conic sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are...
TRANSCRIPT
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Conic Sections
Recall the usual conic sections from the Cartesian plane.
1 circle of radius r : x2 + y2 = r2
2 ellipse of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2+(yb
)2= 1
3 hyperbola of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2 − (yb
)2= 1
4 parabola: y = ax2
Considering these conic sections as three-dimensional objects byletting z vary, we obtain the family of cylinders.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 1 / 23
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Conic Sections
Recall the usual conic sections from the Cartesian plane.
1 circle of radius r : x2 + y2 = r2
2 ellipse of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2+(yb
)2= 1
3 hyperbola of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2 − (yb
)2= 1
4 parabola: y = ax2
Considering these conic sections as three-dimensional objects byletting z vary, we obtain the family of cylinders.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 1 / 23
![Page 3: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Conic Sections
Recall the usual conic sections from the Cartesian plane.
1 circle of radius r : x2 + y2 = r2
2 ellipse of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2+(yb
)2= 1
3 hyperbola of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2 − (yb
)2= 1
4 parabola: y = ax2
Considering these conic sections as three-dimensional objects byletting z vary, we obtain the family of cylinders.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 1 / 23
![Page 4: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Conic Sections
Recall the usual conic sections from the Cartesian plane.
1 circle of radius r : x2 + y2 = r2
2 ellipse of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2+(yb
)2= 1
3 hyperbola of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2 − (yb
)2= 1
4 parabola: y = ax2
Considering these conic sections as three-dimensional objects byletting z vary, we obtain the family of cylinders.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 1 / 23
![Page 5: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Conic Sections
Recall the usual conic sections from the Cartesian plane.
1 circle of radius r : x2 + y2 = r2
2 ellipse of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2+(yb
)2= 1
3 hyperbola of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2 − (yb
)2= 1
4 parabola: y = ax2
Considering these conic sections as three-dimensional objects byletting z vary, we obtain the family of cylinders.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 1 / 23
![Page 6: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Conic Sections
Recall the usual conic sections from the Cartesian plane.
1 circle of radius r : x2 + y2 = r2
2 ellipse of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2+(yb
)2= 1
3 hyperbola of semi-major, semi-minor axes a, b:(xa
)2 − (yb
)2= 1
4 parabola: y = ax2
Considering these conic sections as three-dimensional objects byletting z vary, we obtain the family of cylinders.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 1 / 23
![Page 7: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cylinders
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 2 / 23
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Cylinders
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 3 / 23
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Cylinders
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 4 / 23
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Cylinders
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 5 / 23
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Basics of Quadric Surfaces
Quadric surfaces are three-dimensional generalizations of the conicsections of the (two-dimensional) Cartesian plane.
Quadric surfaces are defined by quadratic equations, e.g.,
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0.
Given that D = E = F = 0, we say that a quadric surface is instandard position or of standard form.
Quadric surfaces are uniquely determined by their traces, i.e., theconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface witha plane that is parallel to one of the three coordinate planes.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 6 / 23
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Basics of Quadric Surfaces
Quadric surfaces are three-dimensional generalizations of the conicsections of the (two-dimensional) Cartesian plane.
Quadric surfaces are defined by quadratic equations, e.g.,
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0.
Given that D = E = F = 0, we say that a quadric surface is instandard position or of standard form.
Quadric surfaces are uniquely determined by their traces, i.e., theconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface witha plane that is parallel to one of the three coordinate planes.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 6 / 23
![Page 13: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Basics of Quadric Surfaces
Quadric surfaces are three-dimensional generalizations of the conicsections of the (two-dimensional) Cartesian plane.
Quadric surfaces are defined by quadratic equations, e.g.,
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0.
Given that D = E = F = 0, we say that a quadric surface is instandard position or of standard form.
Quadric surfaces are uniquely determined by their traces, i.e., theconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface witha plane that is parallel to one of the three coordinate planes.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 6 / 23
![Page 14: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Basics of Quadric Surfaces
Quadric surfaces are three-dimensional generalizations of the conicsections of the (two-dimensional) Cartesian plane.
Quadric surfaces are defined by quadratic equations, e.g.,
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0.
Given that D = E = F = 0, we say that a quadric surface is instandard position or of standard form.
Quadric surfaces are uniquely determined by their traces, i.e., theconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface witha plane that is parallel to one of the three coordinate planes.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 6 / 23
![Page 15: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Ellipsoids are quadric surfaces whose traces are ellipses.
We can describe an ellipsoid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
+
(z
c
)2
= 1.
Given that a = b = c = r , we obtain the ellipsoid x2 + y2 + z2 = r2,i.e., a sphere centered at the origin (0, 0, 0) with radius r > 0.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 7 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Ellipsoids are quadric surfaces whose traces are ellipses.
We can describe an ellipsoid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
+
(z
c
)2
= 1.
Given that a = b = c = r , we obtain the ellipsoid x2 + y2 + z2 = r2,i.e., a sphere centered at the origin (0, 0, 0) with radius r > 0.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 7 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 8 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are hyperbolas.
We can describe a hyperboloid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
+ 1 (1)
or
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
− 1. (2)
Observe that the figure described by equation (2) does not containany points such that the z-coordinate satisfies −c < z < c ;otherwise, the right-hand side would be negative while the left-handside is positive by definition — a contradiction. Consequently, thehyperboloid of equation (2) is said to have two “sheets.”
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 9 / 23
![Page 19: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are hyperbolas.
We can describe a hyperboloid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
+ 1 (1)
or
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
− 1. (2)
Observe that the figure described by equation (2) does not containany points such that the z-coordinate satisfies −c < z < c ;otherwise, the right-hand side would be negative while the left-handside is positive by definition — a contradiction. Consequently, thehyperboloid of equation (2) is said to have two “sheets.”
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 9 / 23
![Page 20: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are hyperbolas.
We can describe a hyperboloid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
+ 1 (1)
or
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
− 1. (2)
Observe that the figure described by equation (2) does not containany points such that the z-coordinate satisfies −c < z < c ;
otherwise, the right-hand side would be negative while the left-handside is positive by definition — a contradiction. Consequently, thehyperboloid of equation (2) is said to have two “sheets.”
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 9 / 23
![Page 21: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are hyperbolas.
We can describe a hyperboloid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
+ 1 (1)
or
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
− 1. (2)
Observe that the figure described by equation (2) does not containany points such that the z-coordinate satisfies −c < z < c ;otherwise, the right-hand side would be negative while the left-handside is positive by definition — a contradiction.
Consequently, thehyperboloid of equation (2) is said to have two “sheets.”
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 9 / 23
![Page 22: Conic Sectionspeople.ku.edu/~d982b169/math127section126quadricsurfaces.pdfconic sections that are obtained by intersecting a quadric surface with a plane that is parallel to one of](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051920/600cf0b75d465524c248443a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are hyperbolas.
We can describe a hyperboloid in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
+ 1 (1)
or
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
− 1. (2)
Observe that the figure described by equation (2) does not containany points such that the z-coordinate satisfies −c < z < c ;otherwise, the right-hand side would be negative while the left-handside is positive by definition — a contradiction. Consequently, thehyperboloid of equation (2) is said to have two “sheets.”
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 9 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 10 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Elliptic cones are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are pairs of diagonal lines.
We can describe an elliptic cone in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 11 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Elliptic cones are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipses andwhose yz- and xz-traces are pairs of diagonal lines.
We can describe an elliptic cone in standard position by an equation(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
=
(z
c
)2
.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 11 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 12 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Elliptic paraboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipsesand whose yz- and xz-traces are upward-opening parabolas.
We can describe an elliptic paraboloid in standard position by
z =
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 13 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Elliptic paraboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces are ellipsesand whose yz- and xz-traces are upward-opening parabolas.
We can describe an elliptic paraboloid in standard position by
z =
(x
a
)2
+
(y
b
)2
.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 13 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 14 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperbolic paraboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces arehyperbolas, whose yz-traces are downward-opening parabolas, andwhose xz-traces are upward-opening parabolas.
We can describe a hyperbolic paraboloid in standard position by
z =
(x
a
)2
−(y
b
)2
.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 15 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Hyperbolic paraboloids are quadric surfaces whose xy -traces arehyperbolas, whose yz-traces are downward-opening parabolas, andwhose xz-traces are upward-opening parabolas.
We can describe a hyperbolic paraboloid in standard position by
z =
(x
a
)2
−(y
b
)2
.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 15 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 16 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)Every trace of an ellipsoid is an ellipse.
(a.) True.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 17 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)Every trace of an ellipsoid is an ellipse.
(a.) True.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 17 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)Every trace of a hyperboloid is a hyperbola.
(b.) False. Both vertical traces of a hyperboloid are hyperbolas, but thehorizontal trace (xy -trace) of a hyperboloid is an ellipse.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 18 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)Every trace of a hyperboloid is a hyperbola.
(b.) False. Both vertical traces of a hyperboloid are hyperbolas, but thehorizontal trace (xy -trace) of a hyperboloid is an ellipse.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 18 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)There exists a quadric surface whose horizontal and vertical tracesare each parabolas.
(b.) False. On the contrary, if it were possible, then we would havexy -trace y = a0x
2, yz-trace z = b0y2, and xz-trace x = c0z
2, hence
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0
is not a quadratic equation — a contradiction.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 19 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)There exists a quadric surface whose horizontal and vertical tracesare each parabolas.
(b.) False.
On the contrary, if it were possible, then we would havexy -trace y = a0x
2, yz-trace z = b0y2, and xz-trace x = c0z
2, hence
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0
is not a quadratic equation — a contradiction.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 19 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
True (a.) or False (b.)There exists a quadric surface whose horizontal and vertical tracesare each parabolas.
(b.) False. On the contrary, if it were possible, then we would havexy -trace y = a0x
2, yz-trace z = b0y2, and xz-trace x = c0z
2, hence
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz + Fxz + ax + by + cz + d = 0
is not a quadratic equation — a contradiction.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 19 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Finding the Form of a Quadric SurfaceClassify the quadric surface in standard position with horizontaltrace given by the equation
(x2
)2+( y4
)2= 1 and vertical traces
given by the equations( y4
)2+(z6
)2= 1 and
(x2
)2+(z6
)2= 1.
(a.) right-circular cylinder (c.) ellipsoid
(b.) elliptic cylinder (d.) elliptic paraboloid
Each of the traces is an ellipse, hence the quadric surface is an ellipsoid.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 20 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Finding the Form of a Quadric SurfaceClassify the quadric surface in standard position with horizontaltrace given by the equation
(x2
)2+( y4
)2= 1 and vertical traces
given by the equations( y4
)2+(z6
)2= 1 and
(x2
)2+(z6
)2= 1.
(a.) right-circular cylinder (c.) ellipsoid
(b.) elliptic cylinder (d.) elliptic paraboloid
Each of the traces is an ellipse, hence the quadric surface is an ellipsoid.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 21 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Finding the Form of a Quadric SurfaceClassify the quadric surface in standard position with horizontaltrace given by the equation
(x4
)2+( y6
)2= 1 and vertical traces
given by the equations( y6
)2 − (z√27
)2= 1 and
(x4
)2 − (z√27
)2= 1.
(a.) hyperbolic cylinder (c.) hyperboloid of two sheets
(b.) hyperbolic paraboloid (d.) hyperboloid of one sheet
Each of the vertical traces is a hyperbola, and the horizontal trace is anellipse, hence this is a hyperboloid; moreover, there exist pointscorresponding to z = 0, from which it follows that there is one sheet.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 22 / 23
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Common Examples of Quadric Surfaces
Finding the Form of a Quadric SurfaceClassify the quadric surface in standard position with horizontaltrace given by the equation
(x4
)2+( y6
)2= 1 and vertical traces
given by the equations( y6
)2 − (z√27
)2= 1 and
(x4
)2 − (z√27
)2= 1.
(a.) hyperbolic cylinder (c.) hyperboloid of two sheets
(b.) hyperbolic paraboloid (d.) hyperboloid of one sheet
Each of the vertical traces is a hyperbola, and the horizontal trace is anellipse, hence this is a hyperboloid; moreover, there exist pointscorresponding to z = 0, from which it follows that there is one sheet.
MATH 127 (Section 12.6) Quadric Surfaces The University of Kansas 23 / 23