conceptualization, visualization and applications

8/11/2019 Conceptualization, Visualization and Applications

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/conceptualization-visualization-and-applications 1/31

CONCEPTUALIZATION, VISUALIZATION AND

APPLICATIONS___

Photonic negative indexMetamaterials.



Project Members

Ch. Ahmed Nouman 10-MS-EE-13

Sohaib Saleem 11-F-MS-EE-44

Omer Khan 11-F-MS-EE-39



Table of Contents___

Abstract

Introduction to metamaterials

Brief History

Principles of metamaterials Bianisotropy

Bottom up fabrications

Applications of metamaterials:

Circuit elements at optical frequencies: nano-inductors,

nano-capacitors and nano-resistors Super Lens

Antennas

References



A Meta Material Slab made by concatenating SRR



Metamaterials ?

“Metamaterials” are artificiallyengineering structures that

possess electromagneticproperties not found in natural

materials.



Metamaterials ?

• In these new artificially fabricated materials—

termed as negative index materials (NIM) or lefthanded (LH) materials —all these materialparameters are negative.

• Metamaterials consist of tailored sub-wavelengthbuilding blocks ("photonic atoms") which aredensely packed in to an effective medium.

• By properly designing the "artificial atoms", one cancreate meta-materials with unusual opticalproperties.



Metamaterials !

By exploiting the optical properties ofmetamaterials, these nanoparticles may

play the role of ‘lumped’ nanocircuitelements, e.g., nanoinductors,nanocapacitors, and nanoresistors,

analogous to microelectronics.



Brief History:

In 1898 Jagadis Chunder Bose conducted the first

microwave experiment on twisted structures, and madechiral “medium”.

In 1914, Lindman worked on “artificial” chiral media, whichhe formed by dispersing many randomly-oriented small wire

helices in a host medium.

The split ring resonator (SRR), first proposed by Pendry in1999 [7], is a typical building block of MMs to obtain aresonant electromagnetic response.

• Since metamaterials were first physically realized in 2000,many research groups have exploited these syntheticstructures to create novel devices and components.



Negative Index Metamaterials Features

Negative Permittivity and Permeability will cause the phase velocity and power flow

to be anti-parallel

NIM Slab

Phase

velocityPower Flow

Negative ε and μ allow for a broader electromagnetic palette

Example: No Cut-Off Waveguide:

Dispersion Relation in Rectangular WG loaded with anisotropic NIM:

2

2

2

2

y

z

y

y x z k

c

k

As can be seen, by choosing εx <0, μy < 0

and μz > 0 , kz will always be positive and

there will be no lower cutoff frequency.

(Borrowedfromphysics.ucsd.edu/~drs/left_home.htm)



…Negative Refraction Continued

n > 0 n > 0n < 0

Snell’s Law at the interface between a

negative index material and a positive index

material:

Light Bending the Wrong Way?

,sinsin 21 t i nn and for n1 > 0 and n2 < 0,

it

n

n sinsin

2

11 Refracted beam will be opposite to the normal

as shown in the animation above.

http://sagar.physics.neu.edu/wavepacket_refraction.htmhttp://www.utexas.edu/research/cemd/nim/I



Principles of Metamaterials:

Split-Ring Resonators___

An SRR is a metallic ring with one or several slits .

The incident light field can induce a circulating and oscillatingelectric current in the metallic wire that gives rise to a localmagnetic field (magnetic dipole) normal to the SRR plane.

The resonance of the SRR can be thought of as arising from

the inductance of an almost closed loop (inductance L) andthe capacitor formed by the two ends of the wire (capacitanceC). This leads to an LC Eigen frequency

ωLC =1/√ LC.



Realizing a Negative Permeability

1968 1996 1999 2000

Time

Veselago firststudies the effect

a negativepermittivity andpermeability hason wavepropagation

Pendryproposes

wirestructures torealize anegativepermittivity

Pendryproposes Split

RingResonators(SRR’s) torealize anegativepermeability

Smith is the first inthe world to realize

a medium with aneffective negativeindex of refraction

Q j

F r

oo

22

2

1

The Lorentz Model of Permeability:

Pendry proposed split ring resonators (SRR’s) to achieve the

necessary resonant magnetic response (Pendry, et. al.“Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear

Phenomena)

2

2

1

/

o

L A H I inco

ind

Any LC resonant particle will realize the

negative permeability, such as the singlering particle I employ in practice.

r Is related to this

current



Realizing a Negative Permittivity1968 1996 1999 2000

Time

Veselago firststudies the effect

a negativepermittivity andpermeability hason wavepropagation

Pendryproposes

wirestructures torealize anegativepermittivity

Pendryproposes Split

RingResonators(SRR’s) torealize anegativepermeability

Smith is the first inthe world to realize

a medium with aneffective negativeindex of refraction

2

2

1

p

r

The Drude Model of Permittivity:

We want εr to be small and negative since a large and negative εr could shrinkλ eff to the point where the effective medium picture disappears.

oe p m

Ne

22

)/(

22

2

r a Lna

co

In 1996, Pendry proposed a way to reduce the plasma frequency using a periodic

wire lattice structure (Pendry, et. al. “Extremely Low Freq. Plasmons in Metallic

Mesostructures.)



Bottom-up Fabrication___

The idea of bottom-up multilayer 3Dstructuring is to build SRRs from the basicelements such as bars and pillars, layer bylayer. To illustrate this multilayerelectroplating technique for 3D MMconstruction, the fabrication of flexible

metamaterials is shown in Figure next.



Bottom-up Fabrication___

Figure 3: Fabrication Process of 3D Metamaterials on a flexible substrate. (a)Coating 30 μm polyimide; (b) Electroplating bottom bar on Ti/Cu seed layer;(c) Electroplating two posts using thick photoresist as a mold; (d)Electroplating left post again with a new thick layer of photoresist; (e)Electroplating two posts leaving a gap on one side; (f) Electroplating the top

bar after another seed layer coated; (g) Releasing SRR; (h) Peeling polyimide



A Split ring Resonator unit



Applications___

1-Circuit elements at optical frequencies:nano-inductors, nano-capacitors and

nano-resistors



The interaction of optical signals with

plasmonic nanoparticles involves surfaceplasmon resonances .

Since these particles may be much smallerthan the optical wavelength, the metallic(and non-metallic) nano particles be treatedas nanocircuit “lumped elements”.

Such as nano-inductors, nano-capacitors, andnano-resistors in the optical regimes’.



nano-capacitor and a nano-resistor



Parallel and series nano-elements.



2-“Super” lens The lens made of metamaterials can focus light for

objects less than wave-length λ in size to a geometricpoint. All lens utilizing natural materials known today

cannot focus light onto an area smaller than the

square wave-length of the light used to examine it (the

diffraction limit). It is possible to achieve λ/2 resolution using such kinds

of “super” lens. Anything smaller than a wavelength oflight such as atoms and molecules are out of reach for

even the best available optical microscopes. But forsuch “super” lens one could literally see previouslyinvisible objects like atoms.



2-“Super” lens…

Perfect, flat lens focusing

light

to a geometric pointfor objects smaller than

a wavelength



3-Metamaterial Element can Control Reflected Fields

• Tuning particle varies magnitude and phase of reflected fields

• Operate where there is much tunability in the particle’s phasebut little tunability in the magnitude response.

• Analogous to a phased-array antenna, where elements fed withprogressive phase.

• Surface can be used to control reflection of electromagneticenergy



Antennas and more:

Conventional leaky-wave antennas have thedrawbacks of scanning only the half-space, i.e.they only have forward scanning capability.Utilizing metamaterials, we also can have the

backward scanning capability.

If we combine the conventional and

metamaterials based leaky-wave antennas, it ispossible to construct backfire-to-end-fire leaky-wave antennas with the capability of scanning inall directions.



REFERENCES___

1] D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F.Starr, and D. R. Smith,

"Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies,"Science, Vol. 314, pp. 977-980, 2006.

[2] R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, "Experimental Verification of a

Negative Index of Refraction," Science, Vol. 292, pp. 77-79, 2001. [3] H.-T. Chen, W. J. Padilla, J. M. O. Zide, A. C. Grossard, A. J. Taylor, and

R. D. Averitt, "Active

Terahertz Metamaterials Devices," Nature, Vol. 444, pp. 597-600, 2006.

[4] H. Tao, N. I. Landy, C. M. Bingham, X. Zhang, R.D. Averitt, and W. J.Padilla, "A Metamaterial Absorber

for the Terahertz Regime: Design, Fabrication and Characterization,"Optics Express, Vol. 16, pp. 7181-7188, 2008.

[5] S. Zhang, Y-S Park, J. Li, W. Zhang, and X. Zhang, "NegativeRefractive Index in Chiral Metamaterials,"



Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, pp. 023901, 2009.

[6] J. Pendry, A. Holden, D. Robbins, and W. Stewart, “Magnetismfromconductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,” IEEE

Trans. M icrow.Theory Tech . , vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2075–2084, Nov.1999.

[7] D. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz,“Compos-ite medium with simultaneously negative permeabilityand permittivity,”Phys. R ev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, pp. 4184–4187,2000.

[8] R. Shelby, D. Smith, and S. Schultz, “Experimental verification of anegative index of refraction,” Science , vol. 292, pp. 77–79,2001.

[9] C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Greegor, K. Li, B. E. C. Koltenbah, and M.Tanielian,“Experimental verification and simulation of negativeindex of refractionusing Snell’s law,” Phys. R ev. Lett., vol. 90, no.

10, pp. 107401-1–107401-4, 2003. [10] J. D. Baena, R. Marqu´es, F. Medina, and J. Martel, “Artificial

magneticmetamaterial design by using spiral resonators,”Phys.Rev.B , vol. 69,no. 1, pp. 014402-1–014402-5, 2004.



[11] T. J. Yen, W. J. Padilla, N. Fang, D. C. Vier, D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry,D.N. Basov, and X. Zhang, “Terahertz magnetic response from artificial materials,” Science , vol. 303, no. 5663, pp. 1494–1496, 2004.

[12}] S. Linden, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J. Zhou, T. Koschny, and C.

M.Soukoulis, “Magnetic response of metamaterials at 100 terahertz,”Sci-ence , vol. 306, pp. 1351–1353, 2004.

[13] W. Xu, L. W. Li, H. Y. Yao, T. S. Yeo, and Q. Wu, “Extraction ofconstitu-tive relation tensor parameters of SRR structures usingtransmission linetheory,” J. Electromagn. Wa ves Appl., vol. 20, no. 1, pp.13–25, 2006.

[14] C. F. Bohren, and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering ofLight by Small Particles (Wiley, New York, 1983).

[15] B. Lamprecht, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 51 (2001).

[16] J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1999).

[17] A. K. Sarychev, D. A. Genov, A. Wei, and V. M. Shalaev, Proceedingsof SPIE, Complex Mediums IV, 81 (2003).

[18] G. V. Eleftheriades, A. K. Iyer, and P. C. Kremer, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech, 50, 2702 (2002).



[19] N. Engheta, N. Bliznyuk, A. Alù, A. Salandrino, Dig. USNC-URSINational Radio Science Meeting, Monterey, CA, 276 (2004).

[20] P. B. Johnson, and R. W. Christy, Phys. Rev. B, 6, 4370 (1972). • http://physics.ucsd.edu/~drs/left_home.htm

• http://www.metamaterials.net/ • http://microlab.seas.ucla.edu/MURI/MURI.html

• http://www.foresight.gov.uk/servlet/Controller/ver=1928/2_2.htm

• P. M. Valanju, R. M. Walser andA. P. Valanju, “Wave refractioninNegative Index Media is always posi-tive and veryinhomogeneous,”Physical Review Letters , vol. 88, no. 18,187401-1, 6May 2002

• A. K. Iyer and G. V.Eleftheriades, “Negative refractiveindexmetamaterials supporting 2-D waves,” IEEE International Microwave

Symposium Digest , pp. 1067-1070, June 2-7, 2002. • C. Caloz and T. Itoh, “Novel microwave devices and structures based on

the transmission line approach of meta-materials,” IEEE InternationalMicrowave Symposium Digest , pp. 195-198, June 7-13, 2003.

END

conceptualization, visualization and applications

Documents