Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged

Europe : Perspectives for R & D Co-operationEurope : Perspectives for R & D Co-operation

Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 – 8Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 – 8thth October 2004 October 2004

«New paths for Photovoltaics«New paths for Photovoltaics» 

Pr. Jean-Bernard SAULNIER, vice Scientific Director , Department of Engineering Sciences (SPI), CNRS, PARIS

J.C. Muller ; CNRS-PHASE laboratory

SummarySummary

PV : a need for research ?

An overview of CNRS research forces

The main keys: Efficiency, cost

Hierarchic perspectives :Short, mean and long term

Great variety of applicationsGreat variety of applications

Source : PV Energy Syst.Fev. 2002

From space to terrestrial use

Off gridTelecomLightningPumps, refrigeratorsBuildingConsumers products

Grid connected (distributed, centralized)

World production of modulesWorld production of modules

Source : PV News, feb/ may 2003

Driven PV roofs:

Japan 70 000

Germany100 000

France10 000

~ 500 MW (2002), ~ 34% /year => 1 GW ~ 2005

Off grid: FranceGrid connected : Germany, Japan

Non uniform market (MW)Non uniform market (MW)

Global inst. 2002

/ year : 2002Global inst. 2010

Germany 280 83 Europe

3000France 17 3

Japan 212 44 4800

USA 636 184 3000

World (IEA) 1300 340

4-6 €/ W installed

30-50 c€ / kWh

Sinuclear

3 c€ /kWh

Bulk Crystalline Silicon : 85%

Thin films : 15%Amorphous Si…Chalcogenides

OrganicQuantum cells

Systems

TechnologiesTechnologies

Evolution of technologies : Evolution of technologies : efficienciesefficiencies

1st : Bulk Si : sc/mc-Si (85%)

2nd : thin film : Si ribbon (3%) a-Si (4 %), CIS (1 %), c-Si & organic

3rd : new. materials

A. Goetzberger & J. Luther,FhG-ISE (DE)

Which issues for these technologiesWhich issues for these technologies ??

Bulk-Si Modules & Systems 4-6 € /Wc and 30-50 c€ / kWh Reduce : Cost/ Efficiency

Reduce impact of raw material Improve the management of integrated systems

in grids & and in buildings

Materials & concepts for future Improve stability (ex :organic 3% < 500 h)

Thin films Industrial Development Faster processes & larger surfaces Efficiencies 12 à 15 % (modules)

Short Term Prospective: < 5 years

Crystalline bulk Silicon

Decrease impact of raw material:

Purification of metallurgical Si : plasma processesThinner wafers or ribbons(30-150 µm)New electro-chemical sawing processes:less losses Projects: ADEME-PW-CEA-CNRS Reducop et Sinergies

Grid Integration of multi-sources Systems Smart converters, storage, securized

Projects: Reducop & Sinergies (ADEME-PW-CEA-CNRS :2004-2007)

Objectives: 18% - 20% et 0,8-1,0 € / W

Multi-cristallineMulti-cristalline Silicon : mc-SiSilicon : mc-Si

UNSW

CNRS

Photowatt

Source : GIT (USA) 2000

Progresses:program

PV16 ADEME/CNRSPHOTOWATT 1999-200316%, 2 € /W

Mean Term Prospective : mean term mean term 5 to 15 years5 to 15 years

Industrial Development of thin films Fast processes, higher efficiency and larger surfaces

Si crystalline large grains / transfer of crystalline-Si

Amorphous/pm/µc-Si transfer pm-Si to industry (FEE, SOLEMS, UNAXIS) new tandem Si/SiGe and Si/µcSi cells hetero-structures (HIT)

Chalcogenides (CIS) 2 ways: electro-chemical (CISEL project) and dry

processes towards modules (30X30cm)

Alternative thin films: CIS

«Crystalline Si performances for the price of amorphous »

• Co-evaporation: Dry technology, exploration of new compounds

• Electro-deposition: CISEL Project (CNRS-EDF-St Gobain)

Source : P. Roca, LPICM Ecole Polytechnique

Contact -Photons

CuInSe2

ZnO

Molybdène

CdS

Verre

Contact +

Source : J.F. Guillemoles, LECA

Heterojunctions with polycrystalline thin films

Long Term Prospective: (> 15 years)

Organic Materials : New Project (2002) increase stability (500 h)

Identification of materials : co-polymers, new molecules, fullerens dérivative, pigments

Active layers : imbricated networks, liquid crystals

The point with interfaces in the cells

Potentialities of new materials and of new concepts

Organic Composites

Dérivate from fulleren C60 N

C12H25O

C12H25O

Me

AlITO

Glass substrate

Wire to ITO

Wire to metal electrode

h (400 nm)

France JM NUNZI: 2.9 %

Polymers : present situation: 3.5 % (Un. Linz Austria)

Long term Prospective : (> 15 yearss)

New tandem structures : luminescence & multi-photons conversion

composite materials : modified host matrixby adding nano-cristallites ( Si,Ge), nano-particules matrix and species: mineral or organic

=======Power Components power conversion integration within the cell

New materials and concepts (foll.)

Concepts to explore :

• Structure « hot carriers » :

• Structure « strong absorption »

nano-particules: minéral (Si, Ge, …) or organic

3rd Génération Cells

MSCQDSC

• luminescence • multi-photons

Mconvertisseur

SC

quantum dots, …

UV

IR

PHOTOVOLTAICSPriorities Priorities

Priority I: Basic Research on nano-structured materials for inter-conversion of photons :

mineral/organic nanocristallitesCEA PI « Full-spectrum » FP 6: accepted

Priority III: Ultimate Technologies for thin cristalline silicon wafers ==> low cost

Priority II: Mastering interfaces in hetero-structures in thin films(Si, CIS, organic)

PHOTOWATT & CNRS-PHASE PI « Crystal-clear » FP 6 : accepted

==> high efficiency + low costCIS team PI FP 6: complementary list

PlatformsPlatforms PHOTOVOLTAIQUE

•Research Platform : composite and nanostructured materials « Process PV »

=> laboratory demonstrators < cm2 (Strasbourg)

• Platform CIS : « CISEL » project(CNRS-EDF-St GOBAIN)From the lab module => to industrial concept

• « RESTORE » national project 4-5 ans « Sinergies » (> 5x5 cm2): ADEME-CEA-CNRS (PHOTOWATT)

=> transfer of process to industry

A new Solar Institute CNRS / CEA in Chambéry : INES

Implantation MapImplantation Map

CNRS : 80 seniors

1ère générationRégion Grenobloise: «Sinergies »

2ème générationRégion Parisienne: « CISEL »

3ème générationRégion Alsace: « Process PV »

Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged

Europe : Perspectives for R & D Co-operationEurope : Perspectives for R & D Co-operation

Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 – 8Weimar Triangle, Warsaw, 7 – 8thth October 2004 October 2004

«New paths for Photovoltaics«New paths for Photovoltaics» 

Pr. Jean-Bernard SAULNIER, vice Scientific Director , Department of Engineering Sciences (SPI), CNRS, PARIS

J.C. Muller ; CNRS-PHASE laboratory

World production of modulesWorld production of modules

Source : PV Energy Syst.Fev. 2002

Driven PV roofs:

Japan 70 000

Germany100 000

France10 000

~ 500 MW (2002), ~ 34% /year => 1 GW ~ 2005

Lingot cristallisé 240 KgLingot cristallisé 240 Kg

Découpe des briquesDécoupe des briques

Découpe des wafers (sciage à fil)Découpe des wafers (sciage à fil)

Fabrication des cellulesFabrication des cellules

Assemblage des modulesAssemblage des modules

Production verticalement intégrée

Matériaux Semi-conducteurs pour le Matériaux Semi-conducteurs pour le photovoltaïquephotovoltaïque

Cellule tandem à base de CuGaSe2/CuInSe2

Source : A. Slaoui, CNRS-PHASE

Si cristallin en couches minces

p-Si

Contact p

Emetteur n+

p+ Sisubstrat

• Substrats céramiques : mullite, SiSiC, SiN

• Grands grains - cristallisation induite par métaux- dépôts sur surface liquide - transfert de sc-Si