concerns of administrators and teachers in the diffusion of it in schools: a case study from turkey...
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Concerns Of Administrators and Teachers In The Diffusion Of IT In Schools: A Case Study From Turkey
Petek Askar & Yasemin UsluelFaculty of Education
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Introduction
Diffusion of an InnovationIT is an innovation.Use of information technology is a
diffusion process.Innovation: “any idea practice or object that is perceived
as new by an individual or other unit of adoption”.
( Rogers, 1995)
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Introduction
IT as a relatively new building block in the educational system causes
innovations which ranges from way of communications ,
& teaching and learning.
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Turkey’s ExperienceBefore 1998 10 % ( 5 000 of the schools have
computers. Basic Education Project (World Bank): 1998-1999/1842 schools-2210 IT classrooms 1999-2000/5510 schools-6612 IT classrooms 2000-2001/5511 schools-6613 IT classrooms
Total: 16 243 schools18 815 IT classroom
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The Structure of Educational System in
Turkey
S chools
Subprovincia l D irector of Educa tion
Provincial D irector of Education
M inistry of National Education
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Therotical Framework
This research is based on
four main elements in the diffusion of innovations defined by Rogers (1995); and seven stages of concern by Hall and
Hard (1987)
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Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers 1995)
Innovation characteristics,
Communication channels,
Time,
Social system.
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Stages of Concern (Hall&Hard 1987)
Awareness
( Contextual),
Information,
Personel,
Management,
Consequence,
Collaboration,
Re-focusing
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The Study
In this study,
27 teachers, 3 principals and 3 deputies
from three schools were interwieved.
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Method
The data were analysed qualitatively.
Content Analysis was used and coding
categories were created.
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Profile of Schools ( Elementary schools)
School A, a private school. It has been using computers for seven years.
School B, a public school, is a curriculum laboratory, which has received computers three years ago.
School C, a public school, has started to use computers in the beginning of this year.
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Profile of AdministratorsGender Four male, two female Age Between 40-49 IT familiarity 1 of them approx. 20 years2 of them more than five years3 of them approx. ten years
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Profile of TeachersGender
1 male, the others females.Age
3 teachers 20-29, 5 teachers 30-39, 14 teachers 40-49 fourteen, 2 teachers 50-59
IT familiarity15 teachers between 6-10 years, 2 teachers between 11
16, 1 teacher 20 years.Subject taught
12 general, 7 science and maths., 3 art, 2, social sciences, 1 sport
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Findings
Innovation Characteristics ( the degree to which an innovation is perceived as advantageous)
1. Relative advantage2. Compatibility3. Complexity4. Triability5. Observability
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Relative Advantage Administrators
All except one find IT as a useful in managament
Teachers More than half of the teachers agree
that using computers is an advantage for many tasks.
Only one teacher stated its advantage for teaching.
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Compatibility
Administrators Yes 1, No 2, Little 2Teachers Yes 2, 13 Medium, 12 Little
Physical conditions, training, crowded classrooms, overload, support
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Triability
As a management tool IT is perceived as triable.
All administrators Most of the teachers.
School A all teachers School B and C most of them.
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Complexity
Administrators and teachers Could be categorized in two groups:
Complex and easy.Age is an important factor. Complexity ratings increase as age
increases.
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Observability
Administrators and teachers Most of them stated that computers
are around in their environment ( home, office)
As a management tool, preparing lesson plans, grading...
As an instructional tool, teachers haven’t observed enough examples.
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Findings
2. Communication( participants create and share
information with one and another in order to reach a mutual understanding)
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Communication ( Obstacles) Administrators
The negative attitudes of teachers who have no knowledge
Not interested in Insufficient teacher and labs. Ministry of Education
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Communication ( Obstacles) Teachers
Insufficient computers and labs. ( All schools)
No time for extra work ( School A and B) Not interested in ( School B and C) No support ( School B and C) No computer coordinator ( School B and
C) Not enough information ( School C)
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Reasons
Reasons for deciding to use IT Information Age Students know Easy and quick way of doing things
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Findings (Stages of Concern) Overall 30% teachers has no concern about
computers as a management tool.(Most of them are at School B)
40% teachers are between awareness and management stages (Most of them are at school A- C)
30% teachers are at the management stages (Most of them are at school A). Only one teacher is at the consequence stage.
(School A) No teacher or administrator at higher levels
( Consequence, Collaboration, Re-focusing)
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