conceptualizing transborder communities 2012 (1)

7/30/2019 Conceptualizing Transborder Communities 2012 (1)

1/22

Chapter 19

CONCEPTUALIZING

TRANSBORDER

COMMUNITIES

lynn stephen

Introduction

T v f . B

f vv f ,

, , , , w ,

f , w

, - -

w. T f -

f , , w f f . F f

f f w

w f f -

f . R -

f j M

f w . O

f f ,

ff -

. T, f , w -

A v w I f w M , v,

, w f w v .

OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF FIRST-PROOF, 01/28/12, NEWGEN

19_Rosenblum_Ch19.indd 45619_Rosenblum_Ch19.indd 456 1/28/2012 6:41:31 AM1/28/2012 6:41:31 AM


2/22

conceptualizing transborder communities 457

Af f f

, v f f

f w ,w f f v f. F, -

w f ff .

T f f -

f , , , -

, , w

w v . A f f

f f

f f f

. T

v f L A U S wk M

.

Positioning Individuals and

Communities in the Transnational

F w v

v f w w k, f

f (

K 1998; G 1988; E 1987). T ( f

) f N Gk S (2003, 105)

, w v f - , v

v ,

-. Av f f v - (Gk S F 2001). I

v w v w ff -- , v

. (K 2000)

T f- f, f v f v, f

fwk f ,

w v -. I f v w

f , w, f , f

- . v v - . T f f -

w




3/22

the immigrant experience

w - , w

, w . Gk S f

f f f - , f

, , v .

T f

f f - f . A

w v - -

, f v f f

f v w

v f f -

, v

w, f f . A f v

v k f .

I f , L

V O f -,

v, v, -

f . . . .T v f

k ff , ,

, . . . .Nw wk, , ,

f

f (2005, 13). I , f

f k. Lkw, f f R

S kw f k

w . H , wv, B, f

, f

f f w f -

, , . T f vv

v w , -

f -- w v (2006, 67). H S

f -, f f-

f , ,,

, w f f

f .

F B k wk -

f w , ,

f . W f f M

O, M, w f

w M ( f O) U S, k

ff f f, -, , , , wk, f w

w f O .




4/22


H f - , -

f vw v v v -

. H f f w vw, f k ff

f w vw . . . -

f ,

(2004, 22; -

). B ff w

, , , v, B

v ff .

Borders, Border Crossing,

and Borderlands

P w v , ,

, , , , . Rf f -

f () f

w ffv w .

T f , , ff

f f -

. T f

f w w

f f ; , , ; ;

wk v v w -.

T v , w -

f

. S f kw . B

f U.S.-M f

f , , f . O

f w w w f w

f f -

G A (1999). H f

U.S.-M , B

j . B

f w w q , , ,

/ ff, w w f - f ff f w , ,

. A w v




5/22


. A f , , ,

(S Zv 2007, 4).

W f f f U.S.-M ,

w f f f . F -

, v D S P Zv (2007), Women and

Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, v f

f f U S M f

. T k N D Gv w

f f f L A

f L A. H f f M

f M (D Gv 1998, 8990,

2005). Off v v L A U S f ,

D Gv f M, f,

M- f M f f

f U.S. - f w,

ff f (2005, 190).

S Zv (2007) M, U

S, f f -

v f w v. T f

- w v, ,

v f . f - (, , , , )

-

, , -

w v.

Colonial Borders: Racial and Ethnic

Hierarchies Written into Nationalism

A vw f w

f , , f f

. A f fwk f

v w - w

v . T f

w w k f . -

v f f jf f




6/22


f . f f f

f , , ,

( Qj 2000; M 2000). S f f - v- f

. F , f M Rv (19101920), -

fmestizaje ( f S I) -

w w f

. W M G, w f f f

(1916), J V (1997) w f

f M - . T , , q

f I. T I f

f , L

v (1997, 16).). T f f j f- f q f f

v v M

(A 2004).

B f f f

f . Af- f f

f , q

w fwk f -, v f v w

. T f , f-, (f)

w v q f f -

. W f- f , f f f f

. T f ,

f fw

f / . F , E

S j f E, j

f E f

Q Af-E . Fw w

f M.

W M, -

f / f w k w

( f ) w S, w

v v S v fv (

S 2002, 8591). A -

, w

f f M w M-

U S. F w v U S,

/ f M , v w U.S.-

.

U S f k f A Mf

D, 1845 j J OSv




7/22


jf U.S. f T (A 2008, 232). T

jf U.S. A-S v

, , , AI, M, F, P R, ( A 2000). A A

A , f Mf D f

(2008, 232). If A-A w f / -

, M, A I, Af w . A

f f f f G H 1848, w U

S q f f M , U.S. w v f

f w ( w w v ).

Bk I v . P f

E I f v, w,

, f . T w w f M w f

v v U.S. ( M 2001). R w

W f M-

v, , v f f

k I. M / w

k, w, I,

, . T / f k U.S.

v M , /

M . A

f v f / .W k f ff M,

f w

, , , M

U S, w w , M,

. S f L f

v f L

U S (F 2006). T f M -

vv f

w w f. A D Gv

R-Z (2003), k -

f L ( ) f w

w f f f w

Bk U S. T L ( H)

w w ff (2003, 2). T f

M U S. W f

M U S w w

M U

S w M w M f

f f v w U S.




8/22


Regional Borders within

National Borders

S f f

f w f w . F , f M

, w f f M w

U S ( F Rv 2004). T f P

f , M, w f -

, I, S. L, Mw w U S,

w f ( M 2001;

A 2004). T f P

( N M) - M w f

U.S. Mw. f 1,108 2007. R

f f 2007 W N-H (84.9 ),

H (12.9 ), O (5.7 ), Tw (1.5 -

), Bk (1.4 ), A I (0.8 ) (, I,

D Pf 2007).

A W D. A, w P f

M 1959, 2000 f

w k j f f

H (2004, 357, 369). O f

H , A, f Gj,

J, G, , V, A (2004, 269). T

f q ,

M A W,

N-H. I , , ,

f P

M , I.

A f U S

/ f S f, w w f O, M ff

30 . T Z M

f Ow v

500,000 . P M, -- Z

wk f T V, v f w f O,

f. T f f f

w f T V. T

k v, k Z -

f Z. B P , M

f f f O. H w, , f O. I v, P




9/22


f - O Mk, f. I

k ff f w ,

f f f w w . H w f f f

w k Z . P k w

f f T w k Z w f

v f . A , k Z k

I f M -

f f. T k T V, M, 2004,

f f f:

P: I L I w U.S. kw L.

I f M f w f w f L. Y f

M f f M,

v L.

L: D w L f?

P: T? I w L , w . A f w f

w U.S. L. B w k , W

f? I , M M. T , B

w f? (D ?)

L: A ? W ?

P: I I f O. B O w f j, ? W f? F O? T

, f O wk. T f M ,

wk. T wk. If k , I

f O, w , W f O f

f wk. T f. S f O.

I O f f O G . . . .

L: S w f O w k f

wk?

P: Y, k . . . . B f f O.

T v I w f O I . I w

, I f O. T w , N, f

O, . Y . Y f O.

. . . A I v f I f f

I f O, f w. T w ,

N, f M . Y . Y

j w f ff f O. . . . I w ,

N. N. I f O. I Oq.

L: S f f Z f T

?P: Y, I f f Z. W v

w I I w f O, I w w , I




10/22


f O. I Z f T V. W k,

v T. I w w f A

v. T . W f v .L: D f w ?

P: Y, , . I w f I f I

f w f T.

L: I O, k f O wk.

B f v , f , ,

k f O f f. T Oq, .

D v f?

P: N k , , I k. Y , O

w w f T V, w kw

Z. W v Z w k w . W wk w f k Z. B

w I w wk w f k Z,

wk f f k f f f k Z.

B w w k Z w w

. B , w w j k w .

T , H k f I. T w w

. B w w . W w

k w , w w v, w .

L: Hw ?

P: W, w f . W v .L: W ?

P: I k w .

L: D k S?

P: Y. T k S w . T w .,

w. T w k v .

T w k E S. T w I

w k S E.

T w A.

I , P v v f f

w M, w U S

k O, f, w M

/ . B f O v w

v f . B P k

k w f O, , vk ff f -

v M w f O. H f

Z f w f T. H w

v f O k Z, I , w f

v f O f . H k - . F P f ,

.




11/22


P f L f w

f L v w w M f

L A. I f L, M, w f f . F , , w

M f v v. O

v f f f f O, -

w M / , f -

/ .

Hwv, w P f f w w

k S E O, j /

f M w S f /

/ A/.

f M f U S k- S E. T ff f A/

w k S. I v P

M / w U.S.- f w

S f f. T P wk

f f , f U.S.

M v, f O f,

f / f .

U fwk f k -

k f . T w

f . T f f f

f M U S . T -

f f w f f

f f ff M

U S.

Experiencing the Local

in Multiple Locations: Compression

of Space and Time

A w w f

w

. M f -

, w v w, , v f f w ( B 2004;

H 2003; S 2007; Z 2004; Zk 2006). A q




12/22


w ff -

, f f

. T , f , v f -

v w k w f

w v . R, w -

S f V G E, O,

v q f O k

w f w

O . T w f

. A ff f f wk

f S A A, O, w v wv ff -

U S, v F, f, fv f w

. T

f -v, . I

f k w

f w - f

f v ( S 2006, 5375).

S v w w -

f . S v v f -

w f k f

w f (S Zv 2007, 17). T w w v v-

f v, w w f .

P w, f v v f

w w

k f q

( S 2009). T v

f P Zv f v

w v w w U S M k

k f f (2000, 2011).

A Zv (2003, 131), w M

U S, w f v

f w w ( f ).

T f w k f v k k

f f , w w

f . T f f v k f

v wk w

f v k f

. S wk f f -

/ v v f w v f f (H

E 2004).




13/22


O v f f f w k

f f f . T ff

w v v f , / /. P Lv N Gk S

f , , :

I ,

v f v v w . B w , wk, v f

-, f -, ,w v v . B f

f -, w v w f v v , f

f w . T v ,

, w .(2004, 1010)

Networks and Meshworks

A v w

v, w wk, , k wk

E wk. S

f -, k v

( J 2008, 2007; E

2003). Uk wk, w f f w,

f wk k wk ff

. E f wk

f- w ,

f v , f w -wk, f w

f, f v

f- (2003). T f wk w v

wk

-. T

, k wk

wk. T f wk v, f , w

k w, ,

, wk, w . T v




14/22


, f wk v , w

.

The Role of the State:

Immigration, Militarization,

and Security in Transborder

Communities

M K (1998, 126) f

f-

w f - w . . . f

w f - f

f v . N G (1995)

w w k f f,

w

- v

wk w ;

- f k

U S; - v

v f f.

A , vk f

f wk; f; f

(.., f f U.S.-M ); -

w , f w (..,

f Sv , ). T -

f , f v , -

f f j f. Tf, f v v f

v f f , fq

. T -

w , f w,

f f w w (G

1995, 240241).

T kw f v -

wk A G- (w w f -

), f

, w v f U.S.-M U S ( U




15/22


2004). I f ,

v w v- f -

, v U S. A- , w f M,

k O Gk ff-

ff v f .

L v k w - f

T L T Nv, w w -

v (2008). S --

wf w

, , f .

T k w f -

ff w v wk , , , -

f . T, f - B -

, U.S. M v 1942, N

A F T A (NAFTA), w -

1994, v f ff w, w,

w v w M U S, w

f v f f, f, f

w v

.

A f

f - w -

, w f

w f . E, , -

, , w -

f ff . I U

S v f v ff w U.S.-M ,

f w, G W. B Bk

O f wk w -

f U.S. v

f f

w U.S. I Ef (IE)

ff.

T P k f w 2002 f

H S D f ff w , v

f f w,

U.S.-M : [T] f q f

. T v ff , v ff ,

q ff , . . . . Y S 11, U S v- f




16/22


f f (2006, v). T f w, P

, , , , , ,

w f . T ff f w v , f- f T, w

, f f,

q, (2006, 138).

F v U.S.-M ,

v f. Bw 1995 2006, w v 3,700 known

f ; -

w f ( 2006, 3).

w kw k . I

w v

, v k v .Ev w f .

If , w k f f kw (

S 2008).

A f v

, v

( ) U S. T f

, f

f $613 1993 f $1,634 f w w 2002

2004 (F . 2006, 67). I f f f

, v vw w f w

f O Y. T v w 92 98

f w U S ,

w , w 80 f v . T v

f w 2005 2007 w $2,124, w $3,500

f f

f w ( . 2008, 8).

T f f w w

, f -

, f Sv . T

E Sv w f . Rv

f f -

f, wk U.S. M f k

ff S Sv . A E

Z, w f w Sv ff

(2007, 494). I ff

f f - k, Z w

f L A S Sv Sv

U.S. v (2011). T f q v w




17/22


, U.S. Sv v w

f , k f

w Sv v U.S. v Sv (Z 2007, 497). T U S

Sv f

U S.

Z ff f ff

w v E Sv f U S f

f f k (2004, 2011). T w-w

f U.S. f

v E Sv f Sv f

, w f 30,000

E Sv, f , w J 2003 J 2005. F f E Sv

k U S, w Sv j

(Z 2007, 497501).

T f , f L

A S Sv v v v

, f

w Z f . T v f Sv

f L A S Sv v f

w , w ,

, f (Z 2004, 762). I vf f Sv f v, -

, , Z f w w L A

v w -v w f S

Sv (762). H w f U.S. Sv

- w L A S

Sv, f Sv

f w v

k, , f f . T

v f U.S. Sv

, v

f k.

T f , ,

f , , v w

U.S. w f -

f U.S. Sv f

L A E Sv. I f

f U S f

U.S.-M L U S,

f f Pv, Iw, w M f 2008 IE f f

(H 2008, A01). T fw , 90 f H




18/22


w . A

U.S. A ff f N D f Iw,

290 G, 93 M, 2 I, 4 Uk (H 2008, A01). T wk w w S j w f

. T wf f f

f .

Conclusions and Directions

for Future Research

T v j

q f . M

, f w v -

f - f f -

k f f . T

f , , ff-

w f w v v

, , wk f

f , , , , , k . T

f k f j

f f -

, , . I

f , -

, ,

v. T

k wk wk -

, w f

, , v. A -

, , f

w v

f w w f -

v, w

, f v v w .

A v v-w -

, f f f f f

I. D f . B f - ,

w W , YT, Fk,




19/22


Tw, w, w fw f

v j, ( S 2007,

274308; S 2006). S wk v, f, . I q

f f fw: W f -

wk f

? v k f f--f v, -

, v ff ? I

w v ff f v-

v N A,

f v v ffv?

A f f f

k U.S. . W U.S. w f k f M, A, ,

w f , w v w

U.S. f v

. If U S,

, w k f k ? I f

f U.S.- f k E Sv

G w v w , ,

w w f ?

W f U S, M,

A w w f ?T f

v f

f f, , , ,

ff v f . A -

f v f -

, f

f . Ev q

: W, f , f

?

References

A, R. 2000. Occupied America. Nw Yk: L.A, A. 2004. f Df: Mj, H,

A f M N. Cultural Anthropology19, . 4: 459490.A, A. 2008. B, Sv, R. IA Companion to Latin

American Anthropology, D P, 230254. M, UK: Bkw

P L.A, W D. 2004. P M U.S. R Mw: H T. I Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the United States,




20/22


J F G Rv-S, 355384. L J: f U.S.

M S, f v I S, Uv ff, S D.

A, G. 1999. Borderlands/La Frontera. S F: A L Bk.B, J F.2004. Topografas transnacionales: Haca una geogrfica de la

vida transnacional. M, D.F.: Uv A M, UI, Dv S H.

, X, P Zv.2003. f S Rk: M M W Fwk f.Journal of Latin

American Anthropology8, . 2: 126150.v, L R. 2008. The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the

Nation. Sf, f.: Sf Uv P., I, D Pf. 2007. .. ://www.-.//

-I./. A D 17, 2008., W. 2006. I. I Impacts of Border Enforcement on Mexican

Immigration: A View from the Sending Communities, W J Lw, 116. B, .: L R P.

, W, S B, A Sw, Dv K, A, KPk, G L, J Hk. 2008. Controlling Unauthorized

Immigration from Mexico: The Failure of Prevention through Deterrence and theNeed for Comprehensive Reform. L J: f v I

S Uv f f -S D. ://www.f.///ISf061008.f. A Nv 28, 2011.

D Gv, N. 1998. R, S, Rv f L A M . Latin American Perspectives 25, . 5: 87116.

D Gv, N. 2005. Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and Illegality inMexican Chicago. D, N..: Dk Uv P.

D Gv, N, A Y. R-Z. 2003. L R F U S: A I.Journal of Latin American Anthropology9,

. 2: 1857.E, J. 1987. A M: M R. I

Migrants, Workers, and the Social Order, J. E, 116. L; Tvk.E, J. 2007. A, Nwk, Nw Kw P: S

Mv P T S. I Cognitive Justicein a Global World, Bv S S, 273294. L, M.:

Rw & Lf.E, A. 2003. [A, Nwk, Nw Kw P: S

Mv P T S.] I ConhecimentoPrudente para Uma Vida Decente, Bv S S, 605630.

P: Af. (I P).F, J. 2006. Rf M M M-E P. Latino

Studies 4: 3961.F, J, G Rv S. 2004. B v S

I M. I Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the United States, J F G Rv-S, 168. L J: f U.S.-M

S, f v I S. Uv f f, SD.

F, J, H L, R P, W. 2006. I fU.S. I P M Bv. I Impacts of Border Enforcement




21/22


on Mexican Immigration: A View from the Sending Communities, W

J Lw, 5374. B, .: L R P, 2006.G, M. 1916. Forjando Patria. M, D.F.: P.

G , N. 1995. Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and LeavingModernity. M: Uv f M P.

Gk S, N. 2003. T f E S f TM: S W I f Sw. IAmerican Arrivals:

Anthropology Engages the New Immigration, N F, 99128. SF, N.M.: S f A R P.

Gk S, N, G E F. 2001. Georges Woke Up Laughing: LongDistance Nationalism and the Search for Home. D, N..: Dk Uv

P.G, N L. S. 1988. Sojourners of the Caribbean: Ethnogenesis and

Ethnohistory of the Garifuna. U: Uv f I P.H, W, A E. 2005. Women and the Politics of Place. S,

V.: K P.H, Jf. 2003.A Courtship after Marriage: Sexuality and Love in Mexican

Transnational Families. Bk: Uv f f P.H, S S. 2008. I R J S Tw: S E

S B T. Washington Post, M 18, A01. ://www.w./w-///2008/05/17/AR2008051702474.. A

Nv 28, 2011.J, Jff. 2008. Networking Futures: The Movements Against Corporate Capitalism.

D, N..: Dk Uv P.J, Jff. 2007. A Nw W f D P? G J Mv

L f Nwk, Recherches Sociologiques et Anthropologiques(B) 28, . 1: 127142.

K, M. 1998. T f M fE. I Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers,

T W. W H , 117141. , UK: Uv P.

K, M. 2000. T O I I: T fM Z. Identities 7, . 2: 173195.

Lv, P, N Gk S. 2004. S:A T S F Pv S. International Migration

Review 38, . 3: 10021039.M, R. 2001.Crossing Over: A Mexican Family on the Migrant Trail. Nw Yk:

H H.M, M. 2001. Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black and

White Roots of Mexican Americans. A: Uv f T P.M, W. 2000. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges,

and Border Thinking. P, N.J.: P Uv P.P, T. 2006. The Three U.S.-Mexico Border Wars: Drugs, Immigration, and

Homeland Security. W, .: P S I.Qj, A. 2000. f Pw E L A.

International Sociology15, . 2: 215232.S, D, P Zv. 2007. I. I Women and Migration in

the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, D S P Zv, 134.D, N..: Dk Uv P.




22/22


S, R. 2006.Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants.

Bk: Uv f f P.S, L. 2002. Zapata Lives! Histories and Cultural Politics in Southern Mexico.

Bk: Uv f f P.S, L. 2007. Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California, and

Oregon. D, N..: Dk Uv P.S, L. 2008. L Nv D: I, M, D,

D M B. I Rethinking Security: Gender, Race, andMilitarization, B S, S M, J Nvkv, 79101.

Nw Bwk, N.J.: R Uv P.S, L. 2009. W S Mv T :

M U S. I Rural Social Movements in Latin America, D D Fk S. R, 291320. Gv: Uv f

F P.U, L A. 2004. The Devil s Highway: A True Story. Nw Yk: L , Bw.

V, J. 1997. The Cosmic Race/La raza csmica. T w D T. J. B, M.: J Hk Uv P.

V O, L. 2005.Mixtec Transnational Identity. T: Uv f AP.

Zv, P. 2000. E T F P: PV B S f US-M B. I Las nuevas fronteras del siglo

XXI: Dimensiones culturales, polticas y socioeconmicas de las relaciones Mxico-Estados U, N K, P , Aj Av,

F M, 397424. M, D.F.: L J E: Iv : L D M.

Zv, P. 2011. Im Neither Here nor There: Mexicans Quotidian Struggles withMigration and Poverty. D, N..: Dk Uv P.

Z, E. 2004. F B f K: R G fG V w A (L A E Sv).American

Quarterly56, . 3: 759779.Z, E. 2007. I-A E: Tk Sv

T B f L/ L A S. I ACompanion to Latina/o Studies, J F R R, 492501.

M, UK: Bkw P L.Z. E. 2011. S f D: T Mk f T G

w L A S Sv. D: Dk Uv P.Zk, . 2006.Janitors, Street Venders, and Activists: The Lives of Mexican

Immigrants in Silicon Valley. Bk: Uv f f P.


conceptualizing transborder communities 2012 (1)

Documents