Conclusion

Respectful reader!

The authors of this book hope that, after becoming acquainted with it, you havebegun to understand deeply the peculiarities of the problems, which are solved byradio monitoring systems, and that the book has given you a new-found appreciationfor the technical features of such systems.

The book introduced you to the principles of the digital radio receiver structure,the radio direction-finding of radio emission sources, the localization of the techni-cal channels of information leakage, and the equipment for special investigations ofcompromising electromagnetic emanation and pickups, as well as the mathematicalmethods underlying the operation of radio monitoring equipment.

There is information in the book related to research, engineering, and applied sci-ence, which we feel will be useful for undergraduate and post-graduate students ofuniversities and colleges, who study the fields of radio engineering and electronics,as well as for experts from state and commercial organizations, who deal with radiomonitoring and information security.

We attempted to describe both the theoretical problems of automated radio mon-itoring equipment, as well as the specific equipment and the software samples. Theauthors are active employees of the Russian company, IRCOS, and directly partici-pate in the development and manufacturing of radio monitoring equipment. Due tothis, the authors are well versed in its features, and therefore, the descriptions anddiscussions in this book were based on examples of the equipment manufactured bythis and other Russian companies.

The long-term successful experience of developing radio monitoring equipmentand systems confirms the high potential of Russian experts in this area. The technicalsolutions used in the equipment and systems are protected by Russian patent, areconfirmed by application and independent engineering expertise, are implementedinto modern radio engineering systems, and have been honored with various Russianawards.

Engineering development occurs very fast and these technical equipment param-eters, which today seem state-of-the-art, after several years will be standard forthis field. Nevertheless, the principles and structure approaches for the automatedradio monitoring equipment described in this book are more conservative, to our

497A. Rembovsky et al., Radio Monitoring, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 43,DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-98100-0_BM2, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

498 Conclusion

mind, than the technological developments that will allow its application in furtherelaborations to come.

Of course, we were not able to address all the current problems of radio moni-toring, and various questions will certainly be raised in the mind of the interestedreader. Which problems are not included in this book? First, we think that, in anumber of cases, we were not able to include enough recommendations regardingthe practical applications of the discussed equipment. Unfortunately, we could notinclude with the book a CD with models of radio signals, radio environment, andequipment. Also, we could not consider in the book a number of new algorithmsfor signal processing, which increase the effectiveness of radio monitoring problemsolutions.

We are aware that there are shortcomings in the present book, but it is our hopethat they will not affect interest in it from the experts and the profiled institutions. Infurther editions, these shortcomings can be eliminated with time, and new materialscan be added to the book. We think that with the help of experts in this field, fromvarious states and countries, the material in these chapters can be improved, and theauthors welcome recommendations and honest evaluations. We thank respondingreaders for this in advance.

The authors would like to express special gratitude to those users of the equip-ment discussed in the book, who checked its effectiveness both in civil and militaryfields and whose opinions and suggestions have stimulated the execution of addi-tional investigations and developments and helped in the selection of most of theprospective engineering solutions.

The authors anticipate gratefully all future reader remarks and suggestions on thebook’s contents, and those comments can be directed to Springer USA or directlyto us.

Subject Index

AAccelerometers, 353–355Acoustic-electrical conversion, 493Acoustic loud-speakers, 433Active radio channels, search of, 130Adcock antenna, 238–239, 270Adjustable filters, 89Akvedook P168E, 328Algorithm

“on accumulated spectrum”, 376cluster, 400correlation-interference, 384“on exceeding the reference spectrum”,

376of radio signal spatial selection, 454raster, 399single-channel, 105testing and detection mutual (TDM), 172,

478–479, 481testing and detection separate (TDS), 478,

492“with fixed threshold”, 376

Amplifying-converting path (ACP), 57Amplitude-frequency response, 27–28Amplitude modulation, 53, 142, 145, 157–158,

162, 164, 166–167, 203–205,219–220, 222, 272

Amplitude modulation variety, 142–143Amplitude-phase, 142, 309

distributions, 311, 313–314modulation, 142shift-keying (APSK), 156signal distribution, 310

Amplitude signal-transfer function, 53Analog-digital conversion, 57, 72, 139, 242Analog-digital converter (ADC), 10, 251Analog-digital processing (ADP), 280Analog-digital processing unit, 11, 14, 17, 70,

73, 279, 297, 299, 304, 346

Analog-digital processor (FFT processor), 433Analog modulation, 140–147

amplitude modulation, 140frequency modulation, 143phase modulation, 146

Analog switchers (AS), 68Angular velocity sensors, see GyroscopesAntenna array (AA), 457Antenna effect, 12, 239, 297, 304–405,

440, 451Antenna gain coefficient, 405, 408Antenna-mast devices, 337Antenna-receiver unit (ARU), 295Antenna-switching, 271Antipodal signals, 152Aperture sampling, 250ARCView, 386ARGAMAK, 67, 80–81, 83–84, 86, 89–90,

93, 125–126, 128, 257, 263, 304,306–307, 334–336, 341, 383–384,390, 407, 449–450, 462, 464

“Argument” mobile station, 344, 369, 393,407, 418, 424

ARK-CO5 DSP unit, structural diagram of, 87ARK-CT3 digital receiver, 65ARK-D11, technical specifications of, 127ARK-D1TI measuring complex, 482–488

CEE informative components, 484monitored zone radius calculation, 486

ARK-D1TP receiver, 73, 75, 376ARK-KNV3 radio signal converter, 447ARK-KNV4 external radio signal frequency

converter, 325ARK-MT1 telescopic dielectric mast, 348ARK-PR5 DRR technical specifications, 85ARK-RD8M multi-channel panoramic radio

receiver, 128, 341functional diagram of, 128technical specifications of, 129

499

500 Subject Index

ARK-SPM spot-jamming generation, 452ARM station, see “Argument” mobile stationAtmospheric duct, 165Attenuator adjustment data, 80Attenuator attenuation value, 35Attenuators, 57, 74, 208Audio records playback, 131Audio signal modulation, 201Autofahrer Rundfunk Data (ARI), 167Automated operation modes, 132Automated technical analysis of signals,

219–233Automatic determination of radio transmitter

location, 322Automatic frequency hopping (FH), 164Automatic gain control (AGC), 57Automatic link establishment (ALE), 164Automatic radio

compass, 255, 263–265direction finder, 266–270monitoring, mode of, 259signal-analysis process, 222signals recognition, 235

Automatic signal analysis, 233–235Auto request (ARQ) technology, 163Azimuth calculation, 277Azimuth estimation, 292

BBand-pass filter (BPF), 67–68, 72, 78, 89,

206–208Bearing curves, 308–309Bearing directions, 397Bearing modes, 304Bessel function, 120, 144Bi-Di protocols, 73Binary phase shift-keying, 221Boltzmann constant, 36BPSK signal, see Binary phase shift-keyingBritish TV-Radio Company (BBC), 170Broadband radio modems, 179Broadband wireless local loop, 180Bureau on Radio Communication of ITU, 200

CCalibration coefficient, 406Calibration curve of measuring antenna, 407Calibration tests, 488–489Carrying capacity, 8, 321–322, 330, 332Cartography, 334, 398CCIR standard, 166, 205CEE informative components, 476–477, 486Cellular radio communication system, 249,

328, 331–333, 390

Channel keeping method, 172Chirp-signal, 146, 437Citizen’s Band (CB), 158Clock-frequency synthesizer, 92CLOVER protocol, 164Coaxial cable, 40, 440–441, 450Coded designation of system, 187–188

multiplexing method, 186transmitted data type, 186

Code division multiple access (CDMA), 176COFDM signals, 197Coherently-related local oscillator, 11, 335Coherent synthesizer, 54Comb, 14Combined shift keying, 139Comb sections, 14Complex transfer coefficients (CTC), 283Compromising electromagnetic emanation

(CEE), 5–6, 471Conference European of Post and

Telecommunication (CEPT),136

Continuous dynamic channel selection(CDCS), 178

Control and power supply unit (CPSU), 77, 79Correlation interference method, 461Correlation interferometric meter (CIM), 241,

251, 278CRT monitor testing mode parameters, 475Crystal receiver, 24Crystal resonator, 93Cube law, 48, 52Cyclic redundance check (CRC), 329

DDangerous radio emissions, detection of, 468Data accumulation (processing) time, 113Data radio channel (DARC), 167Dead zone, 160Decay slope, 36Decoding or demodulating units, 84Delphi/C++ Builder, 386Demodulated messages, recording of, 130Demodulation process, 139Demodulator/decoder selection, 202Detection threshold, 107–108, 111, 373–374,

376–377, 384, 481Difference-distance-measuring (DDM)

systems, 320Diffraction theory, 409Diffusive dispersion (re-reflection), 165Digital-analog tracking systems, 55Digital cartographic information, 404

Subject Index 501

Digital communication protocols, 163Digital demodulators, 57Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications

(DECT), 178–179Digital frequency synthesizers, 57Digital radio mondiale (DRM), 161Digital radio receiver (DDR), 56–60, 297, 356

ARK-CT1, 67–73ARK-CT3, 75–79ARK-KNV4 external remote-controlled

converter, 79–81ARK-PR5 argamak digital radio receiver,

81–93general principles, 56types of ARM receivers, 58

Digital signal processing (DSP), 57, 199, 240Digital spectrum analysis, 63, 128Digital video broadcasting (DVB-T), 170Directional antenna, properties of a, 238Direction finder

accuracy, 16, 19, 21, 241, 243, 252–253,256, 280, 311, 314–315, 320, 397,458

disadvantages of, 255mono-pulse, 242, 248, 273, 316, 334, 384operation accuracy of, 245sensitivity, 246

Direction-finding (DF) stations, 16Direction-finding errors, 243, 268, 270,

307–309, 313correction, 307–315

Direction-finding method, 240, 242–243,250–252, 256, 267, 309–310,378, 460

multi-channel, 382–384, 464Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), 176Discrete (digital) modulation, 147–158

amplitude-shift keyed signal, 147Discrete Fourier transformation (DFT),

197, 281Discretization errors, 350Discrimination coefficient, 37–38Dispatcher panel, 208Distant monitoring of remote premises, 125Distant radio monitoring, 438–451

ARK-D13 system, 450ARK-D3T system, 443ARK-D9 system, 448construction principles, 438examples of, 441

DLL/ActiveX, 386Doppler effect, 161, 240, 270Doppler shift compensation, 55

Double-channel method, 436Double-channel panoramic digital receiver, 462Double phase telegraphy, 153Double relative phase telegraphy (DRPT), 154Double-sideband AM (DSB), 143Double-sideband AM with suppressed carrier

(DSBSC), 143Double side-band modulation (DSB), 219DRM broadcasting formats, 192DVB-T broadcasting formats, 192Dynamic AM (DAM), 143

EElectromagnetic accessibility (EMA), 335Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 25, 136Electromagnetic district relief, 418Electromagnetic emissions of computing

equipment, 472Electromagnetic environment analysis

application (SMO-DX), 496Electromagnetic field strength measurement,

403–424calculation of, 408, 414compatibility calculation, 423distribution estimation, 406district topography, 409location determination, 419mathematical relations, 404processing of measurements, 415transmitters checking, 421urban build-up, 411vegetation influence, 412

Electron-beam tube (EBT), 266Emission parameters, 3, 6, 9, 18, 20, 428Enhanced data rates for global evolution

(EDGE), 176EPP protocols, 73Equisignal method, 253–255, 263Error correction, 164, 185, 315Euroboard standard, 86, 88European Broadcast Union (EBU), 166European Telecommunication Standard

Institute (ETSI), 136

FFacsimile, see Image transmission systemFalse-detection probability, 101False switching, 367Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 72, 196Fast task correction during scanning, 131Field-effect-transistors (FET), 357Filter fine-tuning, 69Forward error correction (FEC), 164

502 Subject Index

Frequency converter, 12, 14, 17, 22, 26, 30, 65,67, 71, 89–90, 125, 128, 334, 341,348, 447

Frequency correction coefficients, 80Frequency deflection, 151, 196, 198, 271Frequency deviation, 205

estimation, 212Frequency measurement, 195–201

FFT method, 197–198instantaneous method, 196–197spectrum width measurement, 199–201

Frequency mixer, 31Frequency modulation index, 143, 146, 151Frequency-shift keyed signal, 148Frequency synthesizer (FS), 54, 280Frequency-time diagram, 373Full detection probability, 108

GG4–164 signal generator, 363Gain coefficient, 24, 37, 405Gain-transfer characteristic (GTC), 44Gasoline electric generators (GEG), 369, 371Gating, 220–221Gaussian distribution, 101Gaussian FSK (GFSK) signal, 148GeminiPD+, 328General package radio service (GPRS),

176, 331GeoConstructor, 386Geodesic line view, 237Geo-information systems (GIS), 386Gilbert transform, 197, 290–291GISToolkit Panorama, 386Global positioning system (GPS), 168, 352Global system for mobile communications

(GSM), 175GWX ActiveX control, 386Gyroscopes, 353–355

HHandheld radio direction finder

ARK-RP3, 256–262ARK-RP4, 262–263

Heterodyne, 26High-pass filter (HPF), 68High performance local area network

(HiperLAN), 182Homing method, 20, 395Horn measuring antenna, 79Hut model, 165

IIEEE standards, 192Image transmission system, 162

Inertial navigation system (INS), 351Inertial sensors, 353–355Information leakage, electromagnetic channels

of, 428–430Information security calculation, 492, 496Information security index, 471–473, 488–490

calculation of, 473–474Information security monitoring, 488–492Information transmission, 1, 3, 220, 435Input-disturbing signal level, 48Instantaneous frequency measurement

(IFM), 196IntegraTR or T-96SR radio, 328Interceptors, 427Interferometer

correlation, 273–281double-channel, 293measuring system, 281–289N–channel correlation, 279phase, 251, 273–278principle, 356single-channel measuring system, 289–295structural diagram of, 273

Intermediate frequency, 11, 25–26, 31, 33,55, 57, 78, 80, 89, 198, 221–242,266–267, 270, 281, 297, 304, 337,341, 363, 377, 379

Intermediate frequency unit (IFU), 78Intermodulation characteristics, 46Intermodulation component (IC), 47, 49, 51International Consultative Committee on Radio

Broadcast, 166International frequency range distribution

(IFRD), 188–191International Organization of Radio, 166International Telecommunication Union

(ITU), 136International teleprinter alphabet (ITA2),

163–164Intrusion protection systems, 189Inverse operation, 153Inverse weighting distance method, 417–418Ionosphere irregularities, 165

KKaiser-Bessel window, 72Kotelnikov theorem, 198

LLacing, 200LCD monitor testing mode parameters, 475Likelihood functions, 96, 479Limiters, 57Linear interpolation method, 74–75

Subject Index 503

Linear voltage regulators and stabilizers, 360LO harmonics, 27, 32Low frequency modulating oscillation, 142Low-noise amplifier (LNA), 41

MMalfunctions in communication channels, 203MapInfo, 386Marker pegs, 243Mark frequencies, 151Maximal-likelihood, 99, 398–399, 480Measurement mode, 221–231Measuring receiver

ARGAMAK-I panoramic receiver, 93ARK-D1TP digital panoramic receiver,

73–75Micro-cellular communication systems, 178Microprocessor-controlled (MPC) unit, 90Minimal shift-keying (MSK), 220, 151MobiDARC, 168Mobile direction finder, 249, 297, 308,

311–313, 315–316, 393, 395, 397,402, 457, 461, 464

ARTIKUL-M1, 299–301ARTIKUL-M4, 295–299ARTIKUL-P, 301–306ARTIKUL-P11, 306–307

Mobile radio monitoring stations, 289,364–365, 404, 428

Mobile telegraph, 179Modern radio electronic signals, 158–188

international system for signal designation,182–188

SW range signals, 158–164VHF range signals, 165–182

Modulating signal, 139–143, 146, 167, 199,204–205, 209, 211, 272, 437

auto-correlation function of, 320binary, 147–148coded designation of, 185filtering of, 150sinusoidal, 140–141, 211

Modulation parameters, measurementproblems of, 318

Modulation theory, 135Modulation type, determination of, 201,

203, 205Moore code, 164Morse code, 182MPEG-4, 162Multichannel multipoint distribution systems

(MMDS), 169Multi-channel receivers

ARK-D11 double-channel complex,125–126

ARK-RD8M multi-channel complex,126–130

panoramic multi-channel receivers,123–125

Multi-path propagation, 240Multipath radio waves propagation, 270, 460Multiple-pass panoramic coverage mode, 60Multiple signal classification (MUSIC), 241Multi-position radio monitoring, 390

NNarrow-band components, 95, 98, 101, 479Narrow-band frequency modulation (NFM),

146, 162, 304Narrow-band signal

threshold algorithm of, 100double-channel detection of, 117

Navigation software package, 398Near instantaneous companded audio

multiplex, 170Neiman-Pirson criterion, 99NICAM, see Near instantaneous companded

audio multiplexNoise immunity of receiver, 58Non-linear law, 52Non-linear radar, 428Normal time interval, 175–176

OOn-board network of aircraft, 359One-signal selectivity, 34, 43Operation concealment, 396, 427Optimal maximal-likelihood estimate, 101Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM), 161

PPACTOR, 164Paging communication, see Mobile telegraphPanoramic measurement receiver, 59Panoramic receiver, 8, 55, 58–59, 93, 257, 281,

283–286, 292, 335, 341, 407Panoramic spectral analysis, 130–131, 133,

257, 429, 433Panoramic technical analysis (PTA), 362ParagonPD+ basic station, 328Path transfer function, 28, 44, 46Periodograms, 478–481Phase crosstalk distortions, 54Phase deflection amplitude, 146Phase delays, determination of, 284Phase detectors, 207–208

504 Subject Index

Phase direction finders, 250Phase-locked-frame (PLL), 265Phase-locked-loop methods, 205Phase shift-keying (PSK), 152Point-of-multiple-access, 327Point-point type transmission, 332Poisson event, 112Polarization angle, 238, 245Polarization direction finders, 250Post-processing signal analysis, 208Power gain factors, 39Pre-detection and post-detection amplifica-

tion, 24Programmable operating frequency tuning

(POFT), 13, 108, 115signal detection, 115–116, 123signal direction finding, 382–383signal-reveal method, 116signal transmitter, 109, 112

Pseudo-distances, 352Pseudo-Doppler systems, 240Pseudo-random sequence, 177Pulse

amplitude, 139duration, 139, 473, 475, 486repetition rate, 139signal polarity, 167voltage stabilizers, 360

Purely noise, 103

QQ–factor, 24Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM),

143, 157Quadrature amplitude shift-keying

(QASK), 157Quadrature modulation (QM), 220Quadrature phase shift-keying with the shift

(OQPSK), 220Quasi-doppler direction finders, 270–272Quasi-doppler systems, 251, 316Quasi-optimal methods, 99, 118Quasi-peak detector, 75Quasi-stationary method, 396–397

RRadial communication system, 171Radio amateurs’ zones, 171Radio amateur standard, 163Radio communication regulations of Russian

Federation, 136Radio data system (RDS), 167Radio direction finders, 237, 239–251, 253,

262, 319–320

structural diagram and characteristics,241–242

technical parameters of, 242–250accuracy of direction finding, 243being-found signals, 249cost, 250deployment time, 249noise immunity, 247operating frequency range, 249operating rate, 248resolution, 248sensitivity, 246

Radio direction-finding technique, 238–241Radio electronic environment (REE), 2Radio electronic intelligence vs. radio

frequency spectrum, 318Radio electronic means (REM), 1, 5, 9, 136Radio emission

occupied frequency band of, 199classification, 203detection, 435sources (RES)

drive method, 395automatic calculation method, 398localization methods, 395peculiarities of multi-channel direction

finding, 401quasi-stationary method, 396simultaneous direction finding, 402

Radio-Ethernet operating, 327Radio frequency center, 414Radio frequency interference, 370Radio frequency spectrum (RF), 135

administrative division of, 137Radio-game, 437Radio microphone

detection of, 442detection problems, 428identification of, 437–438, 442, 453localization of, 437–438, 453polarization type of, 433

Radio-monitoring devices, 11Radio monitoring equipment

characteristics, 16–21detection systems, 16manpack ARM equipment, 19–21portable equipment, 18–19radio monitoring and RES locationstationary and mobile stations, 16–18

classification of, 6–9design constraints, 8performance, 8

design philosophy, 9–12

Subject Index 505

technical parameters, 12–15quality criterion selection, 12–13

Radio monitoring stations, 195, 200, 262, 319,344, 350, 357, 362, 364, 369–370,398

Radio monitoring systemArcha stationary station, 334–338Arena portable station, 346–347Argument mobile station, 338–346control arrangement in system, 326–333

combined ARK-POM, 332low-speed radio channel, 328mobile and deployed posts, 328radio modems, 331stationary posts, 326

electric power supply, 356–372ARK-UPS12, 365autonomous electric station usage, 369multi-channel pulse source, 364pulse power supply of low power, 362radio equipment sources, 357requirements for, 356secondary sources, 360

location determination system, 318–320mast devices, 347–349navigation systems for, 349–356

features of, 350mobile stations navigation, 355

special software support, 372–390Structure of, 320–326

ARK-POM1, 321ARK-POM2, 322ARK-POM3 geographically-distributed

system, 322combined ARK-POM system, 323

Radio-monitoring unit, 59Radio navigation, 23, 147, 237, 352Radio network configuration, 172Radio-operators, 158Radio-phone communication, 171Radio receiver parameters, 27–56

amplitude-frequency response, 28attenuator influence, 51blockage effect, 52crosstalk distortions, 53inherent noise and sensitivity, 36intercept points, 47, 52intermodulation noise, 43intermodulation-free dynamic range, 50main and spurious channels, 30multi-signal selectivity, 43phase noise, 54pre-amplifiers, 39, 42

RR selectivity, 34voltage standing wave ratio, 29

Radio signalconverters, 92, 450, 461demodulation, 64, 91detection in monitored premise, 430–437

detection algorithm, 435detection effectiveness dependence, 436generalized structure of equipment, 432near-field and far-field regions, 430

deviation, 167–168emission, 110modulation type, 208–218

AM signal, 208automated radio signal, 219FFSK signal, 211FM signal, 211PSK signal, 216

parameters, automatic measurement of, 379processing, 343propagation channel, 140recording, 125, 449superposition, 281transition, 79

Radiotext, 167Radio transparent radome, 340, 344, 458–459,

461Radio wave incidence angle, 271Radio wave propagation

in forest-park zones, 412mathematical model of, 409

Radio wave reflection, 307Random direction-finding errors, 243–244Rayleigh distribution, 118–120Receiving and processing unit (RPU), 257Red-black trees, 402Reference-methodical documents (RMD), 471Reference oscillator (RO), 56Reference spatial signal (RSS), 278, 284Refinement method, 278Reflex receiver, 24Regenerative and super-regenerative

amplifiers, 24Regional radio broadcast, 160Remote radio monitoring systems, software

for, 451–457detection algorithms, 454equipment operation, 455radio microphone detection, 453radio microphone localization, 455SMO-DX application, 452

Repeater (repeater network), 171RF amplifier (RFA), 23

506 Subject Index

Root-mean-square (RMS) error, 243Root-mean-square (RMS), 36RTTY protocol, 163, 233–235Rubidium oscillator, 198Russian Arm systems, 60–67

fifth-generation radio receivers, 66first- and second-generation systems, 60third and fourth generation, 62

Russian coaxial cables, 440Russian minivan, 313Russian Standard Agency, 482

SSatellite radio navigation systems (SRNS), 350Satellite retransmitter-transponder, 154Scanning generator, 311–312Scanning receivers, 58, 60, 428Scrambling, 170, 202, 437Secondary power supply (SPS), 90Selective micro-voltmeter, 28, 58, 93Sensor array processing, 251Shepard method, 417Shift-keying characteristics, determination,

204Signal amplitude, measurement, 294Signal attenuation, 35–36, 40, 69, 89, 247, 409,

412, 440, 488–490, 494Signal demodulation, 90, 206Signal frequency estimation, 198Signal generation unit (SGU), 291Signal inverse shift, 33Signal-missing probability, 105Signal-noise ratio (SNR), 13, 37, 89, 458Signal spectrum, measurement error of, 111Signal transfer function variation, 52Single-channel signal detection, 97–105,

108–117ARM system parameters, 113characteristics, 105discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 97frequency observation time, 109registered frequencies, 112separate frequency registration, 111

Single-channel vs. double-channel processing,119–121

Single side band (SSB), 56, 142–143Single sideband with suppressed carrier

(SSBSC), 143Sinusoidal carrier oscillation, 142Sinusoidal modulating oscillation, 143,

146, 204Sinusoidal signals, 47Skin-effect, 361

Slow frequency hopping (SFH), 176SMO-KN application package, 373, 380, 387SMO-MCRM software, 130–133

operation modes, 131purpose and performance capabilities, 130

Smoothing window, 104SMO-PPK (PA) software, 304, 372, 379, 407SMO-PRIZ application, 485–487, 490–492SMO-SECTOR program, 464SMO-STA software, 206–208SMO-TESTER application, 482–484, 492SMO-THESIS, 492–496Solar batteries, 9, 369, 372Space frequencies, 151Special mathematical software (SMS)

program, 11Spectral and bearing data (SBD), 374Spectral-bearing data (SPD), 383, 388Spectral frequency scale, 209Spectral-power density, 200Spectrum

analyzer (SA), 28, 58, 93, 115, 196,427–428

modification, character of, 202transition, 25, 31, 72

Speech transmission method, 171Spike antenna, 238–239, 241, 270Spline-interpolation, 313, 407Spot-jamming, 439–441, 443, 452SPP protocols, 73Spurious channel formation, 30Star topology, 330, 333Statistical theory of pattern recognition, 204Stenographing, 131, 133Sub-carrier Communication Allocation

(SCA), 167Superheterodyne receiver, 23, 25–27, 30, 58,

60, 70, 93Super-regenerative receiver, 25Suppression method, 70Survey mode, 231–233SXP format digital maps, 403Synchronization connectors, 88Synthesis theory of joint optimal algorithms,

96System of active noisiness (SAN), 473, 490System-wide car equipment, 343

TTCP/IP, see Transport Control Protocol/Internet

ProtocolT-DAB broadcasting, 168, 192Technical channel of information leakage

(TCIL)

Subject Index 507

antenna system selection, 458ARTIKUL-M6 mobile direction finder, 461detection of sources by mobile station,

457–468frequencies checking, 467initial data frames, 464RES detection, 459software structure and search proce-

dure, 462suspicious frequency list, 465

Technical surveillance countermeasures(TSCM), 403, 427

Testing protocol, 487, 492, 495Thermal-stable micro-power voltage

regulators, 357Thinned out antenna groups, 278Third register, 163Threshold displacement, 414Time division multiple access (TDMA), 175Time-frequency diagram (TFD), 384Time multiplexing, 279, 290TR-965SR radio, 328Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,

326–327, 331, 337, 372, 380, 453Trunking (hitcher) systems, 171–172, 192, 374

analog, 173digital, 173–174

Tuned radio receiver, 23–27Tuner spectrum components, 32TV channel frequencies, 190–191

UUltra high frequency (UHF), 67, 86, 88,

143, 256

Universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS), 178

VVery high frequency (VHF), 67, 89, 165–168,

170Video signal spectrum, 170Voice codec, 175Voltage multiplication operation, 43Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), 27, 29

WWalsh 64-bit sequence, 177Watson-Watt direction finders, 239, 250Wave impedance, 30, 239Weak electromagnetic emissions, detec-

tion, 476Weighting distance, 417Wide-band signals, 42, 95, 126, 334Wide frequency modulation (WFM) 146Window functions (weighting functions), 198Wireless local area network (WLAN), 180Wireless metropolitan area network

(WAN), 180Wireless personal area network (WPAN), 182World Administrative Radio Communication

Conference (WARS), 136World Technical Standard Communication

Conference (WTSC), 136Wullenweber direction finder, 239–240, 242

ZZOOM FFT, 198

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