the proposal for the review of the academic council

BoundaryTheoretical line around the institutesRepresents the communication practices in decision making“Closed boundary” represents the internal decision making with external consultation.“Open boundary” represents the wide consultation with the stake holders

Institutional locationRural –remote place in the stateSemi-urban –Municipal towns,district head quartersUrban-Municipal corporations,A / A1 class cities,adjoining areas of A1 cities.Remote areas-hilly states without industries

Cognitive strategiesHigher order intellectual skillsMost suitable decision based on the current technologyMeets the long-term needs of the project / client

competencies

Competencies Total professional skills,technical skills,attitudes,problem solving skills, communication skills, human resource skillsProfessional standards are specified by the industry

Case studyAn academic input to get field experience to analyze a stated problem, with the given data and information.Can generate acceptable solutionsThe decision making capacity increases.

Center of excellenceCenter devoted for conducting specific long-term,short-term courses, implementing significant research and development studies,under taking valuable consultancy projects for the government and industries.

Center for excellenceCenter organized to conduct specific long-term and short- term courses,to implement significant research and development studies and to undertake valuable consultancy for the government and industries

Course planInstructional plan for the whole semesterSpecifies the topic, objectives,pre-requisite reading,May provide references for consultationMay prescribe follow up assignment

CurriculumDescribes the objectives of learningPrescribes the process of achievement of the objectivesRelates to the world of work / employers demandsIncludes total learning experiencesContents are derived from the objectives

Market / Demand driven curriculum

The objectives are based on the market needsThe employers are consulted for planning the curriculumInterdisciplinary approachEmployability is maximumRequires constant improvement

Curriculum evaluationTo check the relevance,adequacy,validity of curriculum against the current market / learner needsStake holders are usually consulted.

Credit A measure of learningOne credit is equal to one hour of class meeting per week per semester.One credit is also equal to two hours of lab./ Work shop / practical work per week per semesterTo get the diploma or degree the Board / University prescribes the total credits to be earned.

Credit transferTransfer of learning completed from one institution to another institutions which will be counted for the requirementMay limit the quantumCertain credits are not acceptable by the transferee institutions based on the objectives prescribed.

CIPPA model for the curriculum evaluationC –Context (Industrial development / economy/ human resources needs)I-InputP-Process (instructional process / evaluation process adopted)P-Product (graduates with specified competencies)

Goal free modelMichael Screivan’s model evaluationEvaluate the programmeSynthesize the goalsCompare with the stated goalsDraw your inferences

Judgement model of evaluation

Describes the rationale of a programmeStates the goals,objectives,coursesPresents the implementation processesIllustrates the standards, norms,and regulationsCompares the achievements against the standards and pronounces the judgement

C.E.OChief executive officer (Dean / Director /Principal/ Chairman/ ?)Takes all key decisions in programme planning / implementation / stopping / restarting / ?)Accountable to the Board / Government

Earn while you learn scheme

Apprenticeship training is inbuilt in the cooperative programmeStipend is paid for one year under the Government of India apprenticeship Act

Contact programmePrescribed contact class as a part of the programmeA part of correspondence cum contact programmeSome times compulsory

CourseA part of a subjectCourse of learning with fixed creditOffered by a faculty Prescribed hours of meeting per weekMay have a prerequisite course for registration

Just in time learningSelected topics based on the immediate needsExposure to new theories / processesTraining on the current equipment / instruments / machineriesActivities based on the new rules / laws / regulations / standards

Drop outLearner who dropped out of the programmeMay not continue the programmeMay be due to disinterest in the programmeMay be due to ineffective curriculum / instructional process

Evaluation A method to judge the achievement of the learner The instructor monitors the progress made by the learner and judges the achievement.

End examinationFinal examination prescribed in the curriculumMostly closed book test for 2-3 hoursSometimes viva-voce is conductedMay be term paper is prescribed.

Effectiveness A measure of the achievement prescribed Testing the achievement of the stated goal

Efficiency Economy in achieving the prescribed goal In percentage =Output / input x 100

Elective courseCourse based on the individual needs,but qualifies for credit accumulationBased on the job needs / higher education needsOffered by a qualified faculty

Prerequisite Course which requires a set of certain accepted competencies through completion of accredited course

Employability Possess the competencies required by the employer Meets the prescribed jobs in the industry

Pass-out / ProductOne who successfully completed the programmeMay not get high paying jobs due to lack of industry / employer specific skills / competencies

Market potentialProgrammes based on assumed competencies / skills to meet the market needsBased on the current industrial technology applicationMay be meeting future market needs

Employee Paid worker in an organizationPossess prescribed educational qualification and experiencesFixed working hoursGets the prescribed compensation

Employee development programme

Training programme offered by the industryA part of skill development To meet the current / future job needs

Entrepreneur Person develops enterprise and earns his income.May use the technical competenciesTakes risks in planning and implementing the enterprise activitiesSelf confidentVision to be an independent and successful organizer

End written examinationsBASED ON THE CURRICULUMSAMPLED QUESTIONS THROUGH A TABLE SPECIFED BY THE BOARD OF STUDIESSET BY AN APPROVED EXTERNAL EXAMINERFIXED DURATION DETAILED MARKING SCHEMEEVALUATED BY THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Term papers as end examinations

Creative research workAa a proof of the mastery of the curriculumDeveloping creative solutions for the open ended problemsThe instructor evaluates the paper

Feedback Views expressed by the participant on the programme underwentViews expressed by the employer on the performance of the employeeMostly writtenOr oral based on the interview

Flexible programmeDuration is flexible and can be extendedCourses are plenty to chooseCan select the courses based on the individual needs Can transfer creditsCredits are normally offered for the individual projects

M.P.E.C.SMULTI POINT ENTRY AND CREDIT SYSTEMSTUDENT BASED COURSE SELECTIONCREDITS ARE TO BE ACCUMULATED BASED ON THE CAREER GOALS TO MEET THE OPPORTUNITIES

Goals Overall statement about the programme outcome

Objectives Prescribes the performance of the learner after completing the lesson/ coursePrescribes the standards of performanceIndicates the conditions under which the performance can be accomplished.

Industry –institute partnership

Through consultancy projects / research and developmentThrough continuing education / trainingProgrammes for industry professionalsThrough testing and calibration servicesThrough product development Through job worksThrough maintenance services

Industry institute partnership…

Obtaining industrial human resource needsPlanning cooperative programmesTechnology utilization and current industrial processesData / information for preparing case studies / projectsRequest for experts / resource persons for guest lectures / project / curriculum evaluation

Instrument for the studySet of questions to get the data / opinionMay have to give the rating to the statementsValidated for the occasion / project based on the purposeMay include space for open remarks by respondent

Item bankValidated question bank Tested for its content validityChecked for the learners outcomeExhaustive list based the curriculumCould be used for preparing the end examination question paper

Industrial exposure/ training

Exposure to observe the industrial process as a part of the curriculumTraining is a part of skill developmentStated in the prescribed courseCould be selected to prepare a new project

International organizationOrganizations having production centers in various countriesMay have common products and processesMay prescribe common job descriptionsMay have standard skill sets

S M E Small,medium enterprisesMay employ a small number of technical persons Commercially viable Profit making units

Job descriptionStatement of necessary educational qualifications, experiences, competencies,technical skills expectedRange duties are specified

Job specificationStatement advertised in the news papers for calling applications.Job title is statedPay / compensation is indicated

Job work Small production work based on the sub contractUses the spare capacity of the workshopMay offer work to the learners with wage

Learner analysis Investigates the prior learning experiencesExplores the needs of the learnerInvites to specify the objectives of learningIdentifies the roots of motivation

Lesson planProgramme for the class interactionSpecifies the activities of the instructor and the learner Motivates the learner Incorporates the participationProvides appropriate transfer exercises

Learner participationDeliberate attempt to involve the learner / participant in the learning processSeeking the opinion / answers / feedback / doubts / any other relevant view point to enhance learning of transfer to the field

Multimedia Use of appropriate software for presentation of information Incorporates video clippings Integrates in built exercises Provides branching of the lesson Keeps the motivation in the learning

Learning aidsScale modelsCut models Working modelsSimulations Charts Slides Video programmes

Measurement Measuring the achievement of the students through the performance testsObjective testsOpen ended questionsRestricted response itemsCase analysis and problem solving

On-line educationInternet based educationA sort of distance educationGiven by open / corporate universities / organizations / international development organizationsLead to certificate to postgraduate programmesMay have contact phases

ProgrammeFull time / part time programme based on the approved curriculum with specified credits and end examinations Prescribed evaluation and classification of pass marks

Students seminarBased on the theme approved by the instructorGiven by the learner in the classEvaluated by other participants and the instructorStudents creativity, problem solving and communication skills are evaluated

Students ProjectsSynthesis of the knowledge gainedTransfer to the field / research problemLargely industry specificProof for problem solving ability

Questionnaire A set of selected questions based on the needs to obtain feedback or information or data or opinion form the stake holder

Quiz/ TestTest conducted for measuring the knowledge gainedA part of formative evaluationMostly consist of objective itemsAdded to internal evaluation marks

Strategic planningA planning process based on visionDevelopment of mission statements for achieving the stated visionPrescribing achievable goalsStating the objectives for programme planning and implementation,and review

SWOT analysis S:Strength (internal)W: Weakness (internal)O:Opportunities (external)T:Threats (external)Develop strategies to utilize the opportunities based on the strengths and over come the weaknesses and threats.

Term paperAlter to end examination paperResearch work pertaining to the curriculumAlternate to end examinationCreative solutionProof of transfer of learned knowledge to solve defined problem

Transfer exerciseTransfer of gained knowledge to the fieldProof of competency gained

2-4-62: Fixed curriculum4: Four walls of class room6: Six hours of class contact per dayEducational institutions have to plan for excellence to over come 2-4-6 syndrome.Tracer study will provide appropriate feedback.

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