conflict with mexico pages 454-459. objectives explain how texas became independent from mexico ...
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Conflict with MexicoPAGES 454-459
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Objectives
Explain how Texas became independent from Mexico
Discuss the issues involved in annexing Texas and Oregon
Summarize the main events in the Mexican-American War
Explain how the United States achieved Manifest Destiny
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Focus Question
What were the causes and effects of the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War?
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Stephen Austin 1820: The Spanish governor of Texas
gave Moses Austin a land grant to establish a small colony After Moses died, his son, Stephen
Austin, led a group of 300+ Americans into Texas
Not long after, Mexico won independence from Spain
The Mexican government honored Austin’s claim to the land In return, Austin and his colonist
agreed to become Mexican citizens
They agreed to worship in the Roman Catholic Church
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Growing Conflict
Thousands of Americans came to Texas
Came into conflict with the Mexican government New settlers were Protestant,
not Catholic
Many settlers were slaveholders from the American South who wanted to grow cotton in Texas
Mexico, however, had abolished slavery
2012 STATS
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Growing Conflict cont’d For awhile, Mexico tolerated
the violations of its law
1830: Mexico banned further American settlement in Texas Still, Americans kept arriving
in Texas
Tensions increased Mexico tried to enforce its
laws banning slavery and requiring settlers to worship the Catholic Church
Mexico began to put heavy taxes on American imports
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General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Americans wanted more representation in the Mexican legislature Tejanos (Texans of Mexican
decent) also wanted the central government to have less power
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Santa Anna wanted a strong
central government, with himself as the head
Soon started a dictatorship
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Revolt Against the Mexican Government 1836: Austin urged Texan
revolt against the Mexican government
Texans declared independence from Mexico and created the Republic of Texas
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Texans at War
Santa Anna responded with force
His troops laid siege to the Alamo, a mission in San Antonio
What is a siege?
An attack in which one force surrounds a city or force
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The Alamo
Defenders of the Alamo held out for 12 days under heavy cannon fire
Finally, Mexican forces overran the Alamo
All defenders were either killed in battle or executed afterward
Inspired by the bravery of the Alamo defenders, many joined the Texan army
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“Remember the Alamo!”
Commander of Texan forces: Sam Houston Led a small army in a surprise
attack against Santa Anna’s army in San Jacinto
Texans shouted, “Remember the Alamo!” and within minutes, the Texans captured Santa Anna
Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence
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Checkpoint
What were the conflicts between Mexicans and new settlers in Texas?
Mexico forbade slavery
Mexico was a Catholic country
Mexico taxed American imports heavily
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Republic of Texas
Sam Houston became president of the Republic of Texas
Public opinion in the United States was divided: Southerners supported the
annexation of Texas as a slave state
Northerners opposed this
Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren refused to support annexation both feared adding a slave state
might spark a huge political fight that could split the Union
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Election of 1844
President John Tyler favored annexation of Texas, but he was not nominated for a 2nd term Whigs chose Henry Clay instead
Clay hoped to avoid annexation
The Democrats chose James K. Polk Polk wanted the annexation of both
Texas and Oregon
Polk was the candidate for expansion, and he won the election
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Annexation
1845: Congress voted for admission of Texas as a state
Polk negotiated a treaty with Britain to divide Oregon
Eventually, this territory became the states of Washington, Oregon, and part of Idaho
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Checkpoint
How was the annexation of Texas linked to Oregon?
The balance of slave and free states was maintained
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Tensions with Mexico
The annexation increased tensions with Mexico
Mexico had never formally recognized Texan independence
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The Mexican-American War
Polk first offered cash to the Mexican government for Texas, California, and New Mexico Mexico was outraged and
refused the offer
Polk changed tactics: Hoped to provoke a Mexican
attack on the U.S., so he sent General Zachary Taylor to the disputed land south of the Nueces River
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The Mexican-American War
Mexicans saw Taylor’s occupation as an act of war Mexican troops ambushed an
American patrol on the disputed land
Polk as Congress for a declaration of war claimed Mexico had forced
this war by shedding “American blood upon American soil”
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Opposition to War War with Mexico was
generally very popular among Americans Support was strongest among
the southerners and westerners
Northerners argued that Polk had provoked the war Referred to it as “Mr. Polk’s
war” and claimed that he was trying to extend slavery
A member of the House of Representatives, Abraham Lincoln, pointed out the land under dispute wasn’t “American soil”
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Your Opinion
Do you agree or disagree with Lincoln’s opinion that Taylor invaded Mexico, rather than Mexico invaded the United States? Explain your view.
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Rebellion in California
Polk ordered troops under Stephen Kearny to invade and capture Santa Fe, New Mexico
Kearny then led his troops to California
Even before Kearny’s troops reached California, settlers near San Francisco had begun their own revolt
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Rebellion in California
Settlers raised a grizzly bear flag and declared California an independent republic
John C. Fremont took command of the Bear Flag Rebellion
With the help of Kearny’s troops, all of southern California was under American control by 1847
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Invasion of Mexico
General Taylor captured Mexican city of Monterrey
General Kearny’s troops captured Santa Fe and San Diego
General Winfield Scott captured Veracruz, and important Mexican port
Scott then marched to Mexico City (capital), but Santa Anna still did not surrender
Winfield Scott
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Chapultepec
Chapultepec = a stone palace above Mexico City
Mexicans fought bravely to defend the palace Most Mexicans were killed; in
Mexico, these young men are still honored for their patriotism
Santa Anna left Mexico city The Mexican capital was in
American hands and the U.S. had won the war
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Achieving Manifest Destiny Polk sent Nicholas Trist to help
General Scott to negotiate a treaty with Mexico Trist negotiated the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Under the treaty: Mexico recognized the annexation of
Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, as well as parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico
In return, the U.S. paid Mexico $18 million
Manifest Destiny had been achieved
Nicholas Trist
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Checkpoint
How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo help the United States to achieve Manifest Destiny?
The United States now stretched to both coasts
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Focus Question Re-visited
What were the causes and effects of the Texas War for independence and the Mexican-American War?
American settlement; the United States expanding