conceptual changes conceptual changes between the 18 th and 20 th centuries
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Tim Roufs© 2010-2013
Conceptual Changes
Between the 18th and 20th Centuries
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Units
Before 1859
types are original, static,
and immutable
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Units
After 1859
breeding populations are considered
variable and changing
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Variation
Before 1859
deviations from a type are considered
accidental, anomalous, or pathological
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Inheritance
After 1859
particulate inheritance
(Mendelian genetics)
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Variation
After 1859
genetic variation is basis for change and adaptation by natural
selection
(differential reproduction)
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Inheritance
Before 1859
blending inheritance
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Relationship of Units
Before 1859
types are arrayed hierarchically on a unilinear scale of
perfection called a “Great Chain of Being”
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Relationship of Units
After 1859
variable populations are seen to diverge
multidimensionally
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Time Depth
Before 1859
people believed in a recent creation of the
world
(on 23 October 4004 B.C.)
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Time Depth
After 1859
people begin to think in geological eras of
millions of years
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Past Imges
“Past images of our ancient ancestors were a
mix of fact and fancy that often reflected the prejudices of the age as
much as they did the fossil record.” – UNWP 02-27-89
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University of Minnesota Duluth
Tim Roufs © 2010-2013
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/
"Selam" aka "Lucy's Baby”
MainCharacteristics of
AnthropologyPrehistoric Cultures
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