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CONCRETE BUILDINGS SUBJECTED EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY
Mehmet Inel Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey
Introduction
Over the past two decades Turkey has been hit by several moderate to large earthquakes that resulted in
significant loss of life and property. These are: 1992 Erzincan, 1995 Dinar, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan, 1999
Kocaeli, 1999 Duzce, 2002 Afyon-Sultandagi, and 2003 Bingol earthquakes. 1999 Kocaeli and Duzce
earthquakes are the largest natural disasters of 20th century in Turkey after 1939 Erzincan earthquake. For
the Kocaeli earthquake, the official death toll was more than 15 000, with approximately 44,000 people
injured and thousands left homeless. A total of 330,000 residences were damaged; the shares of light,
moderate, and severely damaged or collapsed units are 118 000, 112 000, and 100 000, respectively [1, 2].
A summary of major earthquakes over last two decades is given in Table 1. Remarkable number of
casualties and heavily damaged or collapsed buildings in Turkey has highlighted inadequate seismic
performance of reinforced concrete building stock in Turkey and in countries with similar construction
practice. Devastating life and property losses were mainly caused by heavily damaged or collapsed
multistory reinforced concrete buildings, typically three to seven stories in height.
Table 1. Destructive earthquakes in Turkey over past two decades [1]
Date (dd/mm/yy) Magnitude Location # of
deaths # of injured
# of heavily damaged buildings
Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)
Depth (km)
13.03.1992 Ms = 6.8 Erzincan 653 3 850 6 702 39.68 39.56 27
01.10.1995 Ms = 5.9 Dinar 94 240 4 909 38.18 30.02 24
27.06.1998 Ms = 5.9 Adana-Ceyhan 146 940 4 000 36.85 35.55 23
17.08.1999 Ms = 7.4 Kocaeli 15 000 32 000 50 000 or
100 000 residences
40.70 29.91 20
12.11.1999 Mw = 7.2 Duzce 845 4 948 15 389 40.79 31.21 11
03.02.2002 Mw = 6.5 Afyon-Sultandagi
42 325 4 401 38.46 31.30 6
01.05.2003 Mw = 6.4 Bingol 176 521 1 351 38.94 40.51 6
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In literature, there are many studies related to the aforementioned earthquakes in Turkey, especially about
1999 earthquakes [2-9]. Observed structural damages and their sources, performance of structures,
structural deficiencies etc. were covered in these studies. Many structural deficiencies and mistakes such
as non-ductile details, soft and weak stories, short columns, strong beams-weak columns, large and heavy
overhangs, and poor concrete quality were observed. Studies concluded that there are thousands of
buildings vulnerable to severe damage in moderate or larger earthquakes.
General observations and conclusions of the studies are briefly summarized as: (1) there is a consensus
about that mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings with low technology engineered residential construction
have been responsible for considerable life and property losses during seismic events, (2) structural
damages were mostly due to repetition of well known mistakes of the past in the design and construction
of reinforced concrete buildings, (3) damaged buildings generally had irregular structural framing, poor
detailing, and no shear walls, (4) Turkey has a modern seismic code that is compatible with the codes in
other seismic countries of the world and periodically updated to reflect progress of knowledge in the
field of earthquake resistant design. However, major weaknesses are in the enforcement of seismic codes
and regulations and lack of an effective design and construction supervision system, (5) altering the
member sizes from what is foreseen in the design drawings, poor detailing which do not comply with the
design drawings, inferior material quality and improper mix-design, changes in structural system by
adding/removing components, reducing quantity of steel from what is required and shown in the design,
and poor construction practice were listed among common problems.
Inel et al. [10] evaluated concrete strength of existing buildings through an experimental study. They
carried out an extensive field and laboratory study on existing public buildings using core sampling
method. The field and laboratory study of 167 public buildings showed that 33 buildings have concrete
strength of less than 8 MPa while 56 buildings have concrete strength of between 8 and 10 MPa. They
concluded that almost one-half of the investigated buildings seemed to be critical in terms of concrete
strength based on collapsed buildings in the past earthquakes having concrete strength of 8 to 10 MPa.
This study presents damaged concrete buildings during 2003 Bingol earthquake. All presented data and
pictures are obtained from May 1, 2003 Bingol Earthquake report by Ozcebe et al. [11].
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Figure 1. Plan view of Bingol High School
Table 2. Building description of Bingol High School Building Type School Construction Year NA # of floors 4 Type RCSW Damage Light
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Figure2. Bingol High School after 2003 Bingol Earthquake (Heavy)
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Figure 3. Plan view of Rekabet Kurumu High School
Table 3. Building description of Rekabet Kurumu High School Building Type School Construction Year NA # of floors 3 Type RCSW Damage Light
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Figure 4. Rekabet Kurumu High School after 2003 Bingol Earthquake (Light)
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Figure 5. Plan view of Anodolu Ogretmen High School
Table 4. Building description of Anodolu Ogretmen High School Building Type School Construction Year 1974 # of floors 3 Type RCSW Damage Moderate
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Figure 6. Anadolu Ogretmen High School after 2003 Bingol Earthquake (Moderate)
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Figure 7. Typical school plan without shear walls. All the walls shown in the drawing refer to those occupying a full span. Walls with openings are excluded. All the columns have dimensions of 0.3m x 0.5m. The arrow indicates the entrance to the building. Dimensions are in cm.
School Building Dormitory Building
Figure 8. Celtiksuyu Boarding School after Bingol Earthquake
Table 5. Building description of Celtiksuyu Boarding School
Building Type School Construction Year NA # of floors 3 Type RCF Damage Heavy/collapse
The most tragic collapse occurred at Çeltiksuyu Primary Boarding School. Since the earthquake occurred
at 3:27 a.m. local time, the majority of the students were asleep in the dormitory in which 84 (out of 195)
students and 1 teacher lost their lives.
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Figure 9. Typical residential building after Bingol Earthquake (ID:BNG-6-4-3)
Table 6. Building description of a typical residential building (ID:BNG-6-4-3) Building Type Residential Construction Year 2003 # of floors 4 Type RCF Damage Heavy/collapse
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Figure 10. Typical residential building after Bingol Earthquake (BNG-11-4-2)
Table 7. Building description of a typical residential building (ID: BNG-11-4-2) Building Type Residential Construction Year 1989 # of floors 4 Type RCF Damage Heavy/collapse
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Figure 10. Typical residential building after Bingol Earthquake (BNG-10-5-2)
Table 8. Building description of a typical residential building (ID: BNG-11-4-2) Building Type Residential Construction Year 1988 # of floors 5 Type RCF Damage Light
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Ground story collapse of 3-sroty building
Ground story collapse of 4-story building
Column and beam damage
Beam column joint in building under construction
Column end failure
Spalling and crushing concrete due to high axial loads
Figure 11. Damages observed in reinforced concrete buildings for 2003 Bingol earthquake
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Brittle failure of column and buckling of bars
Seperation of column due to improper detailing
Column detailing in plastic hinge region
Column splice
Insufficient confined column
Shear failure of short column
Shear failure of shear walls (at ground and first floor)
Shear walls failure
Figure 12. Column and shear wall damages observed in reinforced concrete buildings
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Figure. 13. Expected concrete strength values according to construction year of buildings
(Inel et al. 2007).
Summary and Conclusions
2003 Bingol earthquake was unfortunately confirmed similar lessons learned from previous earthquakes.
The observations in many documents reported the followings:
• Building plans are irregular.
• The quality of concrete used is poor.
• Defects in the detailing of both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement are very common.
It is relevant to note that Turkey has a modern seismic code that is compatible with the codes in other
seismic countries of the world and periodically updated to reflect progress of knowledge in the field of
earthquake resistant design. However, major weaknesses are in the enforcement of seismic codes and
regulations and lack of an effective design and construction supervision system. Furthermore, engineers
are, on the whole, well educated and competent.
The performance of buildings with structural walls was observed to be quite satisfactory for life safety
aspect. Buildings with higher ratios of structural wall to floor area had less damage due to reduced drift
limit demands with higher stiffness of the lateral load resisting system The performance of structural
walls was found to be insensitive to inadequate detailing practices, inaccurate placement of reinforcement,
and substandard materials.
Construction Year
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
f c ex
pect
ed (M
Pa)
─Specified values divided by material factor of 1.5
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References
1. General Directorate of Minister Affairs, Earthquake Research Department, www.deprem.gov.tr.
2. Sucuoglu H. The 1999 Kocaeli and Duzce-Turkey earthquakes, available at www.metu.edu.tr/home/
wwweerc/guncel/koca-dzc.pdf.
3. Dogangun A. Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1 2003 Bingöl
earthquake in Turkey, Engineering Structures, 2004; 26(6): 841-856.
4. Sezen H, Whittaker AS, Elwood KJ, Mosalam KM. Performance of reinforced concrete buildings
during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction
practice in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 2003; 25(1):103-114.
5. Scawthorn C, Johnson GS. Preliminary report: Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake of 17 August 1999.
Engineering Structures, 2000; 22(7):727-745.
6. Adalier K, Aydingun O. Structural engineering aspects of the June 27, 1998 Adana–Ceyhan
(Turkey) earthquake. Engineering Structures, 2001; 23(4):343-355.
7. Yakut A, Gulkan P, Bakır BS, Yılmaz MT. Re-examination of damage distribution in Adapazari:
structural considerations. Engineering Structures, 2005; 27(7): 990-1001.
8. Ozcebe G, Ramirez J, Wasti TS, Yakut A. 1 May 2003 Bingol earthquake. Engineering Report, at
http://www.seru.metu.edu.tr/archives/databases/Bingol_Database, 2004, Publication No:2004/1.
9. Inel M, S. M. Senel ve Un H. Experimental Evaluation Of Concrete Strength in Existing Buildings”,
Magazine of Concrete Research, 2008; 60(4): 279-289.
10. Inel, M.,H. B. Ozmen and H. Bilgin. Re-evaluation of building damage during recent earthquakes in
Turkey, Engineering Structures, 2008; 30(2): 421-427).
11. Ozcebe G., J. Ramirez, S.T. Wasti and A. Yakut. 1 MAY 2003 Bingol Earthquake Engineering
Report, joint report of Tubitak and NSF.