congratulations !! on owning this wonderful e-book
TRANSCRIPT
©sanguine
CONGRATULATIONS !!
ON
OWNING THIS WONDERFUL
E-BOOK
“ENGLISH FOR EVERYONE”
A QUICK REFERENCE SPOKEN & WRITTEN
HELPBOOK FOR LEARNERS
OF ALL AGE GROUPS
No Foreword, No Delay..
Lets Get Started !!!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHAT’S IN ?????
1. PRONOUN
2. VERB
3. TENSE
4. NUMBER (SINGULAR-PLURAL)
5. CONJUNCTIONS & PREPOSITIONS
6. SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS
7. PREFIX & SUFFIX
8. “WH” WORDS (QUESTIONS)
9. WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
10. CONVERSATION STARTERS
BONUS :
“CHECK YOUR PROGRESS” EXERCISES
DAILY “TASKS” FOR PRACTICE
INTERESTING “TRAIN YOURSELF” TOPIC SUGGESTIONS
COMPILED BY
SANGEETHA BHEEMAN
LANGUAGE TRAINER
CEO, SanguineEducArt
AT A GLANCE…
COMPONENTS OF CONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH
Pronoun Verb Tense Preposition Conjunction “Wh” words I I I I I I
Gender Singular/ Time Pre-position Connection Question
Plural
OTHERS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Synonyms & Antonyms Prefix& Suffix Words often confused
CHAPTER ONE
PRONOUN
‘Pronoun’ === ‘in place of ‘
Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Eg. Sharon is clever. Sharon comes first.
Sharon is clever and she comes first.
Personal pronouns:
Personal pronouns indicate (i) the person speaking I Person
(ii) the person spoken to II Person
(iii) the person spoken of III Person
First Person ( Masculine / Feminine )
Singular Plural
Nominative I We
Possessive My, Mine Our, Ours
Accusative Me Us
Egs. I love rose. We love roses.
It is my pen. They are our pens.
The pen is mine. The pens are ours.
Give me a book. Give us books.
Second person (Masculine/ feminine)
Singular Plural
Nominative you you
Possessive your,yours your,yours
Egs. You are a clever boy. You are clever boys.
Your sister is naughty. Your sister is naughty.
The ball is yours. The ball is yours.
Third person
Singular Plural
Male female neuter all genders
Nominative he she it they
Possessive his her/hers its their,theirs
Accusative him her it them
Egs. He/she/it is good. They are good.
His/her father is a doctor. Their father is a doctor.
That car is his/hers. That car is theirs.
I know him/her/it. I know them.
Check your progress: ( use the clues given in brackets )
1. ---------- love icecream ( first person singular)
2. ---------- love racing. (second person plural)
3. The book is --------------(I person singular/possessive)
4. The rooms are -----------(III Person plural)
5. I know -------------------(III Person singular/male)
6. We like-------------------( III Person singular/neuter)
7. ------------pen is missing(I Person singular/possessive)
8. The dog wags -------tail (III Person singular)
9. The teacher hit -----------( I person plural/accusative)
10. The biscuits are good I ate them all(III Person plural/accusative)
Answers:
1. I 2.You 3.Mine 4.Theirs 5.Him
6. It 7.My 8.Its 9.Us 10.Them
--------------------------
CHAPTER TWO
VERB
Verb ========= action/ work
A verb is a word that indicates (i)what a person/thing doeseg. Sharon sings.
(ii)what is done to a person/thingeg.the cup is broken.
(iii)what a person/thing is;aseg. it is a ball.
I am happy.
‘Be’ forms ( subject – verb agreement)
Singular Plural
Am are
Is are
Was were
Are are
Egs. I am happy. We are happy.
He/she is happy. They are happy.
He was running. They were running.
You are good. You are good.
Other action words:
He runs. She cries. They fell. Birds fly. You sang. They eat.
Continuous action: (+ ing )
1. I am eating.
2. You are eating.
3. He/she/it is eating.
4. They are eating.
5. We are eating.
Check your progress: Continuous action
1. I-------(sing) 7.I --------(sing)
2.He --------(dance) 8.He ---------(dance)
3.She--------(eat) 9.She---------(eat)
4.You---------(write) 10.You -------(write)
5.They-------(play) 11.They-------(play)
6.It----------(sleep) 12.It ---------(sleep)
Answers:
1.sing 2.dances 3.eats 4.write 5.play 6.sleeps
7.am singing 8.is dancing 9.is eating 10.are writing 11.are playing 12.is sleeping
-------------------------------
CHAPTER THREE
TENSE
Tense refers to the TIME in which a work is done.
Tense Types
Present Past Future
(Singular) I like I liked I will like
You like you liked you will like
He/she likes he /she liked you will like
(Plural) we like we liked we will like
You like you liked you will like
They like they liked they will like
An action simply done is ‘simple’ tense.
An action done continuously is ‘continuous’ tense
An action mentioned as finished is ‘perfect’ tense
An action still going on is ‘prefect continuous’ action
This given classification can be tabulated as:
Simple continuous Perfect Perfect continuous
PRESENT
I love I am loving
I am loved I am being loved
PAST
I loved I was loving
I was loved I was being loved
FUTURE
I shall love I shall be loving
I shall be loved -------
PRESENT
I have loved I have been loving
I have been loved ----
PAST
I had loved I had been loving
I had been loved ----
FUTURE
I shall have loved I shall have been
I shall have been loved loving
More on Past Tense:
Present Past
(adding ‘ed’)
Walk walked
Laugh laughed
Want wanted
(adding ‘t’)
Learn learnt
Burn burnt
Dream dreamt
(change of ‘inner vowels’)
Sit sat
Write wrote
Begin began
Know knew
(complete change of letters)
Sell sold
See saw
Bring brought
Buy bought
Catch caught
Think thought
Teach taught
Fly flew
Check your progress:
1. I ---------(like)roses. 6.He ----(like)chocolates
2. I --------(travel)now. 7.They ----(eat)well last night
3. I --------(pass) last year. 8.I---(go)to agra next month
4. She ------(teach) me the lesson yesterday. 9.We-----(meet) tomorrow
5. I ------(come) next week. 10.Birds------(fly)
Answers:
1. like 2.am traveling 3. passed 4,taught 5.shall/will come 6.likes
7.ate 8.will/may go 9.shall/will meet 10.fly(if simple present); flew(if
simple past) ; will fly (if simple future)
Simple sentences Combination of Pronoun + Verb + Tense:
Examples: Examples:
I love roses. She will come tomorrow.
We ate apples. It is raining.
My brother is a doctor. They were playing.
This book is mine. I was his teacher.
Our school is in Ooty. This pen is his.
These books are ours. I like them.
Give me some water. They are singing.
Give us sometime. He was a driver.
You are a girl. I am late.
CHAPTER FOUR
NUMBER (SINGULAR – PLURAL)
Words that denote one person/thing are called ‘Singular’ and that of more than
one (many) are ‘Plural’.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
(adding ‘s’) ( adding ‘es’,that sounds ‘z’)
Boy boys mango mangoes
Cow cows box boxes
Desk desks hero heroes
Pen pens watch watches
(‘y’ changes as ‘ies’) (‘f’ changes as ‘ves’)
(sounds ‘z’) (sounds ‘z’)
Lady ladies thief thieves
Story stories wife wives
City cities shelf shelves
Baby babies life lives
(changing inner vowels) (adding ‘en’)
Man men ox oxen
Woman women child children
Foot feet
Tooth teeth
Sometimes singular and plural are both alike:
Egs. sheep swine deer pair hundred dozen furniture
Some are used only in plural form:
Egs. Mathematics physics politics news
Subject – Verb agreement:
A verb should always go with its subject.(i.e) Singular subject goes with singular
verb & plural subject goes with plural verb.
Egs. SINGULAR PLURAL
I am living We are living
You are living You are living
He/she/it is living They are living
I like roses We like roses
I am happy We are happy
The book was good The books were good
He is a man They are men
The ball is dirty The balls are dirty
How are you? How are you?
How is he/she /it? How are they?
I write We write
He/she /it sleeps They sleep
I laugh We laugh
He/she/it walks They walk
Check your progress:
1.(a) I-----------(dance) well (c)They -----------(dance)well
(b)She --------(dance)well
Answers: (a) dance (b) dances (c) dance
2.(a)I -----------(be)a teacher. (c)You -----------(be)a doctor.
(b)He ---------(be) a tailor. (d)They ----------(be)players.
Answers (a) am (b) is(c) are (d) are
3.Use ‘ing’ + present for:
(a)I --------(eat) (c)She ------(eat)
(b)You ----(eat) (d)They ----(eat)
Answers (a) am eating (b) are eating (c) is eating (d) are eating
4.Use ‘ing’ + past tense for:
(a)We ---------(walk) (c)He-------(walk)
(b)You---------(walk) (d)They-----(walk)
Answers (a) were walking (b) were walking (c) was walking (d) were walking
5.Use ‘ing’ + future tense for:
(a)I -------(come) tomorrow (c)She -----(come)tomorrow
(b)She ---(come)tomorrow (d)They ---(come)tomorrow
Answers (a) (b) (c) (d) will be coming
---------------------------------
CHAPTER FIVE
CONJUNCTIONS & PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITIONS
(connecting words) (pre-positioning words)
Egs.
1.He and I are well 1.Look at me.
2.He is absent because he is sick. 2.I go by bus.
3.Since you asked, I answered. 3.He left for Ooty.
4.You must do or die. 4.The book is in the shelf.
5. If he is there, I shall see him. 5.He is fond of tea.
6. The girls shouted while the boys played. 6.He jumped off the bus.
7. Starving is better than begging. 7.The book is on the table.
8. I will not go without you (means ‘unless’). 8.Come out of the room.
9.I am rich but not happy. 9.Walk through the bush.
10.I am poor yet strong. 10.Do not cry over spilt milk.
(Few others: beside,down,under,
above,beneath,behind,along)
Check your progress:
CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITIONS
1.Two ------two make four. 1.He is afraid -----dog.
2.Wait ------I return. 2.The dog ran-----the road.
3.Is his name James -----john? 3.It’s ten o’clock -----my watch
4.I believe him -----he is truthful. 4.I am sorry-----for that.
5.I wonder-----he will come. 5.God is good-----me.
6.Karim is tall,-----Adam is taller. 6.I bought it -----Rs.10.
7.-----it was late we decided to set out. 7.I am fond-----music.
8.-----respected, he is not liked. 8.He goes--the church--Sunday
9.I am well,-----I do not feel strong. 9.Look---the painting.
10.Please write-----I dictate. 10.Come and sit -----me.
Answers:1.and 2. till 3. or.4.because 5.if Answers:1.of 2. on 3.in 4.for 5.to
6.but 7.if 8.though 9.but 10.while 6.for 7.of 8.to,on 9.at 10.with
------------------------------------
CHAPTER SIX
SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS ANTONYMS
(meanings/connecting words) (opposites)
1.speech-talk-chat-speak 1.come x go
2.equal-same-even-balance-identical-simple 2. slow x fast
3.amount-quantity-volume-number-measure-proportion 3.happy x sad
4.big-much-more-many-large-great-huge-vast 4.fresh x stale
5.add-attach-fix-join-plus-affix-annex 5.sick x healthy
6.learn-study-read-glance-revise-go through 6.love x hate
7.complete-finish-over-end-wind up-close 7.easy x difficult
8.low-less-meak-inferior-little-secondary 8.afraid x bold
9.price-rate-cost-worth-value 9.kind x cruel
10.development-raise-rise-improvement 10.beautiful x ugly
GENDER (male/female)
Man x woman tiger x tigress
Boy x girl nephew x niece
Uncle x aunt bull x cow
Male x female bachelor x spinster
He x she gentleman x lady
Check your progress :
(A) Supply connecting words to: (B) Give the opposites (word/gender) of
1. Mix – 1.true x 6.brother x
2. first – 2.remember x 7.sir
3. cut – 3.strong x 8.husband x
4. catch – 4.open x 9.prince x
5. eat - 5.young x 10.man-servant x
Answers: (A) 1.stir-grind-blend-fuse-cross-interlock
2.primary-priority-chief-head-main-vital
3.subtract-remove-exclude-deduct-reduce
4.hold-lift-carry-shift-move
5.chew-bite-munch-nibble-gulp
(B) 1. false 2. forget 3. weak 4.open 5.old 6.sister
7.madam 8.wife 9.princess 10.maid-servant
------------------------------------
CHAPTER SEVEN
PREFIX & SUFFIX
PREFIX SUFFIX
(fix before) (fix after)
(few prefixes give opposite meaning) (emphasizes the meaning)
1.happy x unhappy 1.happy – happily
2.like x dislike 2.act - action
3.comfort x discomfort 3.force - forceful
4.correct x incorrect 4.comfort - comfortable
5.possible x impossible 5.dark - darkness
6.joy - joyous
OTHERS: 7.measure - measurement
6. sub-heading (meaning ‘below’) 8.care - careless
7. underline ( ‘below’) 9.relation - relationship
8. tricolour ( ‘three’) 10.strength - strengthen
9. replay (‘again’)
10. interschool (‘between’)
Words with both prefix & suffix emphasis more on the positive or negative meaning.
Egs. Uncomfortably ( negative) enjoyably ( positive)
Illegally (negative) extraordinarily ( positive)
--------------------------------
CHAPTER EIGHT
‘WH’ WORDS (QUESTIONS)
WHAT WHERE
1.What color is it? 1.Where do you live ?
2.What is your father? 2.Where were you yesterday ?
3.What are you doing ? 3.Where is she ?
4.What are those boys playing ? 4.Where are my books ?
5.What will you give us ? 5.Where shall we go ?
WHEN WHY
1.When is your birthday ? 1.Why are you sad ?
2.When did you come ? 2.Why is he crying ?
3.When do we meet again ? 3.Why are they running ?
4.When are you free ? 4.Why did you go away ?
5.When shall we go ? 5.Why should I meet you ?
WHICH WHO/WHOM
1.Which is your house ? 1.Who is that girl ?
2.Which do you like? 2.Whom do you like?
3.Which are your books ? 3.Who knows the answer ?
4.Which place shall we plan for vacation? 4.Who can come with me ?
5.Which one is yours ? 5.Who will be your partner ?
WHOSE HOW
1.Whose pen is this ? 1.How is he/are they ?
2.Whose is this pen ? 2.How many tickets do you have ?
3.Whose clothes are these ? 3.How did you come here ?
4.Whose friend is he ? 4.How long should I wait ?
5.Whose class is next ? 5.How much is this box ?
OTHER QUESTIONS THAT HAVE ONLY YES/NO ANSWERS:
1.Are /Aren’t you coming tomorrow ? Is it coming tomorrow ?
2.Shall / Shan’t (shall not) we go out now ?
3.Can I have your pen ?
4.Can’t you stay calm ?
5.May I come in ?
6.Should I come today ?
7.Will you join us ?
8.Won’t(will not) you keep quiet ?
9.Would you like some coffee ?
10.Could you please move your bag ?
Check your progress :
Give apt replies Frame Questions
1.Why did you come here ? Q:--------------------------------------
2.Who is that boy ? A:I had bread & jam.
3.What is the order of your birth ? Q:--------------------------------------
4.When will you take me home ? A:He will reach at 2 o’clock.
5.Which is your favorite movie ? Q:--------------------------------------
6.Where have you been yesterday ? A:It’s cold, so I didn’t go out.
7.Whom do you respect in life ? Q:-------------------------------------
8.Whose shoes are these ? A:She is my friend.
9.How can you do this ? Q:-------------------------------------
10.Are you happy ? A:My place is Ooty.
Q:-------------------------------------
A:It’s my cap.
Q:-------------------------------------
A:The weather is good today.
Q:------------------------------------
A:I shall go to the market this
afternoon.
Q:-----------------------------------
A:Yes,I am happy.
Q:No,I am not free.
------------------------------------
CHAPTER NINE
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
1. Affect – make a difference ; Effect – result
2. Ago – time ; Back – space
3. Alternate – every other second/minute; Alternative – substitute
4. Beside – next to ; Besides – in spite of
5. Climate – condition of atmosphere for a longer time; Weather – condition of
atmosphere for a short time
6. Development – change in status ; Improvement- change in condition
7. Color – visible quality of objects ; Complexion – natural color of skin (face)
8. Air – mixture of gases ; Wind – air in motion ; Breeze – soft gentle wind
9. Fracture-a damage in bone/pipe ; Crack-just a division(not separate)
10. Ceiling – inner top wall; Roof – outer top wall.
Check your progress:
How do you differentiate the following ? [Use a standard dictionary like Merriam-
Webster]
1.Clock- Watch , 2. Nails- Claws, 3. Applicant – Candidate, 4.Resume- Résumé,
5. Hold-Catch, 6.Snow-Ice,7.Wine-Liquor, 8.Clinic-Hospital, 9.Client – Customer
--------------------------
CHAPTER TEN
CONVERSATION STARTERS
Conversation types with Common words used
Children hai,hello,see you,thanks
Peers hai,hello,see you,thanks
Elders/officials hello,good day,thank you
Telephone good morning/afternoon/evening, thank you
Interview may I/ hello/yes(not yeah)/no,I think,Iguess(avoid
I don’t know),sir madam
Stranger excuse me,may I,can I,can you,thank you
Marketing (self intro,description of product-important)
Sir,madam(avoid ‘ I don’t know’…instead,use
‘we will let you know’)
TASKS
1.Write a dialogue between any two persons about a general topic.
2.Write an interview dialogue.
3.Imagine yourself as a sales representative & write a dialogue between you & a
customer.
EMOTIONS / EXPRESSIONS / MOOD
Greetings hello/hi/good day/bye/see you/happy birthday
Requests please/can you/can i/may i
Apology I’m sorry/I request/I apologize
Conflict this is ridiculous/mind your words
Refusal I’m sorry/I can’t/this is wrong
Gratitude thanks/thank you/I extend my gratitude
Planning shall we/can we
Disappointment my God !/ I didn’t expect this !
Command do that/sit down/wait here
Confusion I’m confused/it’s complicated
Excuse excuse me/may I/I’m sorry
Disagreement I can’t accept this / No 1
Suggestion can I give an idea / shall we
Condolences I’m sorry / I give my hearty condolences
Appreciation Congratulations ! / Well done !/ Good job ! / Keep it up !
TASKS
(A) Observe/listen to different conversations based on situations & try out different
expressions.
(B)Picture talk : (take any picture and tell yourself the following)
(i) What do you understand from the picture ?
(ii) Content & background
(iii) Personal comments about photography, color, pose & quality.
(iv) Any personal experience related to the picture? Share it with someone.
(v) General opinion about the content
(vi) Future plans related to the picture, if any.
CLUES
(i) Comment on the outline of the picture
(ii) Talk of the in-depth meaning of the picture
(iii) Talk of plus & minus of usage the picture & quality of the paper?
(iv) Do you remember any incident related to the picture?
(v) What is generally believed in the society about the content?
(vi) Talk of your plans related to the picture (eg. purchase idea-if it is a product;
Visiting idea –if it is a place)
TRAIN YOURSELF
(A) PICK THE ODD ONE OUT & GIVE REASONS
1. truck,bus,cycle,ship 7.boxes,pin,roses,horses
2. teacher,scooter,doctor,lawyer 8.weak,when,where,why
3. bookpaper.pen,lamp 9.at,to,by,how
4. speak,talk,converse,write 10.fearful,wireless,smartness,unfaithful
5. spoke,run,wrote,ran 11.close,end,begin,last
6. eating,doing,crying,sing 12.out,and,so,because
ANSWERS & REASONS
1.ship – water transport 7.pin - singular
2.scooter-automobile 8.weak-noun
3.lamp-electric device 9.how-question word
4.write-using a pen/pencil 10.unfaithful-both suffix & prefix
5.run-present tense 11.begin – to start
6.sing-simple present 12.out-preposition
(B) GENERAL TOPICS ( Give your comments on)
(i) fashion (ii) gold rate (iii) womanhood (iv) life today (v) youth (vi) cell phones
(vii) education (viii) pets (ix) English (x) TV Advertisements
[CLUES : Most general topics come under ‘present tense’ category. Past incidents
related to topics come under ‘past tense’ category. Plans & changes come under
‘future tense’ category.
(C) QUICK STUDY
Daily usage words can be translated from mother tongue to English which later
helps to translate more words one by one to speak a complete statement purely in
English.
Daily usage words Examples
Body parts head,hand,face
Health sick,cold,cough
Time Monday,tomorrow,afternoon
Numbers seven o’clock,eight pens,two men
Relations father,uncle,sister-in-law
Household articles spoon,sugar,stove,chair
Stationery paper,book,pen
Colors red,blue,yellow,green
Animals cow,cat,dog
Birds crow,pigeon,sparrow
Emotions angry,happy,sad
Greetings happy anniversary,good night
School desk,bench,playground
Directions north,left,straight,reverse
Food rice,curry,milk
Dresses shirt,sweater,pants
Vegetables potato,cabbage,onion
Fruits banana,pineapple,grapes
Insects butterfly,mosquito,cockroach
Market shop.sale,bargain,purchase
Nature trees,rain,road,hills,plains
Quality big,long,small,neat,dirty
Taste sweet,sour,bitter,hot,spicy
Weather rainy,windy,hot,cool,cold
Seasons summer,winter,autumn,monsoon
TASK: Think of more words related to the above list.
STATEMENTS
SINGLE WORDED DOUBLE WORDED TRIPLE WORDED
Stop I know I don’t know
Sit I teach it is hot
Go birds fly I am tired
Come she dances he can walk
Wait it rolls you may come
Yes they play let us go
No forget it let us go
Write please come nature is beautiful
Read go away can you read?
Eat speak clear they are running
TASK : Try out statements with four or more words.
SUGGESTIONS FOR SELF-TRAINING 1. Listen to / watch : English talks / news /programs / movies.
2. Read : English newspapers / magazines aloud.
3. Observe people speaking English.
4. Adapt new words / slangs from English speakers.
5. Notice name boards on streets and research on its meanings & reasons.
6. Notice captions at the end of advertisements on TV.
7. Note brand names and analyze the reasons.
8. Spend time with children who speak English, if it takes time to learn from
adults.
9. Avoid repetition of words (especially ‘okay’,’yeah’)
10. Always use a standard dictionary to know the perfect pronunciation and
meanings (Recommended: Merriam-Webster)
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