conflict, security, & cooperation
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Conflict, Security, & Cooperation . Conflict , Security, & Cooperation. About C, S, & C Types of Force Conventional Unconventional Special operations Terrorism Piracy Approaches to State Security The cooperation continuum Unilateral self-defense to pacifism. Military Spending 2011. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Conflict, Security, & Cooperation
Conflict, Security, & CooperationAbout C, S, & CTypes of Force
◦Conventional◦Unconventional
Special operations Terrorism Piracy
Approaches to State Security◦The cooperation continuum
Unilateral self-defense to pacifism
Military Spending 2011Country Military
SpendingCompared % in World
US $698 B 43%
China $119 B 7%
UK $60 B 4%
France $59 B 4%
Russia $59 B 3.5 %http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures
ABOUT CONFLICT, COOPERATION, & SECURITY
Conflict Changes over Time
4 Main Changes1. Increase in arms transfers
Cold War and post-Cold War UK weapons sales
2. Increase in severity of conflict Technology
3. Increase in frequency of conflict Decolonization Civil unrest
Conflict Changes over Time
4 Main Changes4. Change in focus of security Guns and bombs Guns kill far more people than bombs
Human security For GN, much easier In GS, a challenge
When you stop to get gas, are you likely to see this guy?
Convenience store security guard, Guatemala
TYPES OF FORCE
Conventional v. Unconventional Force
Conventional: Disputes between states
◦Can be declared wars or acts of aggression
Unconventional: Disputes provoked by non-state
actors
Unconventional Force3 Types of Unconventional Force1. Special Operations2. Terrorist Acts3. Piracy
#1 Special OperationsEspionage
◦Spy games not new◦Intelligence gathering
Overt v. covert force◦Undermine government from within◦Influence a country’s policies◦Paramilitary training, troops◦Monetary, technical, intelligence
support
#2 Terrorist Acts: DomesticWhat is terrorism?
Types of Terrorism◦Domestic, International, State-Sponsored
Domestic◦How do people challenge their government?◦Coup d’état, assassinations, guerrilla fighting
Colombia’s National Liberation Army Basque separatist group Eta
◦Why might domestic opposition be considered terrorism? Freedom fighters Syria’s rebel Free Syrian Army Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) in Turkey
#2 Terrorist Acts: InternationalInternational
Not a new phenomenonOrganize and/or attack across state
borders◦Al Qaeda◦Taliban
Cold War v. post-Cold War◦Linked to colonization, hijacks for political
leverage IRA v. UK; Algeria v. France TWA Flight 847- Hezbollah Cruise ship Achille Lauro-PLO
◦Target US and Western cultural influence 9/11, Madrid, London, Bali
#2 Terrorist Acts: State-Sponsored
State-Sponsored TerrorismInternational terrorismSyria and Iran Hezbollah, HamasSudan, Afghanistan, Somalia al-
QaedaLibya Pan Am Flight 103
#3 PiracyDifficult to police international
watersNot new phenomenonRecently revived
◦Concern piracy will increase due to ‘Pirate Value Chain’
More common near loosely-governed and failed states poor people◦Nigeria◦Somalia
THE COOPERATION CONTINUUM
IndividualStates
Some cooperati
on
More cooperati
on
Full cooperati
on
The Cooperation Continuum
Unilateral Self-Defense Traditional approach to securing a
stateIdea that states either defend or be
overtakenSelf-defense through military spendingSelf-defense v. acts of aggression
Limited Self DefenseCan be bilateral or multilateral
During CW- often bilateral US & SU treaties
Multilateral often through UNTypes of arms limitation pacts:
Conventional: Antipersonnel Mine TreatyNuclear:
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)Chemical:
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)Biological:
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)
International Security ForcesCollective Security through IGOs: Regional IGOs◦NATO in Afghanistan◦ECOWAS in Ivory Coast◦Arab League in Syria
Conflict spilled into neighboring Lebanon Divided between pro- and anti-Syrian government
supporters ◦Why intervene?
Economic, political, social interests
International Security ForcesCollective Security through IGOs: Global IGOs
INTERPOLUN
◦ Peacekeeping First used in 1948 in Kashmir and Palestine 13 missions from 1948-1988 resulting from
decolonization Relied on non-UNSC member troops Changed at end of CW
Considered ‘second-generation’ of peacekeeping Includes UNSC member troops
◦ Peacemaking Combination of troops and civilian personnel Monitors elections Encourages peaceful negotiations Food distribution
◦ Peacebuilding
Abolition of WarPacifism
◦War is morally wrong◦Ranges from opposing all violence, to
using violence as last resort◦Bottom-up theory of peace
Passive non-violent resistance Sit ins, protests, civil disobedience Way to make a statement Gandhi, MLK George Clooney
Push for complete disarmament◦Requires full cooperation◦Realistic international security approach?
Conflict, Security, & CooperationAbout C, S, & CConventional & unconventional
forceApproaches to state security
range from unilateral to fully cooperative
States use regional & global IGOs