congestion pricing experiences in singapore · electronic road pricing oct 05 –two distinct...
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Congestion Pricing Experiences
in Singapore
Dr Kian-Keong Chin
Chief Engineer, Transportation
Land Transport Authority
Singapore
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Congestion Pricing – just one
component of a Transport Strategy
Cannot work on its own
Singapore:
Public Transport is key alternative
A Traffic Management Tool – Not for revenue
generation
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Area Licensing Scheme
First practical application of road pricing -
started June 1975.
Paper licences required for entry (only) into
the Central Business District (RZ),
demarcated by gantries.
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Area Licensing Scheme
Daily and monthly paper licences.
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Area Licensing Scheme
Manually enforced.
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Area Licensing Scheme
Cordon-based marked by gantries
Paper licences (for payment on entries)
Enforcement - manual
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The Change-over to ERP
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Singapore’s
Electronic Road Pricing
Cordon-based marked by gantries
Electronic In-Vehicle Unit with smart-card
(for payment on entries)
Enforcement – camera images
Back-end Central Control System
Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2008
CBD
Started in 1998 with 33 gantries
Increased over the years – presently 66 gantries
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Road Pricing Charges
Varies by vehicle type
Varies by location of gantry
Varies by time of day - ranges from S$0.50
to S$4.00 per pass
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Payment Modes
Deducted at point of use from smart-card
Post-payment with administrative charges
Credit card payment
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Impact - Traffic Volume (CBD)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
Morning
(2 hours)
Off-Peak
(7.5 hours)
Evening
(2hours)
Before
After
end-2000-13%
-9%
-8%
Peak Period Flow
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Adjustment of ERP Charges
To ensure use of road space is optimised
Review at 3-monthly intervals
65 kph45 kph
Increase Decrease
Expressways
30 kph20 kph
Increase Decrease
Other Roads
Reduced during long school holidays
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Extending the Singapore’s
Electronic Road Pricing
Aug 05 – ERP extended to manage evening
peak hour congestion for home-bound trips
(on the Central Expressway, CTE)
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
Aug 05 – ERP extended to manage evening
peak hour congestion for home-bound trips
(on the Central Expressway, CTE)
Travel time between 6 – 8 pm improved.
Motorists have a choice.
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Impact on Traffic Flows (Aug 05)
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
6-6.30 6.30-7 7-7.30 7.30-8
Before
Aug-05
Nov-05
Jan-06
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Evening ERP for home-bound trips
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Extending the Singapore’s
Electronic Road Pricing
Oct 05 – Two distinct pricing cordons in
city – Orchard and CBD with different
operating hours and charges
Orchard cordon has different traffic
characteristics
Intent is to reduce through traffic on
Orchard corridor
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ERP for Orchard Cordon
Additional
Gantries
Orchard
CBD
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2008
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
ERP on Orchard Rd - Weekday
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Bef
ore
Oct
-05
Nov-
05
Jan-0
6
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
Through Traffic
Orchard Traffic
35%
25%Afternoon (1.30-3.30pm)
29%20%
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
Befo
re
Oct-0
5
Nov-0
5
Jan-0
6
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
Through Traffic
Orchard Traffic
38%
28%
Evening (5.30-7.30pm)
29% 20%
ERP on Orchard Rd - Weekday
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Bef
ore
Oct
-05
Nov
-05
Jan-
06
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
Through Traffic
Orchard Traffic
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Bef
ore
Oct
-05
Nov-
05
Jan-0
6
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
s
35%
22%
36%
25%
Afternoon (1.30-3.30pm) Evening (5.30-7.30pm)
25% 26%19% 19%
ERP on Orchard Rd - Saturday
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Pricing intra-city traffic in the
City (July 08)
New Pricing
Line
Operates 6-8pm weekdays
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Copyright © Land Transport Authority 2010
Pricing intra-city traffic in the
City (July 08)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Vo
lum
e C
ro
ssin
g S
ing
ap
ore
Riv
er L
ine
Before Jul-08 Oct-08
-38% -30%
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Managing TrafficWhat other measures should be used to
complement ERP in addressing traffic congestion?
0.2%
0.2%
4.5%
24.4%
44.7%
40.2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Improve design of the
roads
Allow less vehicles on
the roads
ERP is good enough
Provide cheaper
public transport
Discouraging vehicle
ownership
No commentsn = 443
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Lessons
Pricing Strategy to be flexible and relevant
ERP complements other transport tools
land-use planning, road building, use of technology,
traffic & incident mgmt
Viable Travel Alternatives Needed
Keep Scheme and Pricing Simple
Not to generate revenue for Government
Communications is never enough
Not just a fiscal measure but to change behaviour
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Making ERP Rates Visible
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