our disposal far more land (tilled as well as pastures) per person thanmost others.

There are two dramatic consequences of this happening. This wasthe first time hunger disappeared from the Western scene. During this1850-1950 period, transcontinental railroads and transoceanic shippingpermitted long distance hauling of food and feed. All this laid the foun­dation for the world trade pattern, which ever since has been the domi­nant pattern. This will now be challenged.

Three hundred years of global colonialism directed towards thewarm latitudes resulted in insignificant migration, but gave rise to a land­demanding plantation economy, the main objective of which was to pro­vide the needs of the homelands. In this way the feeding basis of the in­habited countries shrunk, often to the serious detriment of the indigenouspeoples. In this great global operation Western man almost doubled histilled land. The Western feeding base was vastly extended.

In the postwar period there has been a spectacular repeat of this inthe harvesting of the oceans, under the leadership of the U.S.S.R., Japanand Europe. The U.S. has emerged as the biggest buyer of fish and fishproducts on the world market, to the tune of 1.5 billion dollars per year.The result is that this "last continent" has not been tapped to feed thehungry world, but the reverse. Of the catches, 4/5ths end up among thewell-fed. Signs of overfishing abound.

World trade in food and feed has been geared to secure the nutri­tional affluence in Europe, Japan and, since 1972, also the U.S.S.R. Aiddeliveries have shrunk and procurements by major developing countrieslike China, India, Indonesia and others have fallen far below procure­ments by countries like, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, andItaly. North America is the major provider, yet, several paradoxes prevail.For instance, the U.S. has become the world's largest buyer of beef aswell as casein. The ranks of net-importing countries are rapidly swellingas population pressures grow, for example, most of the Caribbean, SouthKorea, Nigeria, Egypt, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, etc. Europe and Japanhave had to create vast global survival bases. For Europe this amounts toan added tilled acreage of more than 60 million hectares.

Several European countries seemingly with as little tilled land perperson as some Asian nations have doubled their land availabilitythrough this device. Japan depends on a "ghost acreage" in trade exceed­ing three times the tilled land of the homeland. The North Americanprairie, the Argentinian pampas and Australia are the main partners ofthis shadow kingdom, and Europe and Japan are the chief beneficiariesin the world's flow of food and feed. Each year, Europe buys more plantprotein than the whole Indian subcontinent eats, while Japan has startedto buy approximately one-third of that amount in recent years. Europe isreceiving 40% of all cereal grain deliveries to the world market, as well as90% of its oilseed cake and meal. Japan is the recipient of 37% of the ce­real flow to Asia (with only 5% of Asia's people). Europe is also buyingalmost as much peanut protein from India (chiefly through meal) as fromAfrica, and together this peanut protein would suffice to supplement ade­quately the cereal diet of almost 150 million people.

U.S. soybeans have frequently been touted as a major contributorfor alleviating world hunger. This is highly deceptive since only a fractionis ever channeled into human food. U.S. export of soybean protein asbeans and meal, with Europe and Japan as chief recipients, carries thepotentiality of su pplementing the diet of no less than 1.5 billion cerealeaters. Less than 5 percent now serves this purposes.(Reported and abstracted by M. E. Stiles, with special thanks to Dr. G.Borgstrom for making a copy of this text available to the CIFST Journal)

AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE ATCANADIAN UNIVERSITIES

There are II faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine atUniversities across Canada. The deans of these faculties recently pub­lished a "national statement" on their functions in support of the farmingand food industries, in the Canadian economy, and in Canadian societyas a whole; and the limitations that they are experiencing in trying tomeet the demands and expectations of society. The following is ab­stracted from the preamble to the report:

"The Faculties find themselves chronically underfinanced despitewidespread government and public lipservice to the essential importanceof food production and the need to apply education and research to itsincrease. They lack funds for current activities other than teaching stu­dents; they do not have enough staff to achieve appropriately small class­sizes; and they have neither the time nor the money to undertake researchthat is needed and of which they are otherwise capable.

"As a result, the II Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicineare intellectual resources that are being exploited to only a fraction of

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their potential. Areas of underdeveloped potential, besides research ill 1~Iude continuin& education services for Canadian farmers and the fOodimdustry profeSSIOnals and community servIce on a local, regional na 1tional and international scale. ' -;

"The absence of long-range national policies for agriculture limits j

the ability of the Faculties to plan efficiently for the future. Without trUly'comprehensive national strategies, neither education nor research can beconducted on other than an uncoordinated ad hoc basis.

"The Deans wish to impress on all Canadians, and most particularlon the federal and provincial governments, the urgent need for ration~reforms in the professional support system for agriculture in Canada. TheFaculties are an essential part of this support system, and therefore mustbe involved in the planning and carrying out of such reforms."

In the meantime, the II Deans of Agriculture and Veterinary Medi.cine have resolved to continue the consultation that brought them to thispoint, and to proceed with joint planning. But national planning at theuniversity level cannot be effectively implemented without financial andpolitical support at the federal and the provincial levels of government.

The II Faculties include:- The Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia,- The Faculty of Agriculture, Macdonald College, St.-Anne de Bellevue,

Quebec.- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec,

Quebec.- Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.- College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sas.

katchewan.- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

Alberta.- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Van·

couver, B.C.- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe,

Quebec.- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan.Copies of this "National Statement" are available from the deans of

the faculties across Canada.

CONFERENCE ON THE USE OF SCIENTIFICMETHODS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTIN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ.

From May 3 to 9, 1975 this Conference was held in Baghdad underthe sponsorship of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, theSupreme Agricultural Council of the Republic of Iraq and the Universityof Baghdad. A few foreign participants were invited, including agricul­tural scientists from each of the following countries: East Germany. Can­ada, France, Mexico, Philippines, U.S.A., India. Lebanon and Egypt.

Dr. Michael Stiles from the School of Household Economics at theUniversity of Alberta was invited to attend, and presented a paper en­titled: "The Need for Food Science and Technology in Agricultural De­velopment".

The following is Dr. Stiles' Report on the Conference:The "National Statement" of the Faculties of Agriculture and Veter­

inary Medicine at Canadian Universities is of particular interest relativeto the Agricultural Conference held in Iraq from May 3-9. Unlike theconcern being expressed by Canadian Faculties, the government of Iraqis placing high priority on the development of their agriculture. It is sIg­nificant that their Ministry is the "Ministry of Agriculture and AgrananReform". In Babylonian times, it is estimated that the area covered byIraq, supported a population of 30.000.000 people. Today, Iraq has apopulation of close to 10,000,000, and is currently far from self-sufficientin food production. .

Increased agricultural production in Iraq will require not only agn­cultural development, but also agrarian reform. Indeed, the Conferenceaddressed itself to these needs, and discussed the following topics:

I. Soil improvement and water resources in agricultural develop-ment.

2. Ways and means of increasing agricultural production.3. The agricultural labour force.4. Utilization and maintenance of farm mechanization.5. Animal production improvement.6. Agricultural practices in relation to agricultural development.7. Research priorities.8. Optimum use of materials for agricultural development.

J. Inst. Can. Sci. Technol. Aliment. Vol. 8. No.3. 1975

9. Finance, credit and marketing10. Agricultural planning for Iraq

AD additional sectIOn was added to the Conference on the role of women. Iraqi agnculture.JI1 One of the first things that became apparent at the Conference wasdlat the Republic of Iraq had, or was developing, a national agricultural

!icy, and at the time of the Conference was exploring ways and means~ involving science and technology in the agricultural development ofIraq. The Conference was held under the chairmanship of Minister IzatAl.Douri, Minister of the Interior and Chairman of the Supreme Agricul­tural Council of Iraq. Also in attendance as Vice-Chairman of the Con­ference was Dr. Hassan Fahmi Juma, Minister of Agriculture and Agrar­ian Reform. Their interest and participation in the Conferencehighlighted not only the importance on agricultural development in Iraqbut also the urgency with which the government of Iraq views self-suffi­ciency in food production within the next 20 years.

There is an interesting similarity between the Republic of Iraq andthe Province of Alberta, that is, the availability of surplus "petro-dollars".Although the Alberta Department of Agriculture has been a strong andactive government department within the Province, the results of their ac­tivities have not been apparent in either an Agricultural Policy for Al­berta or in support of agricultural teaching and research at the Universityof Alberta. One of the richest Canadian Provinces per capita, with great"petro-dollar" surplusses, ranks fifth ou(of eight in its support of the ag­ricultural faculty at the University of Alberta. This indicates a failure torecognize the extreme importance of agriculture to the future of Albertaand Canada, and even more significant, the world food needs.

In contrast, it appears that Iraq is facing these needs. The govern­ment recognizes the need for agricultural production and for agrarian re­fonn. Much of the land requires extensive reclamation work before it canbe brought into full agricultural production. Because of poor agriculturalpractices over many years the soil has become saline and unsuitable forcrop production. The high water table and the generally arid conditionshave contributed to this. As a result, efficient drainage is required so thatthe salinity of the soil can be reduced by "flushing out" the salts.

Iraq has the advantage of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flowingthrough the country. Although the waters of the Tigris river are reason­ably assured for use with agriculture in Iraq, the Euphrates river repre­sents a source of current mternatlOnal concern. Both Turkey and Syriahave completed dams on the Euphrates river within the last year, and de­spite international law and agreements, both countries decided to "fill"their dams in the first year of completion. The result is that the Euphratesnver would be more aptly described as a stream than a river. Unfortu­nately the total solution to agrarian reform in Iraq depends on inter­nallonal cooperation, which at this time is not forthcoming.

The Republic of Iraq is governed by the Ba'ath Socialist party, andthere IS considerable emphasis on state ownership of the land and indus­try. The country has decided in favour of mechanized agriculture, so theyare, and will soon be experiencing to an even greater degree, increasedur.bamzation. The capital city of Baghdad already has a population of 2mIllIon people (over 20% of Iraq's population). The advisability of creat­mg such social pressures, similar to those in Europe and North Americaremams to be seen. In the light of world demographic reports, hoever. itwould seem that factors aggravating the present high urbanization ratesIn the world would best be avoided.

Within the plan of agricultural development in the Republic of Iraq,there IS considerable emphasis on animal production. Meat forms an im­portant component of the Iraqi diet and providing sufficient animal foodhas high priority. The country has already embarked on the developmentof a major poultry mdustry, and is currently developing its lamb, beefand dairy mdustries. There are plans to develop 5 to 8 large dairy farmsWIth 700 to 800 head of cattle on each. Another development plan is for a$20,000,000 slaughter facility. Despite Canada's Industry. Trade andCommerce and Alberta's Export Agency, Canada seems to have shownhttle mterest in participating in Iraq's development.

It seems that the Republic of Iraq is setting its agriculture onto a firmfootmg. The problems they face are large. From the overriding problemo~ SOli salinity to the processing and marketing of foods, enormous tech­nical and scientific input is required. The feeding of their livestock indus­try alone will represent a major agricultural undertaking within the nextfew years. However, Iraq seems to be developing its agriculture in aSOund fashion, with an overall agricultural policy, which should makethem a food sufficient or even a food surplus country in the difficult yearsthat lie ahead for the world.

It was indeed interesting to visit the Republic of Iraq in the middleof an agricultural revolution. It was also consoling to see "petro-dollars"

Can. Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. J. Vo!. 8. No.3. 1975

being put to such justifiable use for the future.

KNOW YOUR FOOD INDUSTRYAt the Health Protection Branch Symposium in Ottawa I met Bill

Jackson, Vice President for the Corporate Technical Division of Stand­ards Brands Canada Ltd. I discussed with him the possibility of getting aprofile of Canadian food industries, so that we can keep readers informedof our Industry. He referred me to the annual report of Companies forthis information, and sent me a copy of the 1974 Annual Report of Stand­ard Brands Limited.

M.E.S.STANDARD BRANDS LIMITED

This company has 24 manufacturing plants and 6 redistributionwarehouses across Canada and produces consumer foods and beverages,pet foods, confectionery and snack foods, wines and spirits, ingredientsfor the baking industry and products for the food service industry. Stand­ard Brands employs over 3,400 Canadians, pays over $33,000,000 in sala­ries and over $34,000,000 in sales, excise and income taxes.

Standard Brands Limited can be considered as 4 main groups:The Standard Brands Food CompanyThe Fleischmann CompanyLowney's Limited, and aWine and Spirits Division

The Consumer Food Products include:Chase and Sanborn coffeesTender Leaf teaBlue Bonnett margarinesFleischmann's corn oil margarinesFleischmann's egg beatersFleischmann's fast rising dry yeastMagic baking powderRoyal instant puddingsMagic instant powdered skim milkChipits chocolate baking chipsPlanters peanut oil

The dietary products such as Fleischmann's corn oil margarine andegg beaters (a low cholesterol. egg substitute) were noted for the sales suc­cesses of Standard Brands consumer products. Similarly, the growinghome-baking trend in Canada was noted for increased sales of baking in­gredients.

Standard Brands has a large Pet Foods division, including Dr. Bal­lard's dog and cat foods and other brands: Tops, Kennel Club, Romper,Skippy, Red Top, Perky and Husky.

Standard Brands Food Service products cover a wide range includ­ing food service packages of Chase and Sanborn coffee, Tender Leaf teas,Blue Bonnet margarine. Royal desserts and Planters peanut oil. In addi­tion, the following products are manufactured:

Fleischmann's Corn Oil ReddiesFleischmann's Vending Products

(Mel-a-Lite, Dustless Coffee Lightener. Hi-Light CoffeeLightener, Cocoa Whip Powder)

Fleischmann's Liquifry oil (a new product introduced in 1974)Fleischmann's Instant Mashed potatoesFleischmann's Soup and Gravy basesTeas and Coffees: Club, Mojabo, Becharas. Mellocup (coffeeonly) and Melrose

The food service products also include a wide range of bakery products.including:

Fleischmann's yeast, leaveners (baking powder, Phos-fo-Iac, Tart-O­Cream), dough improvers (Arkady. Brew Buffer, Brewloid. Oxitabs)bread flavours (Rye Sour, Ry-Fla-Vor) and shortenings (Tastex. Flavotex,Mel-O-Tex, Frying Shortening) also. Blue Bonnet Margarines (bulk andspecialty).

Other bakery ingredients include Fleischmann's Panomalt maltsyrup, Chipits industrial chocolate chips, Fleischmann's prepared pie fill­ings and Brill* specialty baking products (*sold in Canada under license).

Lowney's limited manufactures confectionery products from choco­late bars to box chocolates. 1974 saw dramatic increases in cocoa beanand sugar prices so that the traditional 1O¢ bar became a 20¢ bar, and a10% drop in consumer demand for these products was reported.

Lowney has 6 product lines in chocolate bars. including "OhHenry'" and "Cracker Jack" that are manufactured and sold in Canadaunder license. Cello bag products included Glosette peanuts and raisins.Bridge mixture and Campfire** and An£elus** marshmallows ('*manu­factured and sold in Canada under license). Lowney and Moir boxchocolates: Lowney Vesta and Maraschino cherries; and Moirs Pot of

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