concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · cooking methods: average for...

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Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification Helena Pachón Senior Nutrition Scientist Food Fortification Initiative [email protected]

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Page 1: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Concerns, myths and

misconceptions of rice

fortification

Helena Pachón

Senior Nutrition Scientist

Food Fortification Initiative

[email protected]

Page 2: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

RDA / RNI

EARUL

Is rice fortification safe?

Definitions from IOM 2000, p. 3

EAR: Estimated Average Requirement; RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance / RNI: Recommended Nutrient Intakes; UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Page 3: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Is rice fortification safe?

2.7

0 0

5.5

9.4

0

2

4

6

8

10

Overall Mandatory Mandatory +voluntary

Mandatory +supplements

Mandatory +voluntary +

supplements

Percent of Non-pregnant Adults (>19 Years) in USA with Folic Acid Intake above Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Yang 2010; It is recommended that pregnant women consume 400 mcg folic acid daily;Mandatory: wheat flour, maize flour, rice; Voluntary: ready-to-eat foods

Mandatory folic-acid fortification of cereal grains (including rice) is safeOnly people consuming supplements had intake levels above the UL

Page 4: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Is rice fortification safe?

Fortification with iron

is safe for people

with blood disorders

Fortification with folic

acid does not mask

vitamin B12

deficiency

Fortification is safe

cc licence by flickr. Picture by Michael Sean Gallagher. ç

cc licence by flickr. Picture by Alpha

Grant 2012; Mills 2003; MPI 2012

Page 5: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Can rice fortification eliminate all

micronutrient deficiencies?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Fortified rice Milled rice

32.726.5

22.727.5

Percentage of Mexican Women with Iron Deficiency after Six Months of Consuming Fortified Rice or Milled (unfortified) Rice

Baseline Endline

Rice fortification will help reduce micronutrient deficienciesRice fortification will not eliminate micronutrient deficiencies in their totality

Population should strive to eat a healthy dietSome population groups will need additional interventions

Hotz 2008

Page 6: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

What is the difference between

fortified and bio-fortified rice?

Added nutrients

Fortified Bio-fortified

WhenDuring industrial processing

During its development via plant breeding or genetic modification (GM)

Time frame Now After breeding/GM (years-decades)

WhichVirtually any can be added

Iron1, zinc1, beta-carotene2 (mainly)

Levels Higher Lower

Nestel 2006; Ye 2000; 1Through plant breeding; 2Through genetic modification: Golden Rice

These are complementary strategies to reduce micronutrient deficiencies

Page 7: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Why not eat parboiled rice or brown

rice instead of fortified rice?

Brown rice and parboiled rice are more micronutrient-rich than milled rice

USDA Nutrient Data Bank; fortified rice as USDA commodity requirements 2014;Vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 content is negligible in milled, brown or parboiled rice

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Iron Zinc Thiamin Niacin Vitamin B6

mg

/10

0 g

ram

s ri

ce

Milled rice Brown rice Parboiled white rice

Page 8: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Why not eat parboiled rice or brown

rice instead of fortified rice?

Fortified rice is more micronutrient-dense than milled rice, brown rice and parboiled rice

USDA Nutrient Data Bank; * Fortified rice per USDA (2014) requirements for international food assistance programs;Vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 content is negligible in milled, brown or parboiled rice; can be significant in fortified rice

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Iron Zinc Thiamin Niacin Vitamin B6

mg

/10

0 g

ram

s ri

ce

Milled rice Brown rice Parboiled white rice Fortified rice*

Page 9: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Why not eat parboiled rice or brown

rice instead of fortified rice?

Despite recommendations, consumption of whole grains is low

Reicks 2014

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Children (2-18 y)

Adults (>19 y)

2.9

7.7

Percent of USA Population Consuming at least 3 Whole Grain Ounce Equivalents per Day

Page 10: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Is fortified rice only needed by low-

income groups?

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 (lowest SES) 2 3 4 5 (highest SES)

20.7

11.9

15.1

11.9 11.2

Percent of Non-pregnant Vietnamese Women (15-49 Years) with Iron Deficiency, by Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Laillou 2012

Nutrient deficiencies affect all socioeconomic strata

All could benefit from fortified rice

Page 11: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Can any variety of rice be fortified?

Any variety of rice can be fortified—Requires tailoring of fortified kernelImag

e: d

ream

stim

e.co

m

Page 12: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Is fortified rice acceptable to

consumers?

0

1

2

3

4

5

Appearance Color Texture Odor Taste Overall

Acceptability Scores for Fortified and Non-fortified Rice: Sensory Evaluation by Indian Children 8-11 Years

Fortified rice Non-fortified rice

No statistically significant differences between fortified & non-fortified rice

Radhika 2011; extruded rice

Fortified rice tastes, looks and smells like non-fortified rice

Page 13: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Are the nutrients in fortified rice retained

after preparation and cooking?

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Zinc Iron Vit. A Vit. B12 Folic acid

Percent Retention of Nutrients Exposed to Different Preparation and Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot

Extrusion

Excess + soaking

Excess

Boiling

Boiling + washing

Frying

In fortified rice made through coating and extrusion technologies, there is good retention of most nutrients (except Vitamin A) over a wide variety of washing and

cooking methods

Wieringa 2014

30 min soaking before boiling in excess water and discarding water

Boiling in excess water and discarding water

Boiling and letting rice absorb water

Washing before boiling and letting rice absorb water

Frying before boiling and letting rice absorb water

Page 14: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Conclusions (1)

Rice fortification is safe

Rice fortification will increase nutrient intake but

cannot eliminate all micronutrient deficiencies

Rice fortification & bio-fortification are different and

complementary interventions

Fortified rice is designed to be more micronutrient-

rich than brown, parboiled or milled rice

Page 15: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

Conclusions (2)

Rice fortification can benefit all strata of society who

have nutrient deficiencies (or are at risk)

Any variety of rice can be fortified

When properly produced, fortified rice tastes, smells

and looks the same as non-fortified rice

Most nutrients (except Vitamin A) in fortified rice

(coating, extrusion) are retained after preparation

and cooking

Page 16: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

ಧನ್ಯವಾದ

Thank you

ধন্যবাদ

Terima kasih

ຂໍ ຂອບໃຈທ່ານ

ឣរគុណඉස්තුති Salamat Po

ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ୍

धन्यवादಧನ್ಯವಾದ

Thank you

ধন্যবাদ

Terima kasih

ຂໍ ຂອບໃຈທ່ານ

ឣរគុណඉස්තුති Salamat Po

ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ୍

धन्यवाद

Page 17: Concerns, myths and misconceptions of rice fortification€¦ · Cooking Methods: Average for Coating, Cold Extrusion & Hot Extrusion Excess + soaking Excess Boiling Boiling + washing

References• Grant A. Evidence for the safety of fortifying flour with iron in the presence of thalassemia and other blood disorders (presentation). 2012. http://ffinetwork.org/about/calendar/2012/Documents%202012/TurkeySummary.pdf

• Hotz C et al. Efficacy of iron-fortified Ultra Rice in improving the iron status of women in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29:140-9.

• Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary assessments. Washington DC, National Academy Press,2000. [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9956].

• Laillou A et al. Micronutrient deficits are still public health issues among women and young children in Vietnam. PLoS ONE 7(4): e34906. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034906 2012.

• Mills JL et al. Low vitamin B-12 concentrations in patients without anemia: the effect of folic acid fortification of grain. Am J ClinNutr 2003;77:1474-7.

• Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI). Voluntary folic acid fortification monitoring and evaluation report. MPI Technical Paper No: 2012/01. MPI: Wellington, MPI, 2012.

• Nestel P et al. Biofortification of staple food crops. J Nutr 2006:136;1067-7.

• Radhika MS et al. Micronized ferric pyrophosphate supplied through extruded rice kernels improves body iron stores in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled midday meal feeding trial in Indian schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1202-10.

• Reicks et al. Total dietary fibre intakes in the US population are related to whole grain consumption: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Nutrition Research 2014.

• USDA. USDA commodity requirements: MR24 milled rice and fortified milled rice for use in international food assistance programs. USDA, 2014. www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/mr23.pdf

• USDA Nutrient Data Bank. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list

• Wieringa FT et al. Stability and retention of micronutrients in fortified rice prepared using different cooking methods. Ann NY Acad Sci 204;1-8.

• Yang Q et al. Folic acid source, usual intake, and folate and vitamin B-12 status in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:64-72.

• Ye X et al. Engineering the provitamin A (b-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 2000;287:303-5.