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Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems Edited by: CORINNA ABESSERBritish Geological Survey, UK

GUNNAR NÜTZMANNLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany

MARY C. HILLUS Geological Survey, Denver, USA

GÜNTER BLÖSCHLVienna University of Technology, Austria

ELANGO LAKSHMANANAnna University, Chennai, India

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are critical to ecological communities and to resource management. Recent research has succeeded in identifying and understanding many underlying processes, such as the dynamics of flow, sediment transport, contaminant transport and chemical reactions in river beds and flood plains. Advances have been made through field, laboratory, and modelling investigations. The themes of this volume are: – Improved process understanding for different scales and regions– Advanced modelling methods and applications– Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty evaluation– Ecohydrological studies: from process understanding to

management, and – Case studies and large-scale applications.IAHS Publ. 345 (2011) 274 + xii pp. ISBN 978-1-907161-20-9 £62.00

Preface

Interactions between groundwater and surface water are critical to ecological communities and to resource management. Research over the last decade has actively investigated many aspects of groundwater–surface water interactions, and has succeeded in identifying and understanding many underlying processes and factors such as the dynamics of flow, sediment transport, contaminant transport and chemical reactions in river beds and flood plains and how processes at different spatial scales interact. Advances have been made through field, laboratory, and modelling investigations. Improved computer power continues to expand the possible types of evaluations.The state of this exciting field of research is well represented in the 42 papers included in this volume. These papers were presented at Symposium H01: Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems held at the XXV IUGG General Assembly, Melbourne Australia, 28 June–7 July 2011. The symposium was jointly organised and convened by the ICGW (International Commission on Ground Water), ICSW (International Commission on Surface Water), ICWQ (International Commission on Water Quality) and ICWRS (International commission on Water Resources Systems) commissions of the IAHS. The event followed previous successful IAHS symposia and workshops including Symposium HS1002: A New Focus on Integrated Analysis of Groundwater/Surface Water Systems (IUGG XXIV General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, 2–13 July, 2007) and Workshop JW1: Measuring and Modelling Interactions between Surface Water and Groundwater (Joint IAHS & IAH International Convention, Hyderabad, India, 6–12 September 2009). This symposium focused on the integrated modelling of groundwater–surface water systems and their ecology. Particular consideration was given to:

Improved process understanding at different scales and in different regions

Advanced modelling methods and applications

Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty evaluation

Ecohydrological studies: from process understanding to management

Case studies and large-scale applications

Papers in this publication are organised in sections covering these topics, and each paper contributes to give a holistic view of the current state-of-the-art in integrated groundwater–surface water research, modelling and applications.It has been established that surface water and groundwater systems interact in many landscapes and via different mechanisms and that problems in one system have the potential to adversely affect the other system. Potential problems include contamination (Gigliuto et al., p.93), over-abstraction (Lubis et al , p.151) and land-use changes (Sarukkalige, p.223), as well as the rise in water temperatures in surface waters and in the groundwater due to climate change and growing urbanization (Gunawardhana & Kazama, p.10; Qiongfang et al., p.118). Adverse effects are

reflected in the degradation of water quality and/or quantity, but inevitably also impact on the health of biota within the surface water and/or groundwater habitats as well as on connected ecosystems. At the same time, biogeochemical and ecological processes can also impact on the water quality (Lewandowski & Nützmann, p.183; Shimizu et al., p. 37) through the important role they play in many surface–subsurface environments, such as the hyporheic zone. Numerous novel approaches and techniques have been developed to investigate and quantify surface water–groundwater interactions in different environments (Marren & Woods, p.229; Xu et al., p.213) as well as to understand process dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales (Rosenberry, p.3; van Geer et al., p.194) using different parameters (e.g. isotopes: Alazard et al., p.253; Kabeya et al., p.163; temperature: Matheswaran et al., p.23; salinity: Morrison et al., p.69; soil moisture: Islam et al., p.48) and techniques (e.g. ERT: Noell et al., p.42). Frequently, these field-based surveys are incorporated into modelling applications as a way to verify and improve the conceptual understanding of the observed processes and interactions (Miyaoka & Kojoma, p.62).Modelling surface water–groundwater interactions is increasingly important to assess the impact of local or global changes, (e.g. pollution: Saghravani et al., p.249; increasing demands/abstractions: Arlai et al., p.235; You et al., p.80; climate change: Wang et al., p.30; episodic events: Bonnet et al., p.200; Poulsen et al., p.55) on these systems in different environments as well as to holistically manage competing water needs (Cai et al., p.265), plan restoration efforts (Schirmer & Vogt, p.190) or to assess risks associated with any of these measures. Historically, flow and transport processes in surface water and groundwater systems have been modelled separately. Regional groundwater models often simplify exchange with surface flow models, and the interaction between channel flow and the aquifer is often described within the framework of transient storage. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to couple different types of models (Chen et al. p.156; Hui et al., p.177) and to develop integrated tools, which could describe interactions between groundwater, surface water and ecological systems. Such integrated models show great potential in enhancing our understanding of underlying processes (Doble et al., p.169; Fleckenstein et al., p.87) and as (forecasting) tools for sustainable water resources planning and management (Steward, p.113; Shokri, p.75; Kapangaziwiri et al., p.127; Minoti et al., p.99).The output from integrated surface water–groundwater models is strongly controlled by the quality of input data and parameter values as well as by the model structure. In recent years, great efforts have been directed towards the quantification of these model uncertainties (Arheimer et al., p.145; Goderniaux et al., p.139) in order to allow evaluation of model performance and outputs. In data-sparse regions (e.g. ungauged basins), the ability to model surface–water groundwater interactions is often restricted by inadequate data availability and/or quality. Various regionalization methods (Querner et al., p.242; Souza da Silva et al., p.106; Visessri et al., p.259; Wyatt & Franks, p.133) and parameter estimation approaches (Tshimanga et al., p.17) have been developed to overcome these limitations.

These aspects and more are considered in this publication. We invite you to explore these proceedings as well as previous ones1 and hope and trust that you will find this compilation useful.

EDITORSCorinna Abesser

British Geological Survey (BGS), Wallingford, UK

Gunnar NützmannLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany

Mary C. HillUnited States Geological Survey (USGS), Denver, Colorado, USA

Günter BlöschlTechnical University Wien, Wien, Austria

Elango LakshmananAnna University, Chennai, India

AcknowledgementsThe editors would like to thank all participants of the symposium for their scientific contributions. We also thank all reviewers for their cooperation in peer-reviewing the papers published in this volume and Penny Perrins from IAHS Press for preparing the manuscripts for publication.

1 Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Process Understanding, Conceptualisation and Modelling (2008) (ed. by Corinna Abesser, Thorsten Wagener & Gunnar Nuetzmann), IAHS Publ. 321. IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK. ISBN 978-1-901502-59-6

Contents

Preface by Corinna Abesser, Gunnar Nützmann, Mary C. Hill, Günter Blöschl & Elango Lakshmanan

v

1 Improved Process Understanding at Different Scales and in Different Regions

Keynote: The need to consider temporal variability when modelling exchange at the sediment–water interface Donald Rosenberry

3

Groundwater temperature as a tracer to estimate anthropogenic impacts: past, present and future Luminda Gunawardhana & So Kazama

10

Understanding hydrological processes and estimating model parameter values in large basins: the case of the Congo River basin Raphael M. Tshimanga, Denis A. Hughes & Evison Kapangaziwiri

17

Investigating the effect of surface water–groundwater interactions on stream temperature using Distributed Temperature Sensing and an instream temperature modelling Karthikeyan Matheswaran, Morten Blemmer, Julie Mortensen, Dan Rosbjerg & Eva Boegh

23

Impacts of climate change on water resources in Huaihe River basin, China G. Q. Wang, J. Y. Zhang, J. L. Jin, C. S Liu, R. M. He & X. L. Yan

30

Nutrient exchange between surface water and subsurface water in a ponded shallow reservoir of a suburban river catchment Yuta Shimizu, Shin-Ichi Onodera & Mitsuyo Saito

37

Direct observations of surface water–groundwater interaction using electrical resistivity tomography Ursula Noell, Claudia Wießner, Christina Ganz & Martijn Westhoff

42

The relationship between soil water behaviour and river runoff: field observations and runoff analyses Mohammad T. Islam, Kazuhisa A. Chikita, Tomoyuki Wada & Takuma Yamaguchi

48

Simulation of groundwater flow and salt transport in a shallow microtidal barrier aquifer during a storm surge S. E. Poulsen, S. Christensen, K. R. Rasmussen & A. D. Werner

55

Assessment of the groundwater flow system and water mixing processes in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil Kunihide Miyaoka & Ana Y. Kojoma

62

2 Advanced Modelling Methods and Applications

A combined hydrodynamic and mixing model approach to quantify small saline groundwater input into rivers Timothy N. Morrison, Scott C. Rayburg & Catherine E. Hughes

69

Developing a new numerical surface/subsurface model for irrigation and drainage system design Ali Shokri

75

Model coupling for forecast of groundwater evolution under intensive human activities J. J. You, L. Jia, H. Gan & C. Y. Lu

80

Modelling interactions between hydrologic dynamics and biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland of a low-order stream Jan Henrich Fleckenstein, Sven Frei & Klaus-Holger Knorr

87

Interactions between groundwater and surface water of a contaminated site: field studies and numerical modelling results A. Gigliuto, R. Vaccari, C. Righetti, S. Verdelocco, L. Moretti & M. Cremonesi

93

Application of models to estimate erosion, sediment production and future scenarios in two Brazilian tropical watersheds Ricardo Minoti, Fernando Silva, Francisco Lombardi-Neto, Sergio Koide & Silvio Crestana

99

Development and evaluation of a rainfall–runoff model using regionalization data as model input Gerald Souza da Silva, Alain M. B. Passerat de Silans, Cristiano das Neves Almeida & Laudízio da Silva Diniz

106

Forecasting tools in water resources to ground public policy and management debates in sound scientific methods David R. Steward

113

Genetic algorithms based hydropower optimization of the Three Gorges reservoir operation under two reservoir storing water schemes Qiongfang Li, Jinliang Ren & Meixiu Yu

118

3 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Evaluation

Resolving uncertainties in the source of low flows in South African rivers using conceptual and modelling studies Evison Kapangaziwiri, Denis A. Hughes,Jane Tanner & Andrew Slaughter

127

Prediction of ungauged basins – catchment response regionalisation and uncertain criteria conditioning Adam M. Wyatt & Stewart W. Franks

133

Uncertainty of climate change impact on groundwater resources considering vari-ous uncertainty sources Pascal Goderniaux, Serge Brouyère, Philippe Orban,

139

Samuel Wildemeersch & Alain Dassargues

Multi-variable evaluation of an integrated model system covering Sweden (S-HYPE) Berit Arheimer, Joel Dahné, Göran Lindström, Lars Marklund & Johan Strömqvist

145

Interaction between river and groundwater in Jakarta megacity, coastal alluvial plain, Indonesia Rachmat Fajar Lubis, Shinichi Onodera, Koki Onishi, Mitsuyo Saito, Hendra Bakti, Robert Delinom & Yuta Shimizu

151

Modelling critical source areas in an agricultural watershed Xing Chen, Zhongbo Yu, Guangbai Cui, Qin Xu, Weiyu Liu, Weiping Wang & Qicheng Zhang

156

Transit times of soil water in thick soil and weathered gneiss layers using deu-terium excess modelling Naoki Kabeya, Akira Shimizu, Koji Tamai, Shin’ichi Iida & Takanori Shimizu

163

Aquifer recharge from overbank floods Rebecca C. Doble, Russell S. Crosbie & Brian D. Smerdon

169

4 Ecohydrological Studies: From Process Understanding to Management

Eco-hydrological simulation and prediction in the Haihe River basin by coupling the BIOME-BGC model with the WEP-L model Peng Hui, Jia Yangwen, Qiu Yaqin, Ding Xiangyi & Niu Cunwen

177

Geochemical processes in the aquifer of a flood plain before and after re-opening of a meander Jörg Lewandowski & Gunnar Nützmann

183

River restoration with complex hydrological and ecological interactions: the RE-CORD-Project Mario Schirmer & Tobias Vogt

190

Strategic monitoring to account for rapid variations in the nitrate concentration of groundwater and surface water Frans van Geer, Joachim Rozemeijer, Ype van der Velde, Hans Peter Broers & Gerrit de Rooij

194

Impact of the 2009 exceptional flood on the flood plain of the Solimões River M-P. Bonnet, B. Lamback, R. G. Boaventura, E. Oliveira, F. Seyler, S. Calmant & P. Seyler

200

Impacts of Three Gorges-Gezhouba reservoir cascade on the heat flux regime of the Yangtze River Qiongfang Li, Haoyang Li & Meixiu Yu

207

Analysis of water and salt migration in sea reclamation regions under a semi-arid climate Yi Xu, Shiguo Xu & Xiangzhou Xu

213

5 Case Studies and Large-Scale Applications

Impacts of land use change on groundwater recharge: case study from Western Australia P. R. Sarukkalige

223

Inundation of anabranching river flood plain wetlands: the Ovens River, Victoria, Australia Philip M. Marren & Kira L. M. Woods

229

Numerical estimation of the future sustainable groundwater yield in the Kok River basin, northern Thailand Phatcharasak Arlai, Manfred Koch & Arun Lukjan

235

Using SIMGRO for flow characterisation of temporary streams, as demonstrated for the Evrotas basin, Greece Erik Querner, Martine Vernooij, Vasillis Padadoulakis & Jochen Froebrich

242

Application of visual MODFLOW in simulation of contamination migration in an unconfined aquifer Seyed Reza Sagharavni, Sa’ari Mustapha, Seyed Fazlolah Saghravani & Shaharin Ibrahim

249

Estimating groundwater fluxes by hydrodynamic and geochemical approaches in a heterogeneous Mediterranean system (central Tunisia) M. Alazard, C. Leduc,

R. Virrion, S. Guidon, A. Ben Salem & Y. Travi

253

Water availability assessment in data scarce catchments: case study of the Ping River basin, Thailand S. Visessri, N. McIntyre & C. Maksimović

259

Modelling water flows in irrigated areas – a case study in Zhanghe Irrigation Sys-tem, China XueLiang Cai, Yuanlai Cui & Nicolas Roost

265

Key word index 269

______________________________________________________________________________________________Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems (Proceedings of Symposium H01 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 345, 2011). 3-9

The need to consider temporal variability when modelling exchange at the sediment–water interface

DONALD ROSENBERRYUS Geological Survey, MS 413, Bldg. 53, DFC, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, USA [email protected]

Abstract Most conceptual or numerical models of flows and processes at the sediment–water interface assume steady-state conditions and do not consider temporal variability. The steady-state assumption is required because temporal variability, if quantified at all, is usually determined on a seasonal or inter-annual scale. In order to design models that can incorporate finer-scale temporal resolution we first need to measure variability at a finer scale. Automated seepage meters that can measure flow across the sediment–water interface with temporal resolution of seconds to minutes were used in a variety of settings to characterize seepage response to rainfall, wind, and evapotranspiration. Results indicate that instantaneous seepage fluxes can be much larger than values commonly reported in the literature, although seepage does not always respond to hydrological processes. Additional study is needed to understand the reasons for the wide range and types of responses to these hydrologic and atmospheric events.Key words groundwater–surface–water exchange; seepage; temporal variability

______________________________________________________________________________________________Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems (Proceedings of Symposium H01 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 345, 2011 10-16

Groundwater temperature as a tracer to estimate anthropogenic impacts: past, present and future

LUMINDA GUNAWARDHANA & SO KAZAMA

Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-06, Sendai 980-8579, Japan

[email protected]

Abstract We evaluated the potential variations of aquifer temperature attributed to anthropogenic effects in the past, present, and future in the Sendai Plain, Japan. To simulate the heat transport in the subsurface layers, the USGS numerical code (VS2DH) was used. For the climate predictions, HADCM3, MIROC and ECHAM5 models under the A2, A1B and B1 scenarios were used. The overall results from nine scenarios estimate 0.72.1C subsurface temperature change in 2100 at 12 m depth which is notably higher than the past urbanization effect seen in Sendai. Moreover, groundwater temperature was considered as a proxy to develop a relationship between urbanization level and ground–surface temperature change. Results suggest that approximately 0.6C ground surface temperature reduction can be achieved in the long-term by reducing the urban ratio by 10% in highly urbanized areas. These results imply the necessity of considering aquifer temperature variations attributed to climate change in habitat restoration programmes.

Key words groundwater temperature; VS2DH; climate change; urbanization; Sendai Plain, Japan

______________________________________________________________________________________________Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems (Proceedings of Symposium H01 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 345, 2011).17-22

Understanding hydrological processes and estimating model parameter values in large basins: the case of the Congo River basin

RAPHAEL M. TSHIMANGA, DENIS A. HUGHES & EVISON KAPANGAZIWIRI

Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

[email protected]

Abstract Many large basins of the world are located in developing countries where the hydrometric networks are limited and where hydrological models have the potential to contribute to water resources management. However, it is difficult to ensure that models adequately represent the dominant hydrological processes, a problem further exacerbated by spatial scale issues and the typically large size of the modelling units. If models do not satisfactorily represent the hydrological processes, they may not be representing the runoff responses from ungauged areas and may not be useful for investigating the impacts of future water or land use developments. This paper reports on a study of the Congo River basin where the available stream flow data have been identified for 16 gauging stations within the total basin area of 3 680 000 km2. The initial application of the model (Pitman monthly time-step model) involved manual calibration, which was followed by an exploration of the behavioural parameter sets in the context of the available basin physical property data (topography, drainage patterns, geology, soils, vegetation, etc.) in an attempt to constrain the plausible parameter sets to those that are conceptually realistic and consistent with real hydrological processes.

Key words hydrological modelling; large basins; parameter estimation


Investigating the effect of surface water–groundwater interactions on stream temperature using Distributed Temperature Sensing and an instream temperature modelling

KARTHIKEYAN MATHESWARAN1, MORTEN BLEMMER1, JULIE MORTENSEN1, DAN ROSBJERG2 & EVA BOEGH1

1 Dept. of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark

[email protected]

2 Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Room 148, Building 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Abstract Surface water–groundwater interactions at the stream interface influences, and at times controls the stream temperature, a critical water property driving biogeochemical processes. This study investigates the effects of these interactions on temperature of Stream Elverdamsåen in Denmark using the Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) system and instream temperature modelling. Locations of surface water–groundwater interactions were identified from the temperature data collected over a 2-km stream reach using a DTS system with 1-m spatial and 5-min temporal resolution. The stream under consideration exhibits three distinct thermal regimes within a 2 km reach length due to two major interactions. An energy balance model is used to simulate the instream temperature and to quantify the effect of these interactions on the stream temperature. This research demonstrates the effect of reach level small scale surface water–groundwater interactions on heterogeneous behaviour of stream temperature.

Key words surface water–groundwater interaction; stream temperature model; Distributed Temperature Sensing; Denmark


Impacts of climate change on water resources in Huaihe River basin, China

G. Q. WANG1,2, J. Y. ZHANG1,2, J. L. JIN1,2, C. S LIU1,2, R. M. HE1,2 & X. L. YAN1,2

1 Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China

[email protected]

2 Research Center for Climate Change, Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210029, China

Abstract Climate change has been becoming a very important environmental issue, which will challenge the existing water resources management practices in many ways. Huaihe River is a major river in China, which frequently undergoes flood and drought hazards in each decade. For the purpose of assessing the implications of climate change on water resources in Huaihe River basin, the VIC model, with resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°, was calibrated with 11 well gauged sub-catchments. According to the similarity in climate conditions, soil texture, etc. model parameters were transferred to other poorly gauged areas. Taking runoff during 1961–1990 as baseline, the impact of climate change on runoff under the three scenarios of A2, B2, and A1B was studied with the established VIC model. Although the modelled annual runoff would probably increase for most cases, the situation of regional floods and severe shortage in water resources would probably be exacerbated under the global warming.

Key words climate change; Huaihe River Basin; VIC model; A2; B2; A1B


Nutrient exchange between surface water and subsurface

water in a ponded shallow reservoir of a suburban river catchment

YUTA SHIMIZU1, SHIN-ICHI ONODERA1 & MITSUYO SAITO2

1 Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan

[email protected]

2 Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan

Abstract This research aims to clarify the nutrient exchange processes within the reservoir of a suburban river by considering the interaction between subsurface water and river water. The vertical distributions of nutrient concentrations in the water column and sediment pore water indicate a large concentration gradient of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus across the water–sediment interface. NO3

--N dominates in the water column, whereas NH4

+-N and PO42--P dominate in the sediment pore water.

The hydraulic gradient between the surface water and pore water in the sediment indicates that advection from the water column to the sediment occurs throughout the year, hence confirming surface water infiltration in this reservoir. Estimation of diffusive and advective nutrient flux showed that diffusive fluxes of NH4

+-N and PO42--P are larger than advective fluxes and that this reservoir acts as a

source of these components for the river system. However, diffusive fluxes of NO3--N and NO2

--N indicated a downward (water column to sediment) flux (i.e. same direction as advective fluxes) as NO3

--N and NO2

--N are attenuated by denitrification near the surface sediment. This result suggests the reservoir works as an attenuation zone for nitrogen.

Key words small reservoir; nutrient; diffusion; advection; suburban river


Direct observations of surface water–groundwater interaction using electrical resistivity tomography

URSULA NOELL1, CLAUDIA WIEẞNER1, CHRISTINA GANZ2 & MARTIJN WESTHOFF3

1 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany

[email protected]

2 University of Hannover, Institute for Soil Science, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany3 Water Resources Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract Electrical resistivity tomography is a helpful tool to observe the infiltration process in and through the soil. Array 3-D measurements and 3-D inversion schemes are required for reliable interpretation of heterogeneous subsurface structures. Smoothing of the inversion can be minimized by using adequate regularisation parameters and time corrections are needed to counteract the finite measurement time of the full array. One experiment in sandy soil revealed fast water infiltration and

within three days the infiltrated water had percolated to the groundwater at 1.5 m. The quantitative reconstruction was possible because no saline tracer was applied. Therefore, the change in resistivity could uniquely be attributed to water content changes using an Archie function confirmed by the field measurements. For the experiment at a slope, a saline tracer was applied. The experiment aimed at the mapping of possible preferential flow pathways. The first results show slow lateral movement along the steepest gradient.

Key words ERT; vadose zone; flow process monitoring; subsurface storm flow


The relationship between soil water behaviour and river runoff: field observations and runoff analyses

MOHAMMAD T. ISLAM1, KAZUHISA A. CHIKITA2, TOMOYUKI WADA2 & TAKUMA YAMAGUCHI1

1 Laboratory of Physical Hydrology, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan

2 Laboratory of Physical Hydrology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan

[email protected]

Abstract Soil water behaviour during rainfall and/or snowmelt events and its role in river runoff is explored by soil moisture measurements and runoff analyses. The soil moisture on the slope in forest and grassland was monitored by 4-channel soil-moisture profilers in the Saromabetsu River Basin, Hokkaido, Japan, in 2008–2010. Corresponding to each rainfall and snowmelt runoff event, the unsaturated layer at 0–30 cm depth in forest stored infiltrated water for a few days after the event, and then returned to the previous moisture level by gradual drainage. The total throughflow (mm) during each rainfall and snowmelt event was calculated by using the soil moisture data, and then was compared with the runoff height (mm) for the direct runoff obtained by the runoff analysis. The relationship between the throughflow and runoff height was definitely linear. This suggests that the simulated direct runoff actually occurs as unsaturated throughflow, a quick flow, in the soil surface layer.

Key words Saromabetsu River; soil moisture monitoring; throughflow; snowmelt runoff; rainfall–runoff; tank model


Simulation of groundwater flow and salt transport in a shallow microtidal barrier aquifer during a storm surge

mailto:[email protected]

S. E. POULSEN1, S. CHRISTENSEN1, K. R. RASMUSSEN1 & A. D. WERNER2

1 Department of Earth Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

[email protected]

2 National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Abstract We use numerical modelling to study the impact of seasonal storm surges on the aquifer–ocean exchange of fluid and salt in a micro-tidal, shallow, heterogeneous, narrow barrier aquifer. The model simulates variably-saturated groundwater flow and solute transport and incorporates dynamic boundary conditions that represent seawater inundation of the beach, seepage-face development, and recharge. Hydraulic aquifer parameters were estimated from field data. Boundary conditions were reconstructed from time-series of sea level, precipitation and salinity. A storm surge that occurred in March 2008 was simulated. The results indicate that for the field settings studied in this paper, the impact of episodic ocean events on the aquifer–ocean exchange of fluid and salt relative to the continuing influence of recharge is limited. Groundwater flow is dominated by a continuing flux of water to the ocean, driven by recharge and the hydraulic gradient between the landside and the ocean.

Key words aquifer–ocean interaction; submarine groundwater discharge; storm surge; coastal barrier aquifer; seepage; numerical modelling

______________________________________________________________________________________________Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems (Proceedings of Symposium H01 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 345, 2011) 62-66

Assessment of the groundwater flow system and water mixing processes in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil

KUNIHIDE MIYAOKA1 & ANA Y. KOJOMA2

1 Department of Geography, Mie University, Mie 514-8507, Japan

[email protected]

2 Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, MS 549, Brazil

Abstract The mixing of surface water and groundwater in the southern part of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, was examined by both field investigations and numerical modelling. Field surveys were conducted in April 2002 during the wet season, and in August 2001 and August 2002 during the dry season. Surface water and groundwater levels were determined by measurements of the land surface altitude, river and lake stages, and depth to groundwater in four observation wells. The groundwater flow system in each season was delineated using MODFLOW, a 3-D finite difference groundwater flow code. Mixing between surface water and groundwater, having different qualities, was simulated for each season using the MT3DMS transport code. Important findings are that the groundwater flow system and water mixing processes are strongly influenced by the presence of the paleo-river channel and saline deep groundwater.

Key words Pantanal wetland; groundwater flow system; mixing processes; dry and wet season


A combined hydrodynamic and mixing model approach to quantify small saline groundwater input into rivers

TIMOTHY N. MORRISON1, SCOTT C. RAYBURG2 & CATHERINE E. HUGHES3

1 DHI Water and Environment, PO Box 626 Broadway New South Wales 2007, [email protected]

2 Centre for Environmental Sustainability, The University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia

3 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001 Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia

Abstract The flow of groundwater into a stream is difficult to quantify. Several techniques exist, however they all have limitations with both practicality and accuracy being difficult to achieve. This study develops a method that is accurate, within the limits of input data, and practical for use in areas where groundwater inputs into rivers have a detectable level of some tracer (in this case salt). The study is undertaken on the Darling River in northwestern New South Wales, Australia. This study used a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model (MIKE 11) of the river with the coupled advection-dispersion module to model the transport of salinity concentrations. Using a simple mixing model, a time series of saline groundwater discharge was generated and input into the hydrodynamic model. The resulting saline–groundwater discharge hydrograph agrees with conceptual understanding of groundwater–surface water processes and reasonably approximates the actual measured EC values in the river.

Key words Darling River; dry-land; semi-arid; electro-conductivity; tracer; MIKE 11


Developing a new numerical surface/subsurface model for irrigation and drainage system design

ALI SHOKRI

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand

[email protected]

Abstract In recent decades many hydrologists have focused on surface/subsurface interactions and a number of numerical and physical models have been developed for simulating the interplay of flows between the saturated and unsaturated zones. This paper presents a numerical surface/subsurface flow

model based on 2-D shallow water and 2-D Manning equations for surface flow, with 3-D Richards equations for subsurface flow in the unsaturated and saturated zones. The aim here is to provide a tool for designing more robust agricultural irrigation and drainage schemes. The model can be used in place of the classical design methods based on 1-D equations. The proposed model yields information about the water table location, depth of surface water, and water content in the unsaturated soil in any field location before and after spreading irrigation and drainage. The additional information has the possibility of decreasing expense and increasing the safety factor for both irrigation and drainage projects.

Key words surface/subsurface interactions; numerical model; irrigation; drainage; Richards equations; Saint Venant equations


Model coupling for forecast of groundwater evolution under intensive human activities

J. J. YOU, L. JIA, H. GAN & C. Y. LU

Department of Water Resources Research, China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research, Fuxing Rd A1, Building A, Room 920, Haidian District, Beijing 100038, China

[email protected]

Abstract Intensive human activities impact on the natural water cycle dramatically, making the natural water cycle comply with artificial features. But until now the driving forces of groundwater system evolution were not fully understood due to the complexity of the groundwater system structures and the uncertainty of affecting factors. This paper presents the analytic methodology to describe the relation of groundwater evolution and driving forces based on historical data analysis. It studies the general law of groundwater evolution based on a case study in the Haihe River basin, a typical area with dramatic groundwater change under natural precipitation attenuation and gradual increase in water demand.

Key words water cycle; groundwater; water allocation; economic development; inter-basin water diversion


Modelling interactions between hydrologic dynamics and biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland of a low-order stream

JAN HENRICH FLECKENSTEIN1,2, SVEN FREI2 & KLAUS-HOLGER KNORR2

1 Department of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany

[email protected]

2 Department of Hydrology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany

Abstract Low order streams often show complex, nonlinear relationships between hydrologic conditions in the riparian zone, streamflow generation and the chemical signature of the stream water. Dynamic surface and subsurface flow paths create a mosaic of biogeochemical conditions that affect the transformation and export of solutes. These relationships are explored in a virtual modelling study of a riparian wetland that links an integrated surface–subsurface flow model with a stream tube approach for biogeochemical reactions along individual flow paths. It is shown that the interplay between water table depth and surface micro-topography in the riparian zone results in distinct shifts between surface and subsurface flow dominance and the development of specific surface flow connectivity. Distinct nonlinear relationships between water table depth and stream discharge that reproduce relationships observed in the field were found. Simulated hydrologic dynamics and the resulting flow paths result in biogeochemical patterns in the riparian zone that are congruent with patterns observed in the field.

Key words hydrologic modelling; groundwater–surface water interactions; biogeochemical processes; micro-topography; riparian wetland


Interactions between groundwater and surface water of a contaminated site: field studies and numerical modelling results

A. GIGLIUTO, R. VACCARI, C. RIGHETTI, S. VERDELOCCO, L. MORETTI & M. CREMONESI

AECOM Italy S.r.l. Via Francesco Ferrucci 17/A, Milan, Italy

[email protected]

Abstract This work examines a complex hydrogeological system characterized by a close relationship between groundwater and surface water, both impacted by chlorinated solvents contamination. Field studies were carried out, based on continuous water level monitoring systems, showing the interactions between groundwater–surface water, tidal fluctuations, seasonal trend of precipitation and an anthropogenic draining pump system. Tracer tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the ongoing emergency remedial actions and to estimate groundwater velocity and solute transfer from groundwater to surface water and their relationship with water level fluctuations. The study was supported by two 3-D flow and transport numerical models: (1) using the finite difference MODFLOW® code, and (2) using the finite element FEFLOW® code. The results showed the area is strongly influenced by sea level fluctuations and the presence of surface water drainage channels. The field and numerical studies were finally used to support remediation planning at the site.

Key words groundwater–surface water interaction; tracer test; numerical model; contamination; site remedial actions



Application of models to estimate erosion, sediment production and future scenarios in two Brazilian tropical watersheds

RICARDO MINOTI1, FERNANDO SILVA2, FRANCISCO LOMBARDI-NETO3, SERGIO KOIDE1 & SILVIO CRESTANA4

1 University of Brasilia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 70.910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil

[email protected]

2 Federal University of Itajubá, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Av. Bps,1303, Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil

3 Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Av. Barão de Itapura, 1481, 13012-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil

4 Embrapa Agricultural Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the application of two different tools; the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) to estimate soil erosion and the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) to estimate sediment production in two tropical ungauged basins, subjected to different land uses, located within the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Guabirobas watershed (51 km2) is used for agricultural production and the Jataí watershed (80 km2) includes the Ecological Station of Jataí (36%), which is a preservation area. The models were effective in identifying areas most susceptible to erosion and sediment production and in simulating different environmental scenarios. The results of USLE epitomized the values expected for the regions whereas the SWAT model was found to overestimate stream flow when compared with monitoring data observed in one of the basins.

Key words erosion; hydrologic processes; hydrographical basin; USLE; SWAT; scenarios


Development and evaluation of a rainfall–runoff model using regionalization data as model input

GERALD SOUZA DA SILVA1, ALAIN M. B. PASSERAT DE SILANS2, CRISTIANO DAS NEVES ALMEIDA1 & LAUDÍZIO DA SILVA DINIZ2

1 UFPB – Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

2 AESA - Water Management Agency of the State of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

Abstract A major difficulty for studies of small hydrological watersheds is the lack of good quality time series of hydrologic data, mainly because the flow rates in small watersheds are not monitored. Another important issue is that available rainfall–runoff models are almost always developed focusing on watersheds of medium and large scale. Regionalization studies have become an important tool to attempt to overcome these limitations. Suitable in most of the hydrological studies is the regionalization of rainfall–runoff-model parameters by using specific characteristics of a watershed. A tool was developed in a geographic information system which automatically gets the physical characteristics of watersheds from a digital elevation model by selecting the outlet and then generating the rainfall–runoff model parameters with neural networks. This paper evaluates this newly-developed tool with the data from small dams in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. A previously developed methodology is applied using target watersheds for the parameter estimation. The results show that the developed tool can be very useful for rainfall–runoff estimation in small watersheds.

Key words regionalization; rainfall–runoff model; watershed


Forecasting tools in water resources to ground public policy and management debates in sound scientific methods

DAVID R. STEWARD

Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, 2118 Fiedler Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5000, USA

[email protected]

Abstract Society faces challenges in management and use of water resources that are global in nature and yet impact communities and individuals locally. While this presentation focuses on issues common to irrigated agriculture in semi-arid grasslands with applications from the central plains of the USA, the computational framework is extensible to other challenges. Individually, computational models are overviewed that enable studies of groundwater hydrogeology, agricultural economics, and agro-ecology. Each model is capable of reproducing historical data (groundwater declines, economic decisions, crop yields), and provides a tool to forecast disciplinary perspectives into the future. Collectively, models are integrated using the Open Modelling Interface (OpenMI), which enables output from one model to be used as input to others and provides a tool to integrate perspectives. This novel framework is being applied to study the impacts of policy change on water resources, land-use choices, and agricultural productivity.

Key words groundwater; Analytic Element Method; modelling; OpenMI; economics; agriculture; Ogallala Aquifer; High Plains, USA


Genetic algorithms based hydropower optimization of the

Three Gorges reservoir operation under two reservoir storing water schemes

QIONGFANG LI1,2, JINLIANG REN1,2 & MEIXIU YU1,2

1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

[email protected]

2 College of Water Resource and Hydrology, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

Abstract Reservoir-induced alterations in the flow regime of the Yangtze River will unavoidably influence water allocation among different water uses, and as a result, how to optimize reservoir operation to maximize electricity generation is of significance by consideration of different water uses, and this frequently complicates water management decisions. This paper selected the Three Gorges reservoir as a case study site to explore the operation hydropower optimization based on genetic algorithms under two reservoir storing water schemes. On the basis of the 1950–2002 time series of daily discharge data, the satisfying degrees of the optimal ecological flow and the installed plant capacity for five types of year under two reservoir storing water schemes were computed and analysed. The results revealed that the satisfying degrees of the optimal ecological flow and the installed plant capacity varied with the reservoir water storing schemes adopted and inflow conditions.

Key words Yangtze River; Three Gorges reservoir; genetic algorithm; optimal instream ecological


Resolving uncertainties in the source of low flows in South African rivers using conceptual and modelling studies

EVISON KAPANGAZIWIRI, DENIS A. HUGHES, JANE TANNER & ANDREW SLAUGHTER

Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa

[email protected]

Abstract Low flows play an important role in the eco-hydrology of any natural system and within South Africa are mainly derived from near-surface interflow or deeper groundwater processes. In South Africa there is much uncertainty about the dominant source of low flows in any specific basin. Understanding surface–groundwater interactions and determining the source of low flows are important for sustainable water management strategies and the integrated exploitation of ground and surface water resources; a critical issue for water-stressed regions. This study uses a monthly rainfall–runoff model that includes surface–groundwater interactions in which low flow responses can be simulated either as interflow or groundwater discharges to the river (or both). If the model is to provide useful information for integrated water management any uncertainties in the simulated source of low flows need to be resolved. The paper explores different approaches to resolving these uncertainties (using limited water quantity and quality data) in three basins where the surface–groundwater interaction processes are assumed to be different.

Key words hydrological modelling; low flows; surface–groundwater; wetlands



Prediction of ungauged basins – catchment response regionalisation and uncertain criteria conditioning

ADAM M. WYATT & STEWART W. FRANKS

University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia

[email protected]

Abstract Hydrological modelling of ungauged basins is a common component of larger environmental models that depend on accurate streamflow simulations. It is therefore very important that the simulated streamflow response is as realistic as possible. This paper presents some simple methods of catchment response regionalisation and uncertain criteria conditioning that can be applied to almost any hydrological model to provide some parameter constraint and improve the realism of the streamflow simulations.

Key words prediction of ungauged basins; uncertain criteria; regionalisation; catchment characteristics


Uncertainty of climate change impact on groundwater resources considering various uncertainty sources

PASCAL GODERNIAUX1,2, SERGE BROUYÈRE1, PHILIPPE ORBAN1, SAMUEL WILDEMEERSCH1 & ALAIN DASSARGUES1

1Group of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology – Aquapôle, University of Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils, 1, B52/3, B-4000 Liège, [email protected]

2Funds for Scientific Research – FNRS, Rue d’Egmont, 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Abstract Many studies have highlighted that climate change will have a negative impact on groundwater. However, in previous studies, the estimation of uncertainty around projections was very limited. In this study, the impact of climate change on groundwater resources is estimated for the Geer basin using a surface–subsurface integrated model. The uncertainties around impact projections are evaluated from three different sources. The uncertainty linked to the climate model is assessed with six contrasting RCMs and two GCMs. The uncertainty linked to the natural variability of the weather is evaluated thanks to a weather generator which enables production of a large number of equiprobable climatic scenarios. The uncertainty linked to the calibration of the hydrological model is assessed by a coupling with UCODE_2005 and by performing a complete linear uncertainty analysis on predictions. A linear analysis is approximate for this nonlinear system, but provides some measure of uncertainty for

this computationally demanding model. Results for this study show that the uncertainty linked to the hydrological model is the most important.

Key words groundwater; climate change; uncertainty; stochastic scenarios; calibration; UCODE; integrated modelling; HydroGeoSphere; Geer basin, Belgium


Multi-variable evaluation of an integrated model system covering Sweden (S-HYPE)

BERIT ARHEIMER, JOEL DAHNÉ, GÖRAN LINDSTRÖM, LARS MARKLUND & JOHAN STRÖMQVIST

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), SE-60176 Norrköping, Sweden

[email protected]

Abstract Integrated models claim to simulate coupled behaviour of several compartments and processes in a system. The integrated output from such a model could be resulting from several combinations of internal variables and compensating errors. This paper suggests that complex models should be evaluated using a multi-variable approach, also including internal model variables. The idea is currently tested using the HYPE model, which is applied for the entire country of Sweden (450 000 km2) with a resolution of some 10 km2. So far, the nationwide modelled data has been compared with observed values for snow storage, groundwater levels, river discharge, lake-water levels, and nutrient concentrations. Spatial variations are well captured by the model, while nutrient dynamics are poorer. The high correlation between fluxes of internal model variables and observations supports the overall model concept and chosen parameter values, although equifinality certainly exists in such a complex integrated model.

Key words model; validation; monitoring; Sweden; discharge; nitrogen; phosphorus; snow; groundwater; lakes


Interaction between river and groundwater in Jakarta megacity, coastal alluvial plain, Indonesia

RACHMAT FAJAR LUBIS1, SHINICHI ONODERA2, KOKI ONISHI2, MITSUYO SAITO3, HENDRA BAKTI1, ROBERT DELINOM1 & YUTA SHIMIZU2

1 Research Center for Geotechnology Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl Cisitu Sangkuriang Bandung 40135, Indonesia


[email protected]

2 Graduate School of Integrated Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

3 Center for Marine Environment Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan

Abstract Jakarta megacity is located on the coastal alluvial plain. Groundwater abstraction has been extremely large for the last 20 years; consequently groundwater levels have dramatically declined. In this research, we examined river and groundwater interaction under these conditions of serious groundwater decline. Research was carried on the catchment of the Ciliwung River, which flows from high volcanic mountains to the Java Sea through central Jakarta. The 222Rn concentrations were measured at 20 sites from mid-stream to the river mouth. Results show that there are different interactions in upstream, midstream and downstream sections due to the expansion of groundwater depression resulting from huge abstractions.

Key words river–groundwater interactions; Jakarta megacities, Indonesia


Modelling critical source areas in an agricultural watershed

XING CHEN1, ZHONGBO YU1,2, GUANGBAI CUI1, QIN XU3, WEIYU LIU1, WEIPING WANG1 & QICHENG ZHANG1

1 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, no. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China

chenxing @ hhu.edu.cn

2 Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4010, USA

3 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, NHRI, Nanjing 210029, China

Abstract Water pollution is the main threat to sustainable environmental and social-economic development in Taihu basin, China. To resolve conflicts between population growth and food supply, high-efficiency agricultural practices were implemented with the benefit of the reduction of farming lands and an increase in food production. As a consequence, large amounts of fertilizers were consumed, which resulted in serious diffuse pollution from agriculture in the region. The fate of this diffuse agricultural pollution is closely related to hydrologic processes. The hydrologic response mechanisms are the basis for understanding diffuse pollutant transport. A distributed hydrologic model system (HMS) which couples various components of the watershed hydrologic cycle such as surface water, channel water, soil water and groundwater, as well their interactions, was used to simulate various hydrologic processes in the Meilin watershed. Driven by the distributed hydrologic model, the diffuse pollution forecasting model was established by simplifying nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) dynamics. The model showed good simulation results and obtained the distribution of the critical source areas of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) export in the Meilin watershed. The research results provide a scientific basis for the effective control of agricultural diffuse pollution in the Taihu basin.

Key words distributed hydrologic model; diffuse pollution; runoff generation; pollutant transport


Transit times of soil water in thick soil and weathered gneiss layers using deuterium excess modelling

NAOKI KABEYA1, AKIRA SHIMIZU1, KOJI TAMAI2, SHIN’ICHI IIDA2 & TAKANORI SHIMIZU2

1 Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan

[email protected]

2 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

Abstract Four tension-lysimeter plots were installed in a small gneiss watershed (Tsukuba Experimental Watershed), that is covered by a thick brown forest soil layer and a thick weathered gneiss layer. Soil water was extracted at eight depths ranging from 10–400 cm for each tension-lysimeter and the stable isotope ratios of the soil solution were analysed. Detailed observations of the subsurface structure were also conducted. The mean transit time (MTT) of soil water in each depth increment was estimated using the modified sine-wave method, using tension-lysimeter data and variation in the throughfall deuterium excess (d) value variation. The MTT of soil water extracted from a brown forest soil layer increased in direct proportion to sampling depth. However, the MTT of soil water extracted from the heavily weathered gneiss layer exhibited no clear changes as sampling depth increased.

Key words mean transit time of water; soil water; deuterium excess; heavily weathered gneiss


Aquifer recharge from overbank floods

REBECCA C. DOBLE, RUSSELL S. CROSBIE & BRIAN D. SMERDON

Water for a Healthy Country, National Research Flagship, CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2 Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia

[email protected]

Abstract Recharge from overbank floods is often neglected in water accounting as it is difficult to measure in the field, and highly variable between catchments. The physics of overbank flood recharge is not well understood, but it is becoming increasingly important for estimations of aquifer sustainable yield and accounting for artificial flooding used for improving riparian ecosystem health. Modelling of the overbank flood recharge process in a sandy loam aquifer was undertaken using a fully-coupled, surface–subsurface flow model to determine the prevailing characteristics of piezometric response to overbank flood recharge. Groundwater response to floods was also monitored in bores on the flood plain of the Bremer River catchment, South Australia. Both modelling and field monitoring showed that the rise in water table due to flood inundation was more rapid and the total rise was higher than for those examples where the bore was not inundated. The decline in piezometric level following the flood was slower than the bank storage response to within-bank events. The modelling showed that rapid

infiltration and associated bore response did not necessarily take place in areas at the extremities of the flood extent if the period of inundation was short, as the vadose zone did not become fully saturated.

Key words recharge; floods; groundwater–surface water interactions


Eco-hydrological simulation and prediction in the Haihe River basin by coupling the BIOME-BGC model with the WEP-L model

PENG HUI, JIA YANGWEN, QIU YAQIN, DING XIANGYI & NIU CUNWEN

Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, China

[email protected]

Abstract A distributed eco-hydrological model was developed to simulate and predict hydrological processes and vegetation production by coupling the vegetation model BIOME-BGC with the distributed hydrological model WEP-L. BIOME-BGC updates the vegetation parameters of WEP-L in a daily time step, and WEP-L provides hydro-meteorological data to BIOME-BGC. The coupled model was applied in the Haihe River basin of China, which is well known for its water scarcity. In the modelling validation, results show good agreement with the field observation data or literature values of LAI, Net Primary Production (NPP) and river discharge. Under future climate change scenarios in 2021–2050, meteorological data predicted by the global climate models after downscaling were used for eco-hydrological simulation to predict future eco-hydrological response in the Haihe River basin. Results show that under the global warming impact, river runoff may decrease, and NPP may increase. This means a big challenge to the water and land management in the basin and mitigation/adaption measures of climate change are desired.

Key words eco-hydrological model; climate change; Haihe River basin


Geochemical processes in the aquifer of a flood plain before and after re-opening of a meander

JÖRG LEWANDOWSKI & GUNNAR NÜTZMANN

Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department Ecohydrology, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany

[email protected]

Abstract Flood plains are regarded as reactive interfaces between uplands and receiving waters. A site at the River Spree equipped with several groundwater observation wells was used to study nitrogen and phosphorus retention. A clogging layer in an oxbow on the site inhibited the hydraulic contact between oxbow and aquifer. After removing the mud layer and reopening the meander the hydraulic connectivity was restored. The altered flow regime in the flood plain’s aquifer caused minor but significant changes in the biogeochemical groundwater composition. Both before and after reopening of the meander, nitrate is being eliminated very efficiently by denitrification in the anoxic aquifer, while ammonium and phosphate concentrations increase. Phosphate and ammonium originate from the mineralization of organic matter and phosphate is additionally released by reductive dissolution of iron-bound P and weathering of bedrock. Redox conditions desirable for a P sink function of the flood plain are opposite to those desirable for nitrate removal. Thus, redox patchiness of flood plain aquifers favours nitrate and phosphate removal, i.e. a temporal and spatial sequence of anoxic and oxic conditions eliminates nitrogen and causes phosphate retention.

Key words nutrients; phosphorus; nitrogen; flood plain; aquifer; river; river restoration


River restoration with complex hydrological and ecological interactions: the RECORD-Project

MARIO SCHIRMER1,2 & TOBIAS VOGT1

1 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Ueberlandstr. 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

[email protected]

2 University of Neuchâtel, Centre of Hydrogeology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Abstract River restoration is an essential means to enhance the dynamic stability of watercourses while concurrently improving habitat diversity and variability, as well as lowering long-term maintenance expenditures. Although the number of restoration projects has increased in recent years, scientific understanding is still limited with regards to the underlying principles determining how hydromorphological variability in restored river corridors relates to ecosystem functioning, biodiversity and (ground)water quality. In order to deal with the challenges of river restoration in a successful and efficient way, the mechanistic understanding of the coupled hydrological and ecological processes in near-river corridors has to be extended. Limitations in scientific progress in these areas have been particularly impaired by specific research rather than a multi-disciplinary endeavour that collaboratively investigates cause-and-effect relationships and re-examines historical assumptions and approaches. In the multi-disciplinary RECORD Project (Assessment and Modelling of Coupled Ecological and Hydrological Dynamics in the Restored Corridor of a River (Restored Corridor Dynamics)), we investigated coupled hydrological and ecological dynamics in a channelized and restored river section in northeast Switzerland by synthesizing physical, chemical, and biological experiments as well as modelling approaches. Hydrogeological research was focused on the infiltration processes of river water into aquifers. From the viewpoint of drinking water protection, it is of particular importance to determine which portion of the pumped water originates from the river and how long it takes to travel from the river to the pumping station. Therefore, we investigated the electrical conductivity and temperature of the water over a period of time, thereby gaining a tool for the quantitative analysis of mixing ratios and travel times.

Key words river restoration; engineered river; ecology; water quality; groundwater; groundwater–surface water interactions


Strategic monitoring to account for rapid variations in the nitrate concentration of groundwater and surface water

FRANS VAN GEER1,2, JOACHIM ROZEMEIJER3, YPE VAN DER VELDE5, HANS PETER BROERS1,3,4 & GERRIT DE ROOIJ6

1 TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands

[email protected]

2 Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands3 Deltares, PO Box 85467, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands

4 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands

5 Soil Physics, Ecohydrology and Groundwater Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

6 Soil Physics Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 / 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany

Abstract As part of two PhD projects, we installed ion-selective electrodes and passive samplers for monitoring nitrate concentrations in a 7 km2 catchment and compared the results to grab samples. We also monitored nitrate concentrations at the catchment outlet. We tested the effectiveness of these monitoring approaches to estimate the long-term pattern in concentrations and loads at the catchment outlet. In addition, we built a regression model to predict the short-term variations in nitrate concentration. We used commonly available measurements of precipitation, discharge and groundwater head as explanatory variables. In this paper we present a comparison of different approaches to monitoring, and we discuss the potential of the ion-selective electrodes and passive samplers for practical nitrate monitoring.

Key words water quality; nitrate monitoring strategies; ion-selective electrodes; passive sampling; nutrient loads; nutrient leaching; catchment hydrology; groundwater protection


Impact of the 2009 exceptional flood on the flood plain of the Solimões River

M-P. BONNET1, B. LAMBACK2, R. G. BOAVENTURA2, E. OLIVEIRA2, F. SEYLER3, S. CALMANT4 & P. SEYLER1

1 GET (ex LMTG) University of Toulouse 3, CNRS, IRD, OMP 14 Av Ed. Belin 31400 Toulouse, [email protected]

2 LAGEQ, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Brazil3 US Espace University of Montpellier, IRD4 LEGOS, University of Toulouse 3, CNRS, IRD

Abstract This work provides a detailed analysis of the impact of the exceptional flood of the hydrological year 2008–2009 on the daily water balance of an Amazonian flood plain. Our approach is based on in situ data and a modelling approach. Three consecutive years were studied for a better understanding of inter-annual variations and the impact of exceptional flood in terms of flow of water exchanged with the river, stored volume and retention time. Each year, the flood plain begins to flood in early November, the period of high water falls in June and the descent of the water begins in July. During normal water-years, we have demonstrated that runoff from the local watershed contributes significantly to the mixture of lake water, constituting more than half of the total water intake until May, the period when river begins to overflow. However, during the exceptional flood of the Amazon overbank flow started about 2 months earlier and the residence time of water was divided by a factor of 2, with an average of a month. Key words flood plain hydrology; Amazon River; modelling; 2009 exceptional flood


Impacts of Three Gorges-Gezhouba reservoir cascade on the heat flux regime of the Yangtze River

QIONGFANG LI1,2, HAOYANG LI1,2 & MEIXIU YU1,2

1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

[email protected]

2 College of Water Resources and Hydrology, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

Abstract With population increase and economic growth, the thermal regime of the Yangtze River has been altered to some extent by human activities, particularly dam construction. To assess dam-induced alterations in the thermal regime of the Yangtze River quantitatively, this paper selected two key hydrological stations (Yichang and Cuntan stations) below and above the Three Gorges dam, respectively, as case study sites. The whole study periods were divided into three sub-periods by the years when these two reservoirs started to store water. On the basis of a 50 year-long time series of stream temperature, the annual, seasonal, monthly and daily stream heat flux at Cuntan and Yichang in different sub periods were computed and analysed, and the driving forces were explored. The output of the paper could provide references for the assessment of impacts of dam construction on the health and stability of the Yangtze River ecosystem.

Key words thermal regime; heat flux; Yangtze River; Yichang; Cuntan



Analysis of water and salt migration in sea reclamation regions under a semi-arid climate

YI XU, SHIGUO XU & XIANGZHOU XU

Institute of Water and Environment Research, Dalian University of Technology, no. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China

[email protected]

Abstract In recent years, sea reclamation has expanded rapidly to adjust to economic development, which would gain a lot of valuable construction land and provide an effective approach to relieve the shortage of land resources in coastal cities. However, reclamation destroys the coastal ecosystem and causes the movement of the fresh–salt water interface and ionic equilibrium. This research conducted an analysis of the formation conditions of salinization in the land-filled regions. Meanwhile, the problems caused by the high salinity were examined around the Bohai Sea. It is necessary to study the mechanisms of water and salt migration in the processes of leaching and evapotranspiration, especially the mobility process of salt in mud. It is concluded that the key to salinization governance is increasing the water storage capacity of soil layers and opening the underground drainage systems. Finally, several promising measures have been proposed for repairing the coastal eco-system such as rainfall utilization and conservation tillage.

Key words sea reclamation; salinization; semi-arid; migration; Bohai Sea


Impacts of land use change on groundwater recharge: case study from Western Australia

P. R. SARUKKALIGE

Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia

[email protected]

Abstract This study evaluates the effects of land use on groundwater recharge using groundwater observations from various locations within Western Australia. The water table fluctuation method was used to estimate the groundwater recharge. Estimated groundwater recharge has been used to develop relationships between rainfall and groundwater recharge for residential, industrial and rural/agricultural land uses. Average groundwater recharge as a percentage of rainfall has been estimated to compare spatial and temporal changes. The effects of land use change on groundwater recharge were clearly identified in areas where a remarkable land use change had occurred. Changing the land use from rural


to residential in Canning Vale, the recharge decreased from 28% to 21%. Changing the land use from rural to industrial in Welshpool, the recharge decreased from 27% to 17%. Results of this study will be useful for land use planning in the future for the sustainable management of groundwater resource.

Key words groundwater; recharge; groundwater level; land use


Inundation of anabranching river flood plain wetlands: the Ovens River, Victoria, Australia

PHILIP M. MARREN1,2 & KIRA L. M. WOODS1

1 Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

[email protected]

2 eWater Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

Abstract This study investigates flood plain inundation on the anabranching Ovens River, Australia, a regionally significant River Red Gum flood plain forest. Morphology and sedimentology was measured at sites with varying connectivity to the main river channel. Surface and groundwater levels, rainfall, evaporation and river height were monitored during 2009–2010. Rainfall was below average until August 2010, and then above average for the rest of 2010, with major flooding. During the initial period, rainfall supplied all flood plain water. Flood plain sedimentology determined whether water infiltrated, or formed lakes. Groundwater levels rose, eventually sustaining some oxbow lakes where conditions permitted groundwater exfiltration. Before groundwater sustained oxbow lakes at sites disconnected from the main channel, flow commenced in the anabranching channel network, and surface water inundated the oxbows. Overbank flow from the main channel only reached the flood plain during the major flood event. Our observations show that groundwater–surface water interactions are limited on these flood plains, and only play a role at low to intermediate river stages, and quite modest flow stages can inundate significant portions of the flood plain provided anabranch connectivity is maintained.

Key words flood plain; anabranch; groundwater; flooding; geomorphology; sedimentology; Australia

______________________________________________________________________________________________Conceptual and Modelling Studies of Integrated Groundwater, Surface Water, and Ecological Systems (Proceedings of Symposium H01 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 345, 2011) 235-241

Numerical estimation of the future sustainable groundwater yield in the Kok River basin, northern Thailand

PHATCHARASAK ARLAI1, MANFRED KOCH2 & ARUN LUKJAN1

1 Research Center of Water Resources and Disaster Mitigation Management, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Thailand

[email protected]

2 Department of Geohydraulics and Engineering Hydrology, University of Kassel, Germany

Abstract Kok River basin in the Golden Triangle delta in northern Thailand is becoming a major international trade hub in the region. Going hand in hand with the expected future economic growth in this area will be adverse environmental stress on the water resources in the Kok River basin. Although groundwater in the region is still abundant now, there is increasing concern among Thai authorities that future over-pumping may deplete parts of the aquifers there. For that reason a groundwater sustainability study was initiated in order to quantify the future sustainable extraction rates for the various aquifers underlying the Kok River basin. Using a calibrated 3-D groundwater flow model sustainable extraction yields – defined as the maximal total pumping rate that ensures that piezometric heads in an aquifer do not fall below 20 m from the land surface in the next 20 years – have been determined for the four aquifers within the larger Kok River basin. The results indicate that there is still much room for near-future groundwater development in the study region.

Key words groundwater modelling; sustainable yield; Kok River basin, Thailand


Using SIMGRO for flow characterisation of temporary streams, as demonstrated for the Evrotas basin, Greece

ERIK QUERNER1, MARTINE VERNOOIJ1, VASILLIS PADADOULAKIS2 & JOCHEN FROEBRICH1

1 Alterra, Centre for Water and Climate, Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands

[email protected]

2 Land Reclamation Service, Lakonia Prefecture, Sparta, Greece

Abstract Tools were developed to quantify space–time development of different flow phases on a river basin scale. Such information is needed for the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The spatial development of temporary streams was investigated in the Evrotas basin, Greece. We used the regional hydrological model SIMGRO in a GIS framework to generate flow time series for all major streams. For a stream reach five flow phases are distinguished, being: floods; riffles; connected flow; pools and dry conditions. For each stream and flow phase, thresholds were identified based on local characteristics. The analysis shows the frequency of the flow phases per month. For all streams in the Evrotas basin the average frequency of the flow phase dry and pools are presented. The aim is that GIS helps to better understand the link between dry streams and spatially-distributed catchment characteristics. Local morphological conditions and roughness of the bed need to be considered in defining appropriate threshold levels for the flow phases.

Keywords temporary stream; flow phases; pools; river basin; SIMGRO model; Greece



Application of visual MODFLOW in simulation of contamination migration in an unconfined aquifer

SEYED REZA SAGHARAVNI1, SA’ARI MUSTAPHA1, SEYED FAZLOLAH SAGHRAVANI2 & SHAHARIN IBRAHIM3

1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Univesiti Putra Malaysia, 43400-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

[email protected]

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan Province, Iran

3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract The movement of a phosphorus plume, leaching from a landfill, in groundwater was investigated by Visual MODFLOW. Seri Petalling Landfill was found to be responsible for the pollution of subsurface and surface water (i.e. rivers) in the study area. Visual MODFLOW was used to predict the situation of pollution plume in the next 10 years. The results of phosphorus measurement showed that the concentration of phosphorus in place of landfill is 2.38 mg/L, while the Interim National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia defined the maximum value of phosphorus in groundwater for Class IIA/IIB and III at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The results of prediction indicated that the phosphorus migrated widely to the river, which could be considered to be an environmental concern.

Key words groundwater flow; MODFLOW; phosphorus; landfill; pollution


Estimating groundwater fluxes by hydrodynamic and geochemical approaches in a heterogeneous Mediterranean system (central Tunisia)

M. ALAZARD1,2, C. LEDUC1, R. VIRRION1, S. GUIDON1, A. BEN SALEM3 & Y. TRAVI4

1 IRD, UMR G-EAU, Montpellier, France

2 University Montpellier 2, France

[email protected]

3 Ministry of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, Tunis, Tunisia

4 University of Avignon, UMR EMMAH, Avignon, France

Abstract The Merguellil catchment in central Tunisia is typical of the south Mediterranean environment, with large climatic variability and big recent changes in vegetation and soil conditions. In its middle, a big dam, built in 1989 over the El Haouareb fractured-limestone aquifer, completely modified the regional water flows. The dam reservoir and the El Haouareb aquifer are hydraulically connected and they jointly recharge the Kairouan alluvial aquifer downstream. This water transfer is complex and shows a considerable heterogeneity in space and time. We exploited hydrodynamic and geochemical information. A conceptual model calculated the contribution of the dam lake water as about 40% during dry seasons to up to 70% in high waters periods. Anomalies in the model results confirm the complexity of field processes.

Key words fissured aquifer; hydrodynamics; stable isotopes; surface–groundwater interaction; Tunisia; water budget


Water availability assessment in data scarce catchments: case study of the Ping River basin, Thailand

S. VISESSRI, N. MCINTYRE & C. MAKSIMOVIĆ

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

[email protected]

Abstract The overall objective of this research is to improve the methodology for water availability assessment at ungauged sites in Thailand and other comparable regions through suitable data quality control and regionalisation procedures. The upper Ping River basin is selected as a study catchment. A measure to classify data quality is proposed. To regionalise gauged responses to ungauged locations, a number of catchment attributes are related to hydrological responses using regression analysis. The mean elevation of the catchment is found to be a primary control factor on the hydrological responses; and the percentage urban area and mean annual rainfall are also found to be significant factors. The results of simple linear regression show it to be a promising approach for regionalisation in this case study. The exclusion of gauges perceived to have quality problems, although severely reducing the number of data points, is shown to potentially improve regional relationships, although further work is needed to verify this.

Key words regionalisation; ungauged catchments; streamflow prediction; Thailand; Ping River basin; rainfall–runoff model


Modelling water flows in irrigated areas – a case study in Zhanghe Irrigation System, China

XUELIANG CAI1, YUANLAI CUI2 & NICOLAS ROOST3

1 International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Southern Africa Office, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

[email protected]

2 Wuhan University, 8 Donghu Nan Road, Wuhan 430072, China

3 Formerly with IWMI, Melbourne, Australia

Abstract Hydrological modelling faces great difficulties in irrigated areas due to the highly dynamic water cycling processes caused by irrigation and drainage practices. This paper describes a study on process-based water balance modelling integrated with remote sensing/GIS spatial analysis in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, southern China. Irrigation water re-use through local water storage was analysed based on remote sensing interpretations and GIS spatial modelling. Time series evapotranspiration is estimated using a Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) algorithm with Landsat ETM+ imagery. The results are then fed into an irrigation diagnosis and planning tool OASIS to assess the water balance in the irrigated areas and the impacts on irrigation performance. The results revealed that the intensive canal system and local storage with irrigation management practices have significantly altered the hydrological processes of the region. Local storage, including farm ponds, contributed significantly to improve water productivity and sustain high yields at times of main canal failure. The study suggests that, to better model water flows in irrigated systems, a balanced modelling approach is required between simulating the complex hydrological processes and accounting water budget components.

Key words irrigation system; tank cascade; water balance; remote sensing

conceptual and modelling studies of integrated groundwater ...hydrologie.org/redbooks/a345/p345...

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