conclusions and scope for the further...

CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR THE FURTHER STUDY

1. The ambient gamma radiation exposure levels recorded in the Granite

and Sand Quarries located in and around Malnad Biosphere region are

comparable with the levels observed at other parts of the world as well as

in India.

2. Based on the gamma activity measurements of Ra, Th and K in

soil, granites and minerals, it can be concluded that we have recorded

higher concentration of Ra, Th and K (much above the global

average range) in a few places like areas around Chitradurga fort,

Chandravalli, Hanagal particularly in the vicinity of granitic regions. And

not in the areas of basement rocks consisting of gneisses and schistose

rocks belonging to the Archaean age. This is consistent with the

geological history and the geochemical significance of these rocks. Also

it has been clearly established that, there is no leakage of any type of

radioactive materials from Copper mines at Ingladhal and BBH mines

near Hosadurga in the Chitradurga district based on the study of soil,

minerals and granites and water samples.

182

3. The activities of ^̂ ^Ra, ^ ' % and ^'°Pb in soils measured in the

Granite and Sand quarries in and around Malnad region show that, the

observed ratios of ^'°Po to ^̂ ^Ra and ^'°Po to ^'°Pb show that

both ^'°Po and ^'°Pb are not in equilibrium with ^̂ ^Ra. Further,

the topographic and hydraulic gradients would strongly influence the

systematics of '̂°Po to ^̂ R̂a ratio.

4. Some rocks especially granites and minerals showed higher radioactivity

levels.The radioactivity is due to the presence of in them either of minerals

containing radioactive elements (Uranium, thorium, radium), or of

radioactive isotopes of potassium, calcium, rubidium, zirconium, tin,

tellurium, tungsten, rhenium, or bismuth. In addition, a number of minerals

have the capacity to adsorb radioactive elements and isotopes from the

surrounding medium. As a consequence, their presence also raises the

radioactivity of rocks. Thus it has been found that, the clays and

argillaceous shales have increased radioactivity as aresult of the sorption of

elements in the earth's crust. The radioactivity of rock is given as a

percentage amount of uranium.

^ nG a r = ^ ^ ...6.1

act y^

n G

183

Where, n̂ and ng are the number of particles emitted every minute

respectively from the rock sample and the standard.Gr and Gs are the

weights of the rock and the standard respectively in grams and a is the

weight of the uranium in the standard substance.

5. The study of radioactivity in rocks is useful in the measurement of rock

density in a mass, as absorption of gamma rays depends on the density of

the material. Electrical strength of rocks changes by the effect of gamma

rays and still other properties like microhardness, specific gravity and a

number of physiochemical properties of rocks change by the presence of

gamma rays. The data provided in the present study provides valuable

information for geophysicists in the charecterization of various types of

rocks.

6. The activity of Rn in water samples measured show that,

concentration of ^̂ R̂n in the bore well waters of Chandravalli are quite

high compared to those dug in other locations in the town except a well

near Government Hospital which showed higher concentration for radon

in the water.

7. The electric properties of soils, minerals and granites and their

correlation with distribution of radionuclides in them requires lot of

attention. It is found that, increase of Si02 in soil and Granite is an

184

indication of Thorium content in the soil. The effect of radiation emitted

by Thorium on electric property of Silicon is also need to be studied.

8. In the present study, the chemical characterization of soil was not

undertaken during the measurement of specific activities of Po and

radioactive '̂°Pb in soil samples. The effect of various chemical

parameters, such as, particle size , pH of the soil, calcium carbonate in

soil, cation exchange capacity of the soil, carbon content and organic

matter content in soil on distribution coefficient of '̂°Po and radioactive

Pb, lead mobility, etc., requires lot of attention and will be taken up for

the fiiture studies.

185

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