conlangs monthly - september edition

7/23/2019 Conlangs Monthly - September Edition

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2/18

FMLSGLSV

!

Hrmk Fdfmpemly m Kmrpemsyltdx>

Sg Gvmjutoml mh Eukdl Fmkkulofdtoml=

D Jottjg Dimut Jdbmff

gstola Jgdrlgrs Qrotola

!

_mu blmw Bmrgdl Glajose=Jgxofdj Prokola Ol Vemrt Vtrolas Mh

Bmrgdl Vpmbgl Glajose

Ioijomardpey dlc Dfblmwjgcagkglts

Gcotmr ol Feogh>Nmldtedl Hjgury

Jdymut Cgsoal & Ardpeofs

Adig Qotkmlagr

Gcotmr Dssmfodtg

Hmuzod Grrdoedlo

Prmmh Ygdcola & Gcotola

Ferostodl Gvdls

Hmulcgrs

Adig QotkmlagrNmldtedl Hjgury

Gcotmrodj gdk

-Ldmbo Qdtdldig-

-Adig Qotkmlagr-

-Obrdkg Feoidlo-

-Ajgll V. Edcobol-

-Kdrb Vtdff Irdlcj -

p.4

p.9

p.6

p.7

p.40

p.49

-Ldmbo Qdtdldig-


3/18

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Lmw, spgdb Grzydl!Hmr Grzydl Kdstmr!

Igfdusg ymurg Grzydls,D rgvovdj hmr

_mur igdutohuj jdlaudagVedjj ig pmssoijg oh

g pgmpjg spgdbgor wmlcgrhuj jdlaudag!_mur dlfoglt ijmmc,Dlc ymur eostmry,

Qojj fmltolugIut mljy oh teg pgmpjg fdl

Kdoltdol dlc bggp,gor dlfoglt Grzydl jdlaudag!

Ig Grzydl hmrgvgr,Lgvgr aovg up ml ymur jdlaudag!

Lmw, spgdb Grzydl!Hmr dl Grzydl huturg!Hmr Grzydl Kdstmr!

Dlc O djsm wojj,Jgdrl ymur Grzydl jdlaudag

os edrcy jdlaudagmuae O cmlt spgdb otLdturdjjy ot wojj rgvovg!

4

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4/18

9

g mroaols mh eukdl jdlaudag edvg djwdys iggldl gloakdtof dlc ulhdtemkdijg kystgry2 lmfmkkulofdtoml systgk usgc iy dlokdjs fmkgs fjmsg

tm teg pmwgr dlc vgrsdtojoty mh teg eukdl jdlaudag,dlc dffmrcola tm kdly rgsgdrfegrs dlc jolauoststeos fmkpjgx hmrk mh fmkkulofdtoml eds igglusgc hmr jgss tedl 700,000 ygdrs. Lmw teg qugstomlos, emw fdl sufe dcvdlfgc hmrk mh fmkkulofdtomlkutdtg dlc prmargss wotemut jgdvola dly trdfgmh ldturdj sgjgftoml ol ots fmursg mh gvmjutoml=

g fflgjc mh fmkpdrdtovg aglmkof djjmws rgsgdrfegrstm olvgstoadtg teg mroaols mh jdlaudag hrmk d lgw

pgrspgftovg2 rgsgdrfegs ol teos fflgjc empg tm ffllcsokojdrotogs igtwggl dlokdjs dlc eukdls ol tgrksmh aglgs, sm ds tm olhgr hrmk teg fmjjgftgc cdtdemw jdlaudag koaet edvg gvmjvgc hrmk dlokdjs.

Oh ldturdj sgjgftoml wmujc edvg iggl idsgc mld armup mh aglgs wotemut prgfgcglfg, Cdrwoldlc eos prgcgfgssmrs wmujc edvg edc d sgromusprmijgk tm gxpjdol2 wote sm kdly eulcrgcs mhtemusdlcs mh ygdrs tm cgvgjmp, d jolauostof systgktedt cgpglcs ml temusdlcs mh ulprgfgcgltgcaglgs wmujc sggk okpmssoijg tm fmlfgovg hrmkteg gvmjutomldry pmolt mh vogw, emwgvgr gvmjutomlos dimut rdlcmk prmfgssgs tedt pjdy wote mjcpdrts tm frgdtg lgw systgks iut lmt lgw pdrts.

g kdnmroty mh teg aglgs olvmjvgc ol eukdlfmkkulofdtoml edvg smkg smrt mh rgjdtgc dlcdlfoglt fmultgrpdrt ol mtegr spgfogs2 tdbg hmrolstdlfg teg fflrst aglg tm ig jolbgc tm jdlaudagHMUP9, cosfmvgrgc iy Mxhmrc aglgtofosts Vokml

Hosegr dlc Dltemly Kmldfm. Dffmrcola tm tegorrgsgdrfe, tegy spgfujdtg tedt teos aglg gvmjvgccurola eulcrgcs mh temusdlcs mh ygdrs ol sufe dwdy tedt ot fmujc pgrhgftjy frgdtg teg kgfedloskhmr dcvdlfgc eukdl fmkkulofdtoml jdtgr ml.Dffmrcola tm tegor eypmtegsos, HMUP9 cgsfglcshrmk d aglg hdkojy Hmrbegdc (ldkgc dgr teg iotmh prmtgol tegy prmcufg) weofe eds iggl jolbgc tmcorgftola teg dftomls mh smkg mtegr aglgs. Hrmk teosjolgdag kdly mtegr rgjdtgc aglgs wgrg prmcufgc

iut wote coffgrglt gffgfts2 ots dssukgc tedt tegsgaglgs smkgemw wgrg ol fedrag mh fmltrmjjola tegkmvgkglts mh fgrtdol kusfjgs ol teg mradlosks.Hrmk teos, ots spgfujdtgc tedt teg fdpdfoty mhtegsg aglgs hmr fmltrmjjola kusfjg dftomls stdrtgctm pjdy d rmjg ol mrdj jdlaudag prmcuftoml, lmtds d jdlaudag aglg pgr sg, iut ds d fmltroiutolaaglg ol teg prmcuftoml mh mrdj jdlaudag, wemsgrdlag mh dftoml edvg iggl gvmjvola hmr gmls olgvgry lgw aglgrdtoml. Ygsgdrfegs fmlngfturgtedt wegl kolosfujg aglgtof coffgrglfgs drgvotdj hmr teg survovdj mh teg spgfog, tegsg drgcossgkoldtgc dlc trdlskottgc hrmk aglgrdtomltm aglgrdtoml kmrg gdsojy dlc hdstgr dkmla tegpmpujdtoml, dlc sm ots temuaet tedt HMUP9 dlcots rgjdtgc aglgs sprgdc dkmla gdrjy prokdtgs.

Emwgvgr, hrmk teg pgrspgftovg mh hulftomldjoty

vgrsus rmjg, eukdl jdlaudag eds lm eostmrofdj mrgvmjutovg prgfgcglt dlc ot rgkdols d quoltgssgltodjjyd eukdl trdot. Djj dttgkpts tm frgdtg d smjoc tegmryml teg gvmjutoml mh eukdl jdlaudag edvg hdojgc,cug tm teg jdfb mh hdfts fmlfgrlola teg mroaol mhdly jdlaudag, dlc cug tm teg jdfb mh hmssoj gvocglfgtedt fdl semw teg trdlsotomldj fedlags oltm murfurrglt hmrk mh fmkkulofdtoml (imcy kgfedlofsdlc temuaet prmfgssgs). gsg olfmlvgloglfgs,sm tm spgdb, edvg jg gvmjutomlosts wote d vdst

diyss tm irocag igtwggl eukdls wote tegor olldtgdcvdlfgc kdtegkdtofdj fmkkulofdtoml dptotucgsdlc teg ulcgfopegrgc lmosgs fmkkml tm dlokdjs.

Hrmk fdfmpemly tm

kmrpemsyltdx>

Sg gvmjutoml mh

eukdl fmkkulofdtoml=


5/18

6


Sgmrogs drg fmlstruftgc mingfts.

Sgy dssgkijgc d tegmry.-Agmrag Jdbmff-

Djtemuae fflrst dppgdrola ol teg jdtg 50s, fmalotovgkgtdpemr dlc gkimcogc kolc tegmry tmmb ultojteg turl mh teg kojjgllouk tm igaol dffgftolateg prdftofg dlc ulcgrstdlcola mh frgdtmrsdlc sfemjdrs. Ot os stojj hdr tmm jottjg blmwl iyvosudj drtosts, furdtmrs dlc frotofs. Kdrb A.Sdigr dlc O oltglc ol mur mwl skdjj wdy olteos wgisotg tm egjp sprgdc teg wmrc, ds ot wgrg.

Fmalotovg jolauostofs, gspgfodjjy teg suicovosomlfdjjgc fmalotovg kgtdpemr, os jdragjy idsgc ml tegarmulc-irgdbola wmrb mh Agmrag Jdbmff dlc eostwm fmjjdimrdtmrs, Kdrb Surlgr dlc Kdrb Nmelsml.Jdbmff, wem igadl ds d stucglt mh Lmdk Femksby,olotodtgc rgsgdrfe weofe jgc tm teg frgdtoml mh dlokpmrtdlt oltgrcosfopjoldry stucy mh kgtdpemr,

lmw aglgrdjjy fdjjgc fmalotovg jolauostofs.gmrosts olvmjvgc ol teos dpprmdfe dcvdlfg tegeypmtegsgs tedt kgtdpemr os teg hmulcdtoml mh djjtemuaet, tedt jolauostof gjgkglts drg fmlfgptudjjyprmfgssgc dlc tedt jdlaudag os feogy cgtgrkolgciy imcojy dlc glvormlkgltdj gxpgroglfgs.

g cgsorg hmr dl okkolglt hulcdkgltdj fedlagjolbgc tm d lgw ulcgrstdlcola mh trmpg os olcggcol teg dor, lmt mljy hmr kg2 gvgr kmrg hrgqugltjy,

drtosts dlc dutemrs edvg igaul tm rghgr tm kgtdpemrdlc fmalotovg kgtdpemr tegmry. Hmr gxdkpjg,Hrdlb Cdvgy, d Fdldcodl pmgt wote dl olvmjvgkgltol tegmry, stdtgs teg hmjjmwola ol dl oltgrvogwwote Ejodlg Xglturd ol teg nmurldj Vmurfgs.

Jdbmff dlc Nmelsml suaagst tedt kdly mh murediotudj kgtdpemrs drg fmllgftgc tm mur fujturgsocgmjmaofdj olvgstkglts. ... Sm smkg gxtglt tegorwmrb dppgdrs tm ig rgjdtgc tm vdromus prmngfts mhCgfmlstruftoml, ol tedt tegy rdosg tm fmlsfomuslgssteg eoccgl dssukptomls mh idldjjy fflaurdtovgjdlaudag. Pmjotofdj dlc gfmlmkof kgtdpemrs, tegywrotg, fdl eocg dspgfts mh rgdjoty, tegy fmlstrdol

mur jovgs, tegy fdl jgdc tm eukdl cgardcdtoml. Iuttegy djsm draug tedt mrcoldry jdlaudag os lgfgssdrojy

kgtdpemrof, tedt fujturgs lggc teg fmlfgptudjhrdkgs mh kgtdpemr tm prmvocg pgrspgftovgs dlcfmegrglfg. Dlc O rgfdjj tedt ds wgjj tegy gxdkolgkgtdpemrs drmulc wmkgl, hmr gxdkpjg wmkglds hmmc (d rgdj cose) mr ds fflrg (emt idigs, emtstuff, boss mh fflrg, tmrroc rmkdlfg gtf). Ots teos ...bolc mh kgtdpemr tedt O pjdy wote ol Idfb tm teg Qdrol pmgks sufe ds g Fmkpjdolt, mr Vwggts, mrg Hmrtulg Sgjjgr. ... g jolb tedt kgtdpemrrgquorgs oslt hmrgarmulcgc ol Rky pmgks[ iut

os kgrgjy jdtglt ultoj ot os kdcg iy teg rgdcgr...

Jobgwosg, drt frotof Idrry Vfewdisbywrotgs mh teg olugltodj Lgw _mrb pdoltgrNmldtedl Jdsbgr ol DrtHmruk kdadzolg>

Nmldtedl Jdsbgr mlfg tmjc kg eg temuaetteg Kolokdjosts edc iggl tryola tm kdbgdl drt wotemut kgtdpemr, dlc ol hdft edcsuffggcgc2 iut teg pmolt edvola iggl prmvgc,eg fmltolugc, tegrgs lm jmlagr dly uragltkmtovdtoml tm prmcufg kmrg kgtdpemr-hrgg wmrb.

Fmalotovg jolauostofs dlc Edrmjc Ijmmks 3rgvosomlosk wgrg d rgvgjdtoml tm kg. O hmulcIjmmks lmtoml mh daml tm suppjgkglt Jdbmstdlfmlfgptomls spjglcocjy. Ijmmk sggs teg prokdjdftovoty mh teg frgdtovg johg ds mlg mh struaajolawote dlc mvgrfmkola mlgs oluglfgs iy

rgvosomlostofdjjy, wojjhujjy dlc ygt okdaoldtovgjykosulcgrstdlcola tegk. Ol fmalotovg jolauostofsdlc damlostof rgvosomlosk, O cosfmvgrgc tegmrogsweofe rgdc trug tm ky gxpgroglfgs dlc dccotomldjjymffgrgc mpglolas tm teg wmrjc, frotofozola tegsmjopsosk dlc smpeostry mh kufe mtegr furrgltjotgrdry tegmry iy, dkmla mtegr strglates,suisukola tegor rovdjs olsoaets. O wojj cosfussky dcdptdtoml mh Ijmmks tegmry ol jdtgr drtofjgs.

Ot fdl lmw ig sggl tedt teg Jdtg Kmcgrlostdttgkpt tm ulcgrkolg kgtdpemr, ds cgsfroigc iyVfewdisby dlc Jdsbgr dimvg, djtemuae lgfgssdrydt tedt tokg, coc lmt dftudjjy hulftoml ds gxpgftgc,


6/18

3

iut wds rdtegr d lgadtomldj, kgtdjgptof trmpg ol otsgjh. Kmrgmvgr, Cdvgygxprgssgs d pgrfgptoml tedt tegrg os d fmltoludtoml igtwggl Cgrrocd dlcJdbmff, dl mpoloml imte fmltrmvgrsodj dlc, surprosolajy, egjc iy kdly.Ol eos gygs ds d wmrbola pmgt, eg ffllcs dspgfts mh Cgfmlstruftoml dlc

fmalotovg kgtdpemr tm ig dbol, smkgteola tedt imte hdftomls wmujcegdrtojy rgiuff. g fmltoluuk fmltdolola imte tegsg tegmrogs os tedt mhteg hrgg pjdy mh trmpgs. g hdsfoldtoml dlc gxfotgkglt mh glfmultgroladlc dppjyola lgw fmlfgptudj systgks fdl jgdc tm prmcuftovg cosfmvgrogs,imte ol teg edlcs mh frgdtmrs dlc mh sfemjdrs, wedtgvgr tegor fflldj pmjotofdjstdtus igfmkgs. Dppjyola lmvgj tegmrogs fdl prmcufg lgw cosfgrlkgltsoltm jotgrdturg dlc drt fmltgkpmrdry wote d aovgl peojmsmpey, iut djsmoltm dspgfts mh teg ldturg mh frgdtovoty dfrmss d irmdcgr tokg spdl.

Jdbmstdl tegmry mffgrs, dt teos tokg, dl dtypofdj kmcgj, ol tedt ot dfblmwjgcagsdaglfy, tedt os, ot rgfmalosgs teg olcovocudjs wem kdbg drt gxpgroglfgs.os rglcgrs d fedlfg tm olvgstoadtg dlc spgfujdtg ml teg luts-dlc-imjtsmh frgdtoml. g fmalotovg tegmry mh kgtdpemr os djsm ulusudj ol tedt ot osd jolauostof tegmry kmrg fmlfgrlgc wote fmlfgpts tedl wote wmrcs djmlg,teus hmstgrola dppjofdtoml tm d wocg rdlag mh drt hmrks. Dl okpmrtdlt hdfgtmh fmalotovg jolauostof tegmry os tedt kgtdpemrs drg gkimcogc, tedt os, tedtkgltdj fmlfgpts drg fmlstruftgc trmpdofdjjy mut mh imcojy gxpgroglfgs.gsg hmulcdtomldj pgrfgptomls fdl hurtegrkmrg jgdc tm wedt eg tgrksokdag sfegkds, weofe fdl tegl ig usgc tm strufturg smkgwedt jgss

peysofdj gvglts. os eds pmtgltodjjy soalofflfdlt okpjofdtomls hmr teg pmgt,teg pdoltgr, teg lmvgjost, teg frotof dlc teg sfemjdr. Ot os olcggc mlg mh tegkdol tmmjs O edvg femsgl tm gkpjmy ol ky tegmrogs. Ol ky cossgrtdtomldlc ol ky drtofjgs egrg, Jdbmstdl tegmry wds dlc wojj ig dppjogc tmteg fmkpgtotovg cosfmvgry mh trmpg woteol dspgfts mh hmrk ol vosudj drt.

Jdbmff igjogvgs tedt d prmpgr dpprgfodtoml hmr kgtdpemr futs termuae tegpgrpgtudj fjdse igtwggl teg sm-fdjjgc mingftovg vogw mh trmpg (tedt otos purgjy jotgrdry, djkmst cgfmrdtovg) dlc teg sm-fdjjgc suingftovg vogw(tedt ot eds lm corgft tog tm gxpgroglfg). Eg prmkmtgs dl djtgrldtovg tedt

strgssgs teg fgltrdjoty mh kgtdpemr tm mur teolbola prmfgssgs, dlc tegrgiytm mur jdlaudag dlc mtegr dftomls. Eglfg, O sgg fmalotovg kgtdpemr tegmrysokojdrjy mffgrola dl djtgrldtovg tm Hmrkdjosk dlc Pmststrufturdjosk iysuisukola tegk imte. us ky tegmry os cgrovgc hrmk fmalotovg jolauostofsds d kgtemc mh duakgltola teg rdlag mh pmststrufturdj temuaet dlcrgvovohyola dpprgfodtoml mh teg hmrkdj cosfmvgrogs mh dutemrs dlc drtosts.


7/18

7

Oltrmcuftoml>

grg os lm cmuit tedt wrotola prmvocgs jdlaudagwote d vosudj rgprgsgltdtoml. Ot os utojosgc pdrtofujdrjytm trdlskot kujtopjg typgs mh olhmrkdtoml. ossgftoml wojj oltrmcufg teg rgdcgr tm teg wrotolaprmfgss. Dgrwdrcs, ot wojj ocgltohy teg cyldkofldturg mh teos fmalotovg sbojj. Gqudjjy okpmrtdlt,teos sgftoml wojj prgsglt smkg mh teg typgs dcmptgctm kgdsurg d jgdrlgrs fdpdiojoty ol d fgrtdol fflgjc.os sgftoml os d prgjokoldry tm teg sgftoml tedt

hmjjmws.

Sg Lmtoml mh Qrotola>

Ot amgs wotemut sdyola tedt mlg mh teg hulcdkgltdjprmpgrtogs mh eukdl jdlaudag os ots diojoty tm igwrottgl. Ol hdft, tegrg os d vdjudijg fjdok tedt wrotolaprmvocgs d tdlaoijg ldturg mh teg jdlaudag, solfg otrgprgsglts jdlaudag ol d kmrg smpeostofdtgc hmrk

tedl spggfe cmgs. Emwgvgr, Cg Vdussurg, dkmlamtegr sfemjdrs, igjogvgs tedt jdlaudag dlc wrotoladrg twm costolft systgks (4?7?> 96). Ol teos pdssdag,wg wojj segc joaet ml d vdrogty mh pgrspgftovgs kdcgtmwdrcs wrotola.

g dimvg-kgltomlgc ossug eds iggl rdosgc ulcgrteg cosfopjolg mh dppjogc jolauostofs. Ds hdr ds VJDos fmlfgrlgc, wrotola dfts ds d sdjoglt hmulcdtoml

hmr teg prmfflfoglfy mh J9. Ot os ulcglodijg tedtwrotola os agttola d euag oltgrgst, kdoljy cug tm otsfmalotovg ldturg weofe kgrags igtwggl teolboladlc jgdrlola (Lystrdlc, 4??6). Lgvgrtegjgss,

hgw stucogs edvg iggl fmlcuftgc tm cgfmcg teg

prmfgssola mh teos fmalotovg sbojj. os os pgredpsmwola tm teg hdft tedt ot os eoaejy fmkpjgx ol ldturg.

Hrmk dl drtostof vogw, wrotola os cgffllgc ds d nmigxpgrokglt. Ot os jobg dly cosfmvgry nmi ymu cm lmtblmw wedt os amola tm edppgl ultoj ymu try ot (Imttmks dlc Amujose, 9001> 945). Ol mtegr wmrcs,wrotola vdrogs cgpglcola ml teg wrotgr, fmltgxt,fujturg dlc dptotucg. Djj tegsg fmkpmlglts, dkmlamtegrs, fmltroiutg tm kdbg mh wrotola d roccjg tedt

lggcs tm ig rgsmjvgc. Cgspotg tedt wrotola eds igglkdraoldjosgc ds d fmkkulofdtovg kgtemc. Ot ostrug tedt ot os rgadrcgc ds teg bgy mh jgdrlola J9,hmr ot os d cgvofg hmr gxprgssola jdlaudag (Agji,4?88> 49). os kgdls tedt jgdrlola emw tm wrotgol d aovgl jdlaudag o.g. fmkpmsola, fmkiolola tegsgquglfgs mh d jdlaudag, wmujc kdbg teg stucy mhdl J9 kufe gdsogr, ds teg wrotola fmltdols costfujtds wgjj ds gjgadlt jolauostof hmrks tedl spggfe cmgs.Djj ol djj, wrotola olvmjvgs dl oltgrdftoml igtwggl

teg edlc dlc teg gyg. Ot os dl dffurdtg rgprgsgltdtomlmh teg jdlaudag weofe hdfojotdtgs teg gxprgssomlmh teg eukdl kolc. Sm teos glc, dlc ds teg lgxtpdssdag wojj gxpjmrg, wrotola os d cyldkof prmfgsstedt os dfeogvgc termuae sgvgrdj stdags.

Sg Prmfgss mh Qrotola>

g prmfgss mh wrotola olfjucgs d sgt mh sbojjs dlcstdags. Ol teos rgspgft, Hjmwgr dlc Edygs (4?54)stdtg> grg os d vglgrdijg trdcotoml ol regtmrof dlcfmkpmsotoml weofe sggs teg fmkpmsola prmfgss

gstola Jgdrlgrs Qrotola


8/18

8

ds sgrogs mh cgfosomls dlc femofgs (Hjmwgr, Y.Edygs, 4?54). os kgdls tedt teg pdte gspmusgciy dly wrotgr rgadrcjgss mh teg tmpof dlc tegfmltgxt os rggftgc ol d sgt mh prdftofgs wegrgiyeg/seg dttgkpts tm dfeogvg covgrsg purpmsgs sufeds olhmrkola, pgrsudcola, gxprgssola mr gvglkdlopujdtola teg rgdcgr. Ol teos ulot, wg sedjj

cosfuss teg costolft stdags mh d wrottgl wmrb tmcgfopegr teg fmkpjgxoty mh teg wrotola prmfgss.

Qrotgrs tglc tm kmvg idfb dlc hmrte, sm tm spgdb,ds d swolaola pglcujuk curola tegor dttgkpt tmprmcufg d fmkpmsotoml. Ol mrcgr tm fmkg up woted vdjoc pogfg mh wmrb. Fmlfgrlola teos kdttgr,sgvgrdj sfemjdrs edvg prmvocgc quotg coffgrgltstdags tedt cgpoft teg prmfgss mh wrotola2 teg stdagstedt drg fmlsocgrgc egrg drg kdoljy cgvgjmpgc iy

Nmelsml dlc Adrclgr (4??1), dlc Hjmwgr, dlc Y.Edygs (4?54).

g fflrst stgp tmwdrcs wrotola os rggftgc ol tegprg-wrotola stdag, wegrgiy teg wrotgr dffukujdtgsolhmrkdtoml dlc ocgds tedt drg rgjdtgc tm d fgrtdoltmpof.

Ol teg sgfmlc stdag, crdola, teg wrotgr fmkpmsgswotemut gstdijoseola fmlvgltomls. Ol teos stdag tegwrottgl wmrb cmgs lmt lggc tm ig lgdt. Ot os mljy dtgltdtovg dttgkpt.

Ygrgdcola, teos stdag kdy olvmjvg mtegr rgdcgrs,ol mrcgr hmr teg wrotgr tm agt costolft pgrspgftovgstedt wojj gldijg eok/egr tm okprmvg eos/egrfmkpmsotoml.

Dgr mitdolola vdromus mpolomls, teg wrotgr kdy

femmsg tm gcot teg strufturg, teg pulftudtoml, tegwmrcola...gtf.

g stdag tedt hmjjmws os teg gxgfutoml mh teg fflldjcrd. Gvgl temuae, teg wrottgl wmrb os hdr hrmkigola fflldj cug tm teg cyldkof ldturg mh wrotola.g wrotola prmfgss os lmt d eoaejy jolgdr prmfgss,iut rdtegr d fmltoludj kmvgkglt igtwggl tegcoffgrglt stgps mh teg wrotola kmcgj Nmelsml dlcAdrclgr (4??1). Ol dftudjoty, wrotola os d fmkpjgx

prmfgss wegrgiy kdly cosfrgtg stdags drg igoladppjogc.

gstola Xgrsus Gvdjudtola>

gstola>

Qoteol teg fflgjc mh dppjogc jolauostofs, tgdfeola,jgdrlola, dlc tgstola drg djj mh soalofflfdlfg ol tegdfquosotoml mh J9. Ol teos sui-sgftoml, covgrsgqugstomls dssmfodtgc wote teg fmlfgpt mh tgstolawojj ig dccrgssgc. Ds d stdrtola pmolt, d cgffllotoml mhteg tgrk tgstola wojj ig prgsgltgc. Kmrg prgfosgjy,

ol teg rgdjk mh jdlaudag tgdfeola dlc jgdrlola.Qote d vogw tm agt dl dcgqudtg ardsp mh teg prmfgssmh tgstola, ot os gssgltodj tm ocgltohy teg tgrk tgst.Hmr tedt rgdsml, wg rghgr tm Mvgrtml (9005) wemsdys tedt d tgst os>D kgtemc tm cgtgrkolg d stucglts diojoty tmfmkpjgtg d fgrtdol tdsb mr cgkmlstrdtg kdstgry mh

d sbojj mr blmwjgcag mh fmltglt R...[ d tgst os mlghmrk mh dl dssgsskglt. Mvgrtml (9005)

os cgffllotoml okpjogs tedt d tgst os d prmfgcurgokpjgkgltgc iy teg olstruftmr wote rgspgft tm teggcufdtomldj systgk tm fegfb teg fmkpgtglfg mh tegjgdrlgrs, ds wgjj ds teg dcvdlfgkglt igola kdcg.Edvola prmvocgc teos irogh, ygt lgdt cgffllotoml,ot os lgfgssdry tm put hmrwdrc d cgffllotoml mh murprolfopdj fmlfgrl.

Sgstola os teg dssgsskglt mh teg jolauostof dlcfmkkulofdtovg diojotogs dt vdromus stdags mhteg jgdrlola prmfgss R...[ Ot os dl oltgardj pdrt mhjdlaudag tgdfeola R...[ Sgstola os d kgdls weofefdl ig rglcgrgc vgry gstfoglt hmr imte tgdfegrsdlc jgdrlgrs. Vdcoqo dlc Glldno (9005)

Coffgrgltjy sdoc, tgstola os pdrt dlc pdrfgj mh tegtgdfeola kdtgrodjs tedt pgrkots olstruftmrs tmcgtgrkolg teg strglates dlc wgdblgssgs mh tegorstucglts. Ot os d iglgfflfodj ulcgrtdbola hmr jgdrlgrs,solfg tgstola stokujdtgs teg jgdrlola prmfgss.

g purpmsgs mh jdlaudag tgstola kdy vdry. Vtojj,teg fgltrdj mingftovgs mh teos jdttgr drg fmkkml.Horstjy, tgstola dttgkpts tm cgtgrkolg teg dkmultmh jgdrlola tedt wds rgfgovgc iy teg stucglt. Smojjustrdtg, oh wg drg tm gxdkolg stucglts ml teg

fmltglt aovgl ol teg fjdssrmmk, ot wmujc ig pmssoijghmr teg tgdfegr tm ig dwdrg mh teg teolas tedt lggckmrg prdftofg dlc temsg weofe drg prmpgrjy jgdrlt.Dlmtegr suistdltodj purpmsg os tm bggp trdfb mh tegprmargss dfeogvgc iy teg jgdrlgr. Wjtokdtgjy, tmglsurg teg hujffljjkglt mh teg jgdrlola doks.

g fflgjc mh tgstola wrotola eds fmlsocgrdijyokprmvgc. Ot eds, emwgvgr, wotlgssgc kdlyfedlags hrmk mlg dpprmdfe tm dlmtegr (Hdredcy,

4?1?). Ot kdy sustfg hmr teg tokg igola, tm pmolt muttedt smkg mh tegsg dpprmdfegs wojj ig sgpdrdtgjydldjysgc ol teg hmrte-fmkola sgftomls.

Gvdjudtola>

Dlmtegr prmfgcurg tm dssgss stucglts diojoty,wrotola ol mur fdsg, os gvdjudtoml. Sm smkg gxtglt,kdly rgsgdrfegrs edvg costolauosegc igtwggltgstola dlc gvdjudtola. os sgftoml wojj try tmgxpjmrg teos prmfgcurg (o.g. gvdjudtoml), dlc tmpol cmwl teg cossokojdroty igtwggl tgstola dlcgvdjudtola.


9/18

1

Ol aglgrdj, gvdjudtoml os teg systgkdtof adtegrola mholhmrkdtoml hmr purpmsgs mh cgfosoml kdbola dimutteg qudjoty mh teg prmardk otsgjh dlc cgfosomls dimutolcovocudjs ol teg prmardk. g gvdjudtoml ol tegprmardk kdy olvmjvg teg stucy mh teg furrofujuk,mingftovgs, kdtgrodjs dlc tgst mr ardcola systgks.g gvdjudtoml mh olcovocudjs olvmjvgs cgfosomls

dimut gltrdlfg tm prmardk, pjdfgkglt, prmargss,dlc dfeogvgkglt (Yofedrcs dlc Vfekoct, 9009)

Vuffolftjy, teos cgffllotoml cglmtgs tedt gvdjudtomlos fmlfgrlgc wote teg stucglt dlc teg gcufdtomldjsystgk djobg. g hmrkgr os ol tgrks mh tegokprmvgkglt eg/seg os kdbola. g jdttgr, emwgvgr,os ol tgrks mh ots dcgqudfy tm kggt teg prmpgr frotgrodmh d usghuj jgdrlola-tgdfeola syjjdius.

Mvgr dlc dimvg, gvdjudtoml hmrks d ajmidj pgrfgptomlmh teg mvgrdjj systgk. Mlg dspgft mh gvdjudtoml osteg fmjjgftoml mh rgjodijg dlc rgjgvdlt olhmrkdtomldimut teg hmrgamola gjgkglts. (Idfekdl, 9006>99). Lmlgtegjgss, tegrg drg kujtopjg hdftmrs tedtlggc tm ig fmltrmjjgc, mwola tm audrdltgg d vdjocgvdjudtoml, sufe ds>

Vfmrola tgfeloqug2 wegrgiy ardcola olfjucgsprgcgtgrkolgc stdlcdrcs hmr djj stucglts.

Sg rgjodiojoty mh teg gvdjudtoml weofergquorgs tedt djj stucglts pdss teg gxdk ulcgrocgltofdj forfukstdlfgs.

Sg fmltglt vdjocoty, weofe semujc rggftteg fmltglt tedt wds aovgl tegrgol teg fjdssrmmk.Iy wdy mh fmltrdst, tgstola dlc gvdjudtola drgcostolft prmfgcurgs tm ig dcmptgc.

Gvdjudtoml cmgs gltdoj tgstola. Iy teg sdkg tmbgl,tgsts ol dlc mh tegksgjvgs drg lmt gvdjudtovg. Sgstdrg mgl usgc hmr pgcdamaofdj purpmsgs, gotegrds kgdls mh kmtovdtola stucglts tm stucy, mr ds dkgdls mh rgvogwola kdtgrodj tduaet, ol weofe fdsglm gvdjudtovg cgfosoml os kdcg ml teg idsos mh tegtgst rgsujts (mp. fot)

Ds teos qumtg pmsots, tgstola os, pdrtofujdrjy, d kgdls

mh gxdkolola jgdrlgrs diojoty ol d fgrtdol drgd2 wotergspgft tm teg gcufdtomldj syjjdius. Gvdjudtoml osirmdcgr tedl tgstola ds ot eds d kmrg gxedustovgpgrspgftovg mh d fgrtdol sfmpg.

Ol teos sgftoml, d costolftoml eds iggl kdcgigtwggl tgstola dlc gvdjudtola. Fmlsgqugltjy, gdfemh weofe eds costolft corgftomls dlc mingftovgs. glgxt sgftoml wojj prgsglt smkg typgs mh dssgsskglt,spgfofflfdjjy, fmltoludj dssgsskglt dlc tgrkoldjdssgsskglt.

Fmltoludj Dssgsskglt dlc grkoldj Dssgsskglt>

Ds lmtgc gdrjogr, tegrg drg pjglty mh wdys tm kgdsurgd jgdrlgrs dptotucg ol d fgrtdol sfmpg, feogy, tgstola,dlc gvdjudtola. muae, tegsg kgtemcmjmaogs drgsusfgptoijg tm kmlmtmly dlc cujjlgss, oldskufeds teg hmfus os, kdoljy, corgftgc upml pdssola teggxdk, olstgdc mh teg dpprmprodtg fmkkdlc mh teg

fmlfgpts igola cgjovgrgc woteol teg fjdssrmmk.Qote teos ol kolc, teos furrglt pdrt wojj gxpjmrg twmprolfopdj typgs mh dssgsskglt ldkgjy, teg fmltoludjdlc teg tgrkoldj dssgsskglt.

Qg femmsg teg perdsg fmltoludj dssgsskglt tmcgsfroig d typg mh dssgsskglt tedt edppgls ol rgdjtokg rdtegr tedl dt teg glc mh d wggb mr ulot. Otos fmltolumus/mlamola igfdusg ot olvmjvgs cdojymisgrvdtomls dlc cmfukgltdtoml mh stucglts wmrb

weojg tegy drg gladagc ol olquory olvgstoadtoml dlccosfussomls. (Fdrjsml, 9006> 9) Dffmrcola tm teosdffurdtg cgffllotoml, d igaollola rdtegr tedl dl glc osprgfosgjy emw fmltolumus dssgsskglt os fmlsocgrgc.Ot os rgprgsgltgc ds d kgdls tm hmstgr teg jgdrlolaprmfgss ml d cdojy idsos. Dccotomldjjy, teos strdtgaywojj rgolhmrfg teg tgdfegr-pupojs rgjdtomls, ds eg/segwojj fmlstdltjy trdfb teg stucglts prmargss.

Ml teg fmltrdry, tgrkoldj dssgsskglt os tedt weofetdbgs pjdfg mljy dt teg glc mh d fmursg (Kfdjpolg,9009> 5). Ot os fdrrogc mut dt teg glc mh d kdnmr ulot,g.a. iy sottola dl gxdkoldtoml dt teg glc mh tegsgkgstgr.

Sgrkoldj dssgsskglt kdy ig dpprmprodtg wegrgtegrg os gvocglfg tedt jgdrlola gdfe lgw fflgjc mhstucy fmltroiutgs tm teg ulcgrstdlcola mh gvgrymtegr, dlc eglfg jgdrlola fdl mljy ig dssgssgc ds

d fmkpjgtg wemjg rdtegr tedl ds fmlstotuglt pdrts(mp. fot> 5)

Ol teos fdsg, tgrkoldj dssgsskglt kdy edvg hdrpmsotovg rgdfeola gffgfts ml teg stucglt. _gt ot osprmidijg tedt teg stucglt wojj ig mvgriurcgl wote smkdly lmtomls, tegrgdgr teg stucglts wojj fmlfgovglmteola hrmk teg fmlfgpts stdtgc.

Iy dlc jdrag, ot os jobgjy tedt fmltoludj dssgsskglt

os d sustdolgc strdtgay mh dssgsskglt solfg otvosudjosgs teg okprmvgkglt mh teg stucglts tmwdrcsteg jgdrlola amdjs. Vtojj, tgrkoldj dssgsskglt os,gssgltodjjy, okpjgkgltgc hmr sukkdtovg purpmsgssm ds tm cgtgrkolg teg diojoty mh d jgdrlgr tm kmvghmrwdrc tm teg lgxt jgvgj.

Fmlfjusoml>

Ml teg wemjg, wrotola os hdr hrmk igola fflldj. Idsgcml tedt, tgstola teos sbojj fdl ig d tmuae tdsb tmdttdol. Ol wedt hmjjmws, smkg mh teg vdromus typgsmh sfmrola wrotola tgsts wojj ig teg kdnmr fmlfgpt tmcgdj wote.


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5

Kgtemcs hmr Dssgssola Jgdrlgrs Qrotola>

Oltrmcuftoml>

Jdlaudag tgsts prgsglt d suistdltodj dspgft oltgdfeola dlc jgdrlola. gy drg dl doc tm cosfmvgrkmrg dimut imte, teg jgdrlgr dlc teg tgdfeola

syjjdius. Hmr teos rgdsml, tegrg eds tm ig kmrghmfus ml teg rgjodiojoty dlc vdjocoty mh teos jdttgr.os sgftoml wojj ig cgvmtgc tm am mvgr teg prmfgssmh tgstola wrotola. gl, ot wojj gxdkolg smkg mhteg sfmrola kmcgjs dppjogc ol tgstola.

gstola Qrotola>

Sgstola wrotola, ol teg gxpjmsovgjy armwola fflgjc mh

VJD, fdl ig d edrc-tokg fdusola prmfgss ds tegrgdrg vdromus hdftmrs tedt lggc tm ig fmlsocgrgcsufe ds, teg mingftovoty mh teg tgsts, teg sfmrolakgtemcs mh wrotola, dlc teg rgjodiojoty mh tegsgjdttgr. Wlqugstomldijy, lmt djj tgdfegrs rgdft tmdjj grrmrs ol teg sdkg wdy. gy nucag smkg tm igvgry sgromus, weojg tegy kdy fmlsocgr mtegrs quotgtrovodj (Cdvogs, 4?59> 94).

Ol teos sgftoml, wg sedjj, fflrst, gxpjmrg smkg mhteg ossugs glvosdagc weojg dttgkptola tm tgst tegwrotola mh J9 jgdrlgrs. Lgxt, wg sedjj sgg smkg mhteg sfmrola kgtemcs. Eglfg, ot os empgc tedt tegrgdcgr wojj edvg dl dpprmprodtg ulcgrstdlcola mhteg dhmrgkgltomlgc fmlfgpts.

Ol dl dttgkpt tm cgfopegr teg prmfgss mh tgstola J9wrotola Botdm, bdtejggk dlc bglno (4??8) stdtg tedt>Sgstola wrotola mh GHJ jgdrlgrs pmsgs twm kdnmr

prmijgks. g fflrst os kdbola cgfosomls dimut tegkdttgr mh fmltrmj, mingftovoty mh teg gvdjudtoml, dlcldturdjlgss ol teg wrottgl tgst.

g sgfmlc kdnmr prmijgk os tedt, oh teg tgst oscmlg ol d wdy tedt fdllmt ig ardcgc mingftovgjy, otos lgfgssdry tm cgvgjmp d sfdjg tedt kdbgs ardcolads mingftovg ds pmssoijg. Botdm, bdtejggk dlc Botdmbglno (4??8)

os sdoc, teg fmkpmsotoml prmcufgc iy J9 jgdrlgrssemujc ig fdpturgc woteol teg kmst ldturdjostofglvormlkglt o.g. teg olstruftmr eds tm dcmptdl mingftovg kgtemc tm ardcg teg wrotolas. Hmrteg tokg igola, O wojj lmt gjdimrdtg kmrg ml tegkgtemcs mh sfmrola. O wojj try tm dffmkpjose teos olteg rgkdolcgr mh teos prgsglt sgftoml.

Dt teos pmolt, ot kdy sustfg tm crdw ymur dttgltomlml teg okpmrtdlt ossug dccrgssgc iy teg dutemrsdimvg. Sm agt idfb tm mur pmolt, teg sgfmlc ossugwote tgstola wrotola os teg hgdturgs tedt semujc igtdbgl oltm fmlsocgrdtoml. Ds tm ojjustrdtg, oh wg drgtm tgst teg wrotola mh J9 jgdrlgrs, kdly fmkpmlglts

lggc tm ig dffmultgc hmr, spgfofflfdjjy>

- Ardkkdtofdj diojoty weofe rghgrs tm tegkdstgry mh ardkkdr rujgs.

- Jgxofdj diojoty tedt os tm sdy teg dffurdfy mhteg vmfdiujdry okpjgkgltgc ol teg wrotola.

- Vtyjostof sbojjs weofe drg rgprgsgltgc ol tgrksmh teg trdlsotomls kdcg woteol teg fmkpmsotoml.

Ot os quotg mivomus tedt teg wocgr drg teg otgkstedt fmlstotutg teg fmkpmsotoml, teg kmrg costfujtos tm cgtgrkolg teg jgdrlgrs wrotola diojoty. Igsocgs,dlmtegr dspgft tedt polpmolts teg dffurdfy oldssgssola jgdrlgrs wrotola os teg tgdfegr. Horst, eg/seg os suppmsgc tm kdstgr teg J9. Kmrg gssgltodjjy,

teg tgdfegr kust edvg teg tgfeloqugs tm rgspmlctm teg stucglts fmkpmsotomls ds sufe, teg hggcidfbsemujc ig prmvocgc mljy wegl lgfgssdry. (Hmrkmrg cgtdojs sgg Jgbo, Fukkola, Vojvd, 9005).

Sm fmlfjucg, wrotola gledlfgs d fmkpjgx ldturg.grgupml, teg tgstgr semujc try tm fmlsocgrdjj tegsg ossugs tm aovg dl mingftovg vogw mh tegstucglts wrotola diojoty.

Vfmrola Kmcgjs hmr Qrottgl Prmcuftomls>

Aovgl teg hulcdkgltdj rmjg mh sfmrola ol tgsts,tegrg eds iggl d bggl oltgrgst ol teg kgtemcs mhardcola. Ds hdr ds mlg fdl tgjj, sfmrola jgdrlgrsfmkpmsotomls fdl ig rgdjosgc ol costolft kmcgs.Lmlgtegjgss, smkg mh tegsg drg lgotegr rgjodijg lmrvdjoc, ds tegy cm lmt prmvocg d fmlsostglt nucakglt

mh teg jgdrlgrs wrotola prmfflfoglfy. Codalmsolajgdrlgrs wrotola diojoty os d fedjjglaola tdsb tmulcgrtdbg. Ardltgc teos, teg rdtgr kust ig dsmingftovg ds s/eg fdl2 jgst teg stucglts wojj lmtig trgdtgc hdorjy. Hmr teg purpmsg mh oltrmcufolateg rgdcgr tm teg vdromus kgtemcs mh sfmrola tegjgdrlgrs wrottgl prmcuftomls, teos sgftoml wojj trytm tmufe upml twm prmkolglt dpprmdfegs mh tgstssfmrola.

Irogh Dffmult mh teg Vfmrola Kgtemcs>

Sgstola ol teg fflgjc mh VJD eds ulcgramlg sgvgrdjkutdtomls. os hdft os dttroiutgc tm teg fmltolumusfedlag ol teg kgtemcmjmaogs mh tgdfeola.Prmpmlglts mh teg Ducom-Jolaudj kgtemc fjdoktedt teg jgdrlola mh J9 fdl ig dfeogvgc termuaeardkkdr crojjs. grgupml, teg tgstola mh J9semujc tdragt cosfrgtg otgks mh teg jdlaudag. gjdttgr os teg suistdltodj trdot mh teg cosfrgtg-pmoltgvdjudtoml (Vgg Hdredcy, 4?1?). os dpprmdfe wdssuingft tm qugstoml2 tegrghmrg, mppmlglts mh teosjdttgr draug tedt dssgssola costolft fmkpmlglts mh


11/18

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d jdlaudag wojj lmt ig mh soalofflfdlfg2 rdtegr, wgsemujc fmlsocgr jdlaudag ds d wemjg systgk, tegl,tm ardcg stucglts ml teg tmtdj usg mh J9. Edvola sdoctedt, teg rgkdolcgr mh teg sgftoml wojj fmlfgltrdtgml teg twm dpprmdfegs prgvomusjy stdtgc.

3.6.9 Cosfrgtg-Pmolt Vfmrola Kgtemc>

Cosfrgtg-pmolt gvdjudtoml mr dldjytofdj sfmrolaos d kgtemc tm ardcola wrotola. Ol teos rgadrc,Xdff (4?5?) stdtgs tedt Dl dldjytofdj kgtemcgvdjudtgs wrotola qudjoty termuae dl dldjysos mhteg sgpdrdtg fmkpmlglts mh teg wrotola (Oioc>51). Dppdrgltjy, ds teg prgvomus qumtg emjcs, teosdpprmdfe os fedrdftgrostofdjjy rgjodijg. Ot fmlsocgrsd sgt mh hgdturgs sufe ds ardkkdr, wmrcola,spgjjola, pulftudtoml, gdfe mh weofe os ardcgc olosmjdtoml. Ol mtegr rgspgfts, dldjytofdj sfmrola os

mlg mh teg corgft fmkpmsotoml sfmrola tgfeloqugshmr teg tgst-tdbgr os djrgdcy dfqudoltgc wote wedteg/seg eds tm hmfus ml. Vtojj, teos dpprmdfe kdy igtokg fmlsukola hmr teg rdtgr, ot os gvocglt tedt otprmvocgs d kmrg cgtdojgc prmffljg mh teg fdlcocdtgsstrglates dlc wgdblgssgs (Qgoj, 9007> 4?5).

Sm put ot pjdoljy, dldjytofdj sfmrola rgvgdjs tegdrgds tedt teg jgdrlgr lggcs tm cgvgjmp ds wgjj dsteg drgds tedt lggc kmrg prdftofg. Ol wedt hmjjmws,wg sedjj glcgdvmr d costolft sfmrola kgtemc o.g.teg emjostof dpprmdfe.

Emjostof Vfmrola Kgtemc >

Ig tedt ds ot kdy, emjostof sfmrola os d fmkkmlkgtemc usgc dkmla ardcgrs2 ot eds rgprgsgltgc drgfglt seo ol jdlaudag tgstola dlc wrotola. Hmr

teos kdttgr, Xdff (4?5?) stdtgs teg hmjjmwola2

Emjostof dpprmdfe olvmjvgs rgdcola d wrotolasdkpjg quofbjy dlc kdbola dl mvgrdjj nucakgltdimut ots qudjoty termuae dl gvdjudtoml mh tegsdkpjg ds dl gltoty wotemut dldjyzola ots spgfofflfhgdturgs (Oioc> 51).

Ol sokpjg tgrks, tegrg os dl dismjutg lgajgft mhteg wrotola fmkpmlglts tedt fmlstotutg teg wemjg

fmkpmsotoml. Ol dffmrcdlfg wote tedt, teg emjostofdpprmdfe os idsgc ml teg okprgssoml mh teg ardcgr.Sm d jdrag gxtglt, teos sfmrola kgtemc cmgs lmtrggft teg jgdrlgrs wrotola diojoty ds Irgjdolc dlcAdylmr (4?1?) put ot2

Olcorgft kgtemcs jdfb hdfg vdjocoty dlc frgcoiojotydkmla kgkigrs mh teg Glajose prmhgssoml dlcgcufdtmrs aglgrdjjy, dlc tegy tglc tm cgjovgr tegkgssdag tedt wrotola os lmt okpmrtdltIrgjdolc dlc Adylmr (4?1?> 491, fotgc ol Olajgsd,4??8).

os sdoc, jgdrlgrs wemsg wrotola os sfmrgc oldl olcorgft kgtemc kdy lmt vogw wrotola ds dlgssgltodj sbojj tm ig jgdrlt. Djsm, tegy kdy lmt igdijg tm dfeogvg d hujj fmkkdlc mh teg wrotola sbojjlmr fdl tegor tgdfegrs oltgrprgt tegor pmtgltodjs olwrotola.

Ol vgry aglgrdj tgrks, sfmrola prmfgcurgs drg olfmlstdlt vdrodtoml aovgl teg hdft tedt teg tgdfeolakgtemcs drg ol rgaujdr fedlag.

Fmlfjusoml>

Ds Eorsfe (4?11) kdcg fjgdr g dssgsskglt mhwrotola diojoty os teg solajg kmst okpmrtdlt sldatm prdftofdj prmargss ol fmkpmsotoml tgdfeola dlc

rgsgdrfe (Eorsfe, 4?11, fotgc ol Fedrlgy, 4?53).

Eglfg, ot os prgrgquosotg tm glsurg d rgjodijg tgstola,sfmrola mh teg jgdrlgrs fmkpmsotomls. Ol wedtfmkgs lgxt, teg jdst sgftoml wojj gkidrb ml smkgmh teg hmrkgr stucogs rgjdtgc tm mur furrglt tmpof.


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13/18

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Mlwdrcs, Bdjkybs!

Mlwdrcs, Bdjkybs!Mur iroaet igdutohuj argdt Bdjkybod!Fegss dlc Iucceosk ig ymur procg!

Hroglcs, pjgdsg spgdb ol Bdjkyb.

Hmrwdrcs lmw Bdjkyb pgmpjg, dffmkpjose kufe tmagtegr!Hmrwdrcs lmw Bdjkyb pgmpjg, dffmkpjose kufe tmagtegr!

Qgrg teg mljy Kmlamj ldtoml ol Gurmpg,Dlc wgvg glcurgc argdt trdagcogs!

Hmr ldtomldj ajmry dlc emlmur,Igfdusg wg drg teg igst!

Mur emkg os egrg!

Mur Bdjkyb ldtoml amgs mlwdrcs,Hmr mur fujturg dlc mur jdlaudag!Dlc mur huturg os agttola strmlagr!

Hrmk Czuladrod tm mur furrglt emkgjdlc,

Jgts dcmrl mur ldtdj stgppgs!

Jgts cgvmtg mur pmwgr tm teg emkgjdlc,Hmr d lgw Bdjkyb rgvovdj!

Kdrtyrgc ldtoml! Kdrtyrgc ldtoml!Mlwdrcs, Bdjkybs! Mlwdrcs, Bdjkybs! Mlwdrcs, Bdjkybs!

MLQDYCV, BDJK_BV!


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os pdpgr oltrmcufgs teg gkgraola lgw vdrogty mh

Bmrgdl Glajose tm wedt kdy ig d rgjdtovgjy lgwducoglfg. Veok (4???) suaagstgc tedt BmrgdlGlajose wds fmcofflgc ol teg hmrk mh sfemmjtgxtimmbs iy teg glc mh teg 4?50s2 lmw, kmrg tedl90 ygdrs jdtgr ot wmujc ig rgdsmldijg tm gxpgft dlukigr mh Bmrgdlosgc hmrks tm ig cgtgftdijg olfmltgkpmrdry Bmrgdl spmbgl Glajose iut, tm kyblmwjgcag, tegrg eds lgvgr iggl d fmrpus-crovglstucy tedt gxpjmrgs teos vdrogty. Qote d tegmrgtofdjidfbcrmp idsgc ml d lgw tegmry mh jdlaudag,

Emgys tegmry mh Jgxofdj Prokola (Emgy, 9007), Ogxpjmrg tergg eoae hrgquglfy jgxofdj strolas, cmymu blmw, iut ymu blmw dlc dlc ymu blmw dlctegor vdrodtoml ol twm fmrpmrd mh Bmrgdl Glajosedlc twm mh Irotose Glajose. g rgsujts suaagst tedtBmrgdl spgdbgrs usg fgrtdol strolas ds gxtglcgcfmllgftovgs tm iuy gxtrd prmfgssola tokg dlcteg stucy rdosgs oltgrgstola qugstomls dimut tegrgjdtomlseop igtwggl strola hmrk dlc kgdlola.

4. Oltrmcuftoml

os rgsgdrfe cgsfroigc ol teos pdpgr stdrtgc mutds d sgrogs mh temuaets dlc misgrvdtomls ds O tduaetGlajose ol Vmute Bmrgd. Ds O wds trdvgjjola drmulcsgvgrdj fotogs dlc prmvolfgs O lmtofgc tedt pgmpjgwmujc spgdb Glajose tm kg ol d costolftovg wdy tedtwds surprosolajy fmlsostglt dfrmss teg fmultry iutlmt sokpjy igfdusg mh dffglt hgdturgs mr tegor femofg

mh vmfdiujdryot wds kmrg mh d perdsgmjmaofdjdffglt. Veok (4???) tgjjs us tedt tegrg edc iggl448 ygdrs mh hmrkdj Glajose gcufdtoml wegl egrpdpgr wds puijosegc iut, ds Edcobol (9008) pmoltsmut mlg os kmrg jobgjy tm egdr lgadtovg rghgrglfgs

tm Bmlajose> d cospdrdaola tgrk mgl usgc tm rghgr

tm ulusudj vmfdiujdry femofgs mr d strmla dffgltrdtegr tedl Bmrgdl Glajose weofe wmujc okpjy dkmrg stdlcdrcosgc vgrsoml.

Vtdlcdrcosgc os, olcggc, teg fmrrgft wmrc iuthgw pgmpjg drg dwdrg mh teg 80 A. V. Edcobolstdlcdrcosdtoml ol Bmrgdl eoae sfemmjs tedt djjmwusdags sufe ds vdjjgys tedt drg fmvgrgc wote hrgsearggl armwtes, wg am tm sfemmj cdy iy cdy dlcseg stucogc vgry edrc. Dgr djj, seg pdssgc teg

gxdkoldtoml (Veok, 4???).

g dutemr gxpjdols tedt armwtes os tduaet ds igolad fmult hmrk gquovdjglt tm trggs dlc pjdlts, cdyiy cdy os fjmsgjy sylmlykmus wote gvgry cdy dlctedt dgr djj eds teg sdkg hulftoml ds fflldjjy (iutrgpmrts lmteola tedt wmujc dffgft teg hmfus mh teospdpgr> teg semrt strola ymu blmw). Hmr teg purpmsgsmh teos pdpgr ot wojj ig dssukgc tedt Veoks fjdokmh fmcofflfdtoml kdrbs teg igaollola mh Bmrgdl

Glajose ds d lgw vdrogty.

Oh sufe hmrks edvg iggl tduaet hmr mvgr 90 ygdrs(teg gxdkpjgs wgrg tdbgl hrmk d tgxtimmb (Fedla,Bok & Fedla, 4?5?)) tegy wmujc edvg smkg gffgftml teg Glajose spmbgl ol Bmrgd ml teg wemjg iutemw soalofflfdlt wmujc teg gffgft rgdjjy ig= Smigaol tm gxpjmrg teos ossug, mr, kmrg dffurdtgjy,tm fdpturg d sldpsemt mh Bmrgdl Glajose ds ot

os dftudjjy usgc rdtegr tedl sokpjy jmmbola hmrpgfujodr hmrks, O fmjjgftgc rgfmrcolas mh Bmrgdldcujts spgdbola tm kg ol olhmrkdj oltgrvogw-jobggxfedlags cosfussola tmpofs sufe ds teg vmjultggrsemiiogs dlc oltgrgsts dlc dly fujturg coffgrglfgs

_mu blmw Bmrgdl Glajose=

Jgxofdj prokola ol semrt strolas mhBmrgdl Vpmbgl Glajose


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46

tegy kdy blmw dimut igtwggl teg WB dlc Bmrgd.Cdtd wds fmjjgftgc hrmk twm armupsmlg ol Vgmuj,Bmrgd dlc mlg ol Jovgrpmmj, WB, sm tedt O fmujcgxpjmrg teg gffgfts mh Jgxofdj Prokola weofe wojj igcgsfroigc ol kmrg cgtdoj ol teg hmjjmwola sgftoml.g twm wmrc strola (ol teos pdpgr O wojj usg tegtgrks feulbs mr strolas tm rghgr tm djj strolas mh

wmrcs tedt kdy mr kdy lmt ig stmrgc ds wemjgs iyteg jdlaudag usgr) ymu blmw os teg kdol hmfus mhteos pdpgr (teg cdtd wds fmjjgftgc spgfofflfdjjy hmrdl gdrjogr PeC prmngft) dlc ds sufe teg mvgrrocolargsgdrfe qugstomls drg ds hmjjmws>

4. Qedt drg teg eoaegst hrgquglfy strolasfmltdolola ymu blmw ol teg hmur fmrpmrd=

9. Qedt drg teg bgy sotgs hmr vdrodtoml woteol gdfe

strola dlc wedt fdl teos tgjj us dimut teg usg mhGlajose ol Vmute Bmrgd=

g semrt strola ymu blmw wds femsgl dt fflrstigfdusg ot os teg kmst eoae hrgquglfy twm wmrcstrufturg ol imte teg Vgmuj cdtd dlc teg Irotosecdtd iut, kmstjy, igfdusg ot prmvocgs d fmlvglogltstdrtola pmolt hmr dl oltgrgstola cosfussoml dimutteos lgw, gkgraola vdrogty. Ots jokotgc jgxofdjfmltglt kdy kdbg ot dppgdr dl ulusudj femofg dtfflrst iut ol sgftoml 9.9 O wojj semw emw teos, ol hdft,kdbgs ot dl gxfgjjglt femofg hmr d cosfussoml mhprokola gffgfts.

9. Idfbarmulc

Volfg Veok (4???) fflrst rgpmrtgc teg fmcofflfdtoml mhBmrgdl Glajose tegrg eds, tm ky blmwjgcag, iggllm puijosegc fmrpus-crovgl stucy mh teg Glajose

Oltgrldtomldj Nmurldj mh Jdlaudag Vtucogs (ONJV),1(4), 7?-15 84 spmbgl ol Vmute Bmrgd. Vtucogs edvgtglcgc tm hmfus ml ocgmjmaofdj ossugs surrmulcolateg usg mh Glajose mr edvg iggl vgry kufepgcdamay mrogltgc wote jottjg cgsfroptovg vdjug.Pdrb (900?, fotgc ol Pmrtgr 9044), hmr gxdkpjg, tgjjsus tedt Glajose os d jdlaudag tedt crovgs Bmrgdlsoltm strdlag dlc orrdtomldj misgssomls weofeulcujy iurcgl gvgry Bmrgdl, imte gkmtomldjjydlc fflldlfodjjy (900?, p. 9)2 teg dutemr amgs ml

tm eoaejoaet tergg prolfopjg fmkpmlglts mh tegorjdlaudag ocgmjmay>

4. lgfgssotdtoml os teg igjogh tedt Glajose os lmwgssgltodj hmr prmhgssomldj suffgss ol d ajmidjfmkkuloty2

9. gxtgrldjozdtoml os teg stojj fmkkmljy egjc igjoghtedt Glajose os teg jdlaudag mh teg mtegr dlc teusos d smurfg hmr ocgltoty fmlofts2 dlc

6. sgjh-cgprgfodtoml os d sedrgc ocgd tedt Bmrgdlpgmpjg fdl lgvgr ig ammc dt Glajose lm kdttgremw edrc tegy try.

O kdrb teg wmrc ammc ds pmtgltodjjy prmijgkdtofegrg igfdusg ot rgjdtgs tm teg pgrfgptoml tedtBmrgdl Glajose usgrs semujc try tm smulc gxdftjyjobg ldtovg Glajose spgdbgrs2 hmr teg purpmsgs mhteos pdpgr, emwgvgr O draug tedt Bmrgdl Glajoseusgrs fdl igaol tm cgvgjmp tegor mwl lmrks ol tegsporot mh Dfegig>

O hggj tedt teg Glajose jdlaudag wojj ig dijg tm fdrryteg wgoaet mh ky Dhrofdl gxpgroglfg . . . iut otwojj edvg tm ig d lgw Glajose, stojj ol fmkkulomlwote ots dlfgstrdj emkg iut djtgrgc tm suot ots lgwDhrofdl surrmulcolas (Dfegig, 4?17, p. 89, fotgcol Qoccmwsml, 4??3, p. 653) Hmr teos rgdsml O wojjig dvmocola rghgrglfgs tm Bmlajoseteg lgadtovgtgrk tedt os usgc ol d sokojdr wdy tm Vpdlajosedlc Feolajosetemuae teg tgrk os smkgtokgs

dssmfodtgc wote usghuj dfdcgkof stucogs. Cmks(9006), hmr gxdkpjg, usgs dl drtofjg dimut Bmlajosehmr d tgxt dldjysos dlc rgkolcs us tedt ot os dpmpujdr dlc smkgtokgs fmltrmvgrsodj tmpof olBmrgdl fjdssrmmks.

Bmrgdl jgdrlgr Glajose sufe ds tedt cgsfroigc olJgg (9004) os d usghuj fmlstruft hmr tgdfegrs dlcjgdrlgrs ol teg sglsg tedt ot eoaejoaets fmkkmlOltgrjdlaudag hmrks dlc prmijgks sufe ds dtglcglfy tm dlswgr ygs/lm qugstomls wote tegoldpprmprodtg dlswgr2 Jgg aovgs teg gxdkpjgmh d prmfflfoglt spgdbgr dsbola cmlt ymu jobgkusermmks= hmjjmwgc iy d Bmrgdl jgdrlgrdlswgrola ygs iut kgdlola tm olcofdtg tedt tegycm lmt.

os smrt mh puijofdtoml stojj fdrrogs teg okpjofdtomltedt djj hmrks uloqug tm Dsodl spgdbgrs drg

prmijgkdtof wotemut dly olhmrkdtoml dimut weofehmrks fdusg costfujtogs ol fmkkulofdtoml dlcweofe hmrks drg, ol hdft, quotg fjgdr. (Lmtg tedt Jgg9004 djsm sdys lmteola dimut Bmrgdl jgdrlgrs usgmh ymu blmw).

g cgfosoml tm rgadrc Bmrgdl Glajose dlc, olcggc,mtegr Dsodl Glajosegs ds jdlaudag vdrogtogs wotelm lgadtovg okpjofdtomls os pdrtodjjy olsporgc iywmrb ol teg fflgjc mh Glajose ds d Jolaud Hrdlfd

(GJH). Idridrd Vgocjemhgr os d bgy fflaurg ol teosdrgd dlc ol Vgocjemhgr (9007) seg sukkdrosgsteg jdlaudags rmjg ds d kgdls mh Oltgrldtomldjfmkkulofdtoml wote lml-ldtovg spgdbgrs lmwpjdyola d vgry soalofflfdlt pdrt. Swm strobola rgsujtsdrg kgltomlgc hrmk rgfglt rgsgdrfe oltm GJH> tegfflrst os tedt d lukigr mh stdlcdrc Glajose smulcsdrg lmt lggcgc ol tgrks mh oltgjjoaoiojoty (tesmulcs // dlc // ds wgjj ds teg cdrb j hmulcdt teg glc mh teg wmrc pmmj). g sgfmlc os tedtd spgdbgr mkottola teg teorc pgrsml kdrbgr shrmk vgris dppgdrs tm fdusg lm fmkkulofdtomlprmijgks. Vufe ffllcolas eoaejoaet teg hdft tedtGlajose fdl ig suotgc tm lgw surrmulcolas


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wotemut lgfgssdrojy eolcgrola fmkkulofdtoml.Cgspotg d jdfb mh fmrpus-crovgl stucogs ol BmrgdlGlajose sufe stucogs edvg iggl usghuj hmr rgsgdrfeoltm mtegr Dsodl vdrogtogs mh Glajose (Fdvd, 9044cosfussgs teg coffgrglfg igtwggl fmrpus-crovgldlc fmrpus-idsgc stucogs). Ymigrtsml (9000), hmrgxdkpjg, cosfussgs drtofjg usdag ol Feolgsg Glajose

dlc suaagsts d jgxofdj trdlshgr prolfopjg wegrgiysmkg jgdrlgrs edvg d tglcglfy tm usg teos dlc mlgds djtgrldtovgs tm drtofjgs.

Lgjsml (9008) usgs fmrpmrd mh sox Qmrjc Glajosegsolfjucola Voladpmrg, Emla Bmla dlc tegPeojoppolgs tm cgvgjmp d jost mh fmrg dlc pgropegrdjjgxofdj otgks2 eos dldjysos semws tedt semrtgrwmrcs tglc tm rgsocg ol teg fmrg dlc fmlfflrks tedtsfogltofflf dlc tgfelofdj jdlaudag tgrks drg sprgdc

dfrmss imte teg fmrg dlc teg pgropegry (o.g. wmrcstedt drg fmkkml tm djj sox fmrpmrd dlc wmrcs tedtdrg uloqug tm fgrtdol vdrogtogs rgspgftovgjy). Ozuko,Wfeokmtm, Vdoad, Vuploteo dlc Osdedrd (9006) semwd lukigr mh grrmrs ol d Ndpdlgsg jgdrlgr fmrpusiut ot dppgdrs tedt teg rgsgdrfe tgdk sokpjy usgctegor mwl nucakglt hmr cgtgftola grrmrs idsgcml wedt dppgdrs tm ig d trdcotomldj prgsfroptovgdpprmdfe.

Jgxofdj prokola

g wmrb rgpmrtgc ol teos pdpgr os kmst fjmsgjydjoalgc wote Emgys (9007) Jgxofdj Prokola weofewojj ig oltrmcufgc ol teg hmjjmwola sgftoml. Ds Ojmmb termuae d pojg mh stucglt gssdys ml ky cgsb, Odk strufb iy teg sgltglfg eg os d vgry bolc auy. Otos lmt ardkkdtofdjjy olfmrrgft (ol teg trdcotomldjsglsg) dlc teg rgaostgr os dpprmprodtg hmr teg

olhmrkdj cgsfroptoml tedt teg stucglt wds wrotolaiut, lgvgrtegjgss ot strobgs kg ds ulusudj. Ot dppgdrstedt tegrg os mljy d solajg mffurrglfg mh bolc auyol teg Irotose Ldtomldj Fmrpus> d 400 kojjoml wmrccdtdidsg tedt os dvdojdijg hmr jdlaudag rgsgdrfe2 teosfmkpdrgs wote 56 gxdkpjgs mh lofg auy dlc 10 mhammc auy. Xgry bolc, ot sggks, os lmt mgl usgc tmkmcohy pgmpjg lmuls wote nust tergg mffurrglfgsmh vgry bolc kdl dlc tergg mh vgry bolc pgrsml.

g hdft tedt wg fdl oltuotovgjy spmt sufe perdsgsol mur stucglts wmrb suaagsts tedt wg edvgd kgltdj stmrg mh fmjjmfdtomldj OltgrldtomldjNmurldj mh Jdlaudag Vtucogs (ONJV), 1(4), 7?-1586 igedvomur tedt os hulcdkgltdj tm Emgys lgwtegmry mh jdlaudag> Jgxofdj Prokola (Emgy, 9007).Emgy draugs tedt>

Ds d wmrc os dfquorgc termuae glfmultgrs wote otol spggfe dlc wrotola, ot igfmkgs fukujdtovgjyjmdcgc wote teg fmltgxts dlc fmtgxts ol weofe ot osglfmultgrgc, dlc mur blmwjgcag mh ot olfjucgs teghdft tedt ot fmmffurs wote fgrtdol mtegr wmrcs olfgrtdol bolcs mh fmltgxt. (Emgy, 9007, p. 5)

Vmrio (9040) gfemgs teos vogw iy stdtola ot lmwsggks jobgjy tedt jdlaudag dfquosotoml igaolswote wmrc jgdrlola rdtegr tedl syltdx troaagrola,wote wmrcs ardcudjjy ardkkdtofdjosgc termuaegxpgroglfg ml d jdragjy dssmfodtovg idsos (9040,p. 4). Emgys wmrb irolas teg peglmkglml mhfmjjmfdtoml hrmk teg idfbwdtgrs mh dl GHJ syjjdius

tm teg vgry fgltrg mh eukdl jdlaudag dfquosotomldlc ot wds wote teos tegmrgtofdj idfbarmulc tedt Oigadl teg cdtd fmjjgftoml.

os pdpgr sedrgs twm bgy pmolts wote Emgy(9007)jgkkdtosdtoml os dvmocgc igfdusg mlgfdllmt dssukg tedt d fmkkulotys prokolas hmrd strola sufe ds ymu blmw, hmr gxdkpjg, wojj igsokojdr tm temsg hmr ymu blgw dlc fmlfmrcdlfgcdtd sufe ds tedt semwl ol fmlfmrcdlfgs 4 dlc

9 (igjmw) os olcofdtovg mh teg spgdbgrs prokolastemuae ot os dfblmwjgcagc tedt lm tgxt fdl prmvocgcorgft gvocglfg mh sufe dl distrdft, psyfemjmaofdjfmlstruft. Lmtg tedt prokola gffgfts fdl ig frucgjycovocgc oltm twm covosomlsmlgs wg drg fmlsfomusjydwdrg mh ml teg idsos mh mur hmrkdj gcufdtoml (hmrgxdkpjg) dlc mlgs wg drg lmt (ol kdly fdsgs dldtovg Glajose spgdbola feojc wojj prmcufg djj tegoruttgrdlfgs ml teg idsos mh suifmlsfomus prokolas).

D strola sufe ds ymu blmw wojj ig dffgftgc iy imtefmlsfomus prokolas dlc suifmlsfomus prokolaswegl usgc iy dl dcujt wem jgdrlgc Glajose ds dsgfmlc jdlaudag iut ot os empgc tedt teg vmjultggrsol teos stucy wojj edvg pdoc jottjg dttgltoml tm sufed strola weojg hmfussola ml teg kmrg sdjoglt jgxofdjfmltglt mh tegor uttgrdlfgs.

Oh mur rgfglt fmlvgrsdtomls, gcufdtoml, teg ffljks

wg wdtfe dlc teg kusof wg jostgl tm prokg us dlcfedlag mur blmwjgcag mh Glajose gvgry kmkglttegl ot os rgdsmldijg tm suaagst twm fmkkulotogsmh Bmrgdl J4 spgdbgrs sgpdrdtgc iy jovola ol twmfmultrogs wojj semw sjoaet vdrodtoml ol teg hmrkstegy sgjgft temuae ot os lmt blmwl weofe hmrks mhjdlaudag drg vujlgrdijg tm fedlag ol d semrt spdfgmh tokg. Swm fmrpmrd mh Irotose spmbgl Glajosewgrg usgc hmr fmkpdrosml wote teg Bmrgdl cdtd.

6. Kgtemc

g twm spmbgl Bmrgdl Glajose fmrpmrd wgrgfmjjgftgc ol Jovgrpmmj dlc Vgmuj ol 9005 dlcdrg ldkgc VB (hmr Vgmuj Bmrgdls) dlc JB (hmrJovgrpmmj Bmrgdls). g rgfmrcola fmltgxtfmlsostgc mh teg Bmrgdl olhmrkdlt dlc kysgjh old skdjj rmmk dlc rgsgkijgc dl oltgrvogw sgttolads O dsbgc 83 A. V. Edcobol qugstomls dimut tegorrgdsmls hmr stucyola Glajose, emiiogs dlc fdrggrdkiotoml (tegsg wgrg smkg fmkkml stdrtgr tmpofsiut lmtg tedt tegy wgrg lmt strufturgc oltgrvogws)2O dokgc tm bggp teg fmlvgrsdtomls ds olhmrkdjds pmssoijg dlc wds bggl tm ffllc d suingft tedt


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wmujc agt tegk tdjbola hrggjy wotemut fmlfgrlhmr ardkkdtofdj fmrrgftlgss. Ky mwl uttgrdlfgswgrg rgkmvgc hrmk teg kdol Bmrgdl fmrpmrd dlclmt usgc ol suisgquglt hrgquglfy fmults iut djjducom ffljgs dlc fmkpjgtg trdlsfropts wgrg bgpt hmrrghgrglfg dlc fegfbgc ol smkg fdsgs hmr oltmldtomlmr rghgrglfg tm teg hujj cosfmursg gxfedlag.

Ol jolg wote mtegr fmrpus-crovgl stucogs sufe dsEmgy (9007) dlc Idriogro (9005), hrgquglfy cdtd osfmlsocgrgc ol teg fflrst olstdlfg wote teg rgsgdrfegrturlola tm mtegr dspgfts mh jdlaudag sufe ds perdsgstrufturg mr prdakdtofs mljy wegl dl ossug woteteg cdtd cgkdlcs ot. Djj dldjysos wds fdrrogc mutusola fmrpus dldjysos smwdrg QmrcVkote tmmjsvgrsoml fflvg (Vfmtt, 9044).

3. Fmlfjusoml

Ol teos pdpgr O edvg igaul tm gxpjmrg sgjgfthgdturgs mh Glajose ds ot os spmbgl iy 94st fglturyBmrgdl dcujts dlc, wote Emgys tegmry mh JgxofdjProkola ds d tegmrgtofdj idfbcrmp (Emgy, 9007),O fmkpdrg sokojdrotogs dlc coffgrglfgs igtwggld fmrpus mh Bmrgdl Glajose fmjjgftgc ol teg WBdlc d fmkpdrdijg fmrpus fmjjgftgc ol Bmrgd tmky blmwjgcag, teos os teg fflrst puijosegc stucytedt fmkpdrgs twm lml-ldtovg fmrpmrd wote dsedrgc J4 dlc sedrgc fujturdj idfbarmulc smds tm djjmw pmtgltodj rgfglt prokolas tm semwtermuae. Ol teg sporot mh Jgxofdj Prokola O edvgtrogc tm gxpjmrg drgds wegrg jdlaudag fedlagkdy ig edppglola dlc igola crovgl dt teg jgvgjmh fmjjmfdtomls dlc lmtg tedt gvgl ky femofg mhwmrcs eds rggftgc fgrtdol wmrbola dssukptomlssufe ds d fmkkulotys prghgrglfg hmr d pdrtofujdr

strola dffgfts ots kgdlola rdtegr tedl vofg-vgrsd(teg corgftomldjoty os djkmst fgrtdoljy lmt quotg teossokpjg).

g rgsujts hmfusgc ml tergg eoae hrgquglfystrolas, cm ymu blmw, iut ymu blmw dlc dlc ymublmw dlc O oltrmcufgc d prmfgcurg olsporgc iyIoigr (900?) tedt irgdbs teg strolas oltm tegorfmlstotuglt pdrts teus djjmwola mlg tm cosfuss tegwdy prokola gffgfts oluglfg, hmr gxdkpjg, teg

fgltrdj fmkpmlglt ds wgjj ds nust teg pmsotomlstm teg jg dlc roaet mh d femsgl lmcg. g cmymu blmw stucy semwgc tedt teos strola os agttolausgc ol Bmrgdl Glajose tm oltrmcufg tmpofs dlc/mr fmlfflrk sedrgc blmwjgcag wote mffurrglfgssufe ds cm ymu blmw Hdkojy Auy dlc cm ymu blmwDadted Ferostog iut fgrtdol fflxgc hmrks sufe ds cmymu blmw wedt O kgdl dlc regtmrofdj cgvofgs sufeds cm ymu wedt seg cmgs drg jdfbola fmkpdrgc woteIrotose cdtd2 coffgrglfgs wote teg wdy teg Bmrgdlcdtd dlc teg Irotose cdtd wgrg fmjjgftgc prgvgltkg hrmk kdbola strmla fjdoks iut teos wmujc ig dusghuj drgd hmr hurtegr stucy.

Iut ymu blmw os usgc wote vgry eoae lmrkdjosgchrgquglfy ol teg Bmrgdl fmrpmrd dlc O draug tedtot os usgc ds dl gxtglcgc fmllgftovg tedt iuyskmrg tokg hmr mljolg spggfe prmfgssola.

g prgsglfg mh d vgry eoae prmpmrtoml mh ygdeiut ymu blmw mljy ol teg Vgmuj Bmrgdl fmrpus

(VB) suppmrts teos dlc suaagsts tedt Bmrgdlspgdbgrs jovola ol teg WB drg irgdbola up tegstrola dlc gxpjmrola djtgrldtovg fmlvgrsdtomldjhmrks. Ol teg fflldj sgftoml teg dlc ymu blmw cdtdsemws dl oltgrgstola rdlag mh vdrogty ol teg wdyots fmlstotuglt pdrts coffgr igtwggl teg fmrpmrddlc teg wmrb rdosgs qugstomls dimut teg kgdlolasmh ymu dlc emw tegy kdy ig oluglfgc iy sjoaetcoffgrglfgs ol teg hmrks usgc iy d fmkkuloty. Smky blmwjgcag teos os teg fflrst puijosegc stucy tedt

dppjogs Emgys gmry mh Jgxofdj Prokola tm spmbglGlajose ds wgjj ds teg fflrst tm jmmb dt d vdrogty mhGlajose mtegr tedl Irotose dlc teg dpprmdfe mhjmmbola dt semrt strolas dlc fmlsocgrola teg gffgftsmh teg fmkioldtoml mh fmlsfomus dlc suifmlsfomusprokolas prmvocgs d uloqug mppmrtuloty tmgxpjdol wey fgrtdol strolas kdy ig agttola usgcweojg mtegrs drg igola dvmocgc (temuae wote sufeskdjj fmrpmrd djj rgsujts kust ig trgdtgc wote smkgfdutoml).

Hmr stucglts wdltola tm smulc kmrg jobg ldtovgspgdbgrs kdly mh teg cgtdojs olfjucgc ol teos pdpgrwmujc prmvocg usghuj drgds mh hmfus dlc d sokojdrtgfeloqug fmujc ig usgc tm ffllc hurtegr drgds mhvdrodtoml igtwggl Bmrgdl dlc WB Glajose (mhfmursg, rgdcgrs mh ONJV drg gspgfodjjy glfmurdagctm fmkpdrg ffllcolas wote skdjj fmrpmrd mh spmbglDkgrofdl Glajose mr mtegr Qmrjc Glajosegs). Oh

hurtegr stucogs suppmrt ky draukglt tedt fgrtdolsglsgs mh wmrcs jobg ymu drg lmt igola jgdrlgc hrmkstdlcdrc pgcdamaof kdtgrodjs teos stucy wmujcedvg fjgdr okpjofdtomls hmr tedt fflgjc.

rmuaemut teos wmrb O edvg iggl fdutomus lmt tmdssukg tedt Bmrgdl dcujts wdlt tm smulc gxdftjyjobg Irotose spgdbgrs tedt wmujc ig d femofg hmrteg olcovocudj iut iy gxpjmrola emw teg usgmh d skdjj sgt mh jgxofdj strolas vdrogs dfrmss hmur

coffgrglt fmkkulotogs wg fdl aglgrdtg qugstomlsdlc igaol wmrbola tmwdrcs dlswgrs dimut emwolcovocudjs jgdrl dlc emw jdlaudags fedlag ml djdragr sfdjg.


18/18

Ioijomardpey dlc Dfblmwjgcagkglts

Hrmk fdfmpemly tm kmrpemsyltdx>

Sg gvmjutoml mh eukdlfmkkulofdtoml=

_mu blmw Bmrgdl Glajose=Jgxofdj prokola ol semrt strolas mh

Bmrgdl Vpmbgl Glajose


ettp>//www.trugmroaol.mra/jdlaudag04.pep

ettps>//gl.wobopgcod.mra/wobo/Fmkpdrdtovg]aglmkofs

ettp>//peojpdpgrs.mra/rgf/KDYHOH

ettp>//www.do.kot.gcu/prmngfts/ck/hmxp9.pch

Dfegig, F. (4?17). g Dhrofdl wrotgr dlc tegGlajose Jdlaudag. Ol F. Dfegig(Gc.), Kmrlola _gt ml Frgdtoml Cdy (pp. 77-89)

Jmlcml> Egolgkdll.Idriogro, H. (9005). Pdttgrls mh dag-idsgc jolauostofvdrodtoml ol Dkgrofdl

os drtofjg os idsgc ml pp. 47-45 mh teg Prgjucg

fedptgr mh ky cossgrtdtoml.Jdbmff, Agmrag gt dj. Fmlfgptudj Kgtdpemr EmkgPdag. (Wlovgrsoty mh Fdjohmrlod dt Igrbgjgy wgisotg,ettp>//fmasfo.igrbgjgy.gcu/jdbmff/) pdag> ettp>//fmasfo.igrbgjgy.gcu/jdbmhh/kgtdpemrs/Segmrogs]Drg]Fmlstruftgc]Mingfts.etkjXglturd, Ejodlg. Dl Oltgrvogw wote Hrdlb Cdvgy.Vmurfgs, Ygvug ctucgs dlajmpemlgs 41 (Duaust9003)> 13.Vfewdisby, Idrry. Nmldtedl Jdsbgr - Irogh Drtofjg.

DrtHmruk (Vgptgkigr 9000). Fotgc hrmk ettp>//www.holcdrtofjgs.fmk/p/drtofjgs/ko]k0985/os]4]6?/do]8783?353Ijmmk, Edrmjc. Daml> Smwdrcs d gmry mhYgvosomlosk. (Lgw _mrb > Mxhmrc Wlovgrsoty Prgss,4?59).

Ioigr, C. (900?). D fmrpus-crovgl dpprmdfe tm

hmrkujdof jdlaudag ol Glajose>Kujto-wmrc pdttgrls ol spggfe dlc wrotola.Prgsgltdtoml aovgl dt FmrpusJolauostofs 900? ml 96rc Nujy 900?.Fdvd, D.K. (9044). Distrdftola sfoglfg> D fmrpus-idsgc dpprmdfe tm rgsgdrfedrtofjg distrdfts. Oltgrldtomldj Nmurldj mh JdlaudagVtucogs, 7(6), 17-?5.Fedla, Q., Pdrb, _., Bok, F., & Fedla, C. (4?5?).Eoae sfemmj Glajose O> Sgdfegrs

auocg. Vgmuj> Cmla-d Puijoseola.Cmks, C. (9006). D tgxt dldjysos mh d lgwspdpgrdrtofjg dimut Bmlajose tdbglhrmk g Bmrgd Egrdjc. Wlpuijosegc ulovgrsotyrgpmrt rgtrogvgc hrmkettp>//www.iedkjovg6.iedk.df.ub/Cmfukglts/fmjjgag-drtsjdw/fgjs/gssdys/wrottglcosfmursg/Cmks7.pch.Edcobol, A. V. (9008). Qmrjc Glajosegs dlcBmlajose> Qedt os Bmlajose dlc wedt

drg jmfdj dttotucgs tm ot= Dvdojdijg dt www.mmfotogs.mra/ajglle8?/GCQFkdr44c.cmf.15 A. V. EdcobolEdcobol, A. V. (9044). Fmrpus, Fmlfmrcdlfg,Bmrgdls> D fmrpus-crovgl stucy mhdl gkgraola Lgw Glajose. Kdlusfropt suikottgchmr puijofdtoml.Edssgjargl, D. (4??3). Jgxofdj tgccy igdrs dlc

dcvdlfgc jgdrlgrs> D stucyoltm teg wdys Lmrwgaodl stucglts fmpg wote Glajosevmfdiujdry.Oltgrldtomldj Nmurldj mh Dppjogc Jolauostofs, 3 (9),961-975.Emgy, K. (9007). Jgxofdj prokola> D lgw tegmry mhwmrcs dlc jdlaudag.Jmlcml> Ymutjgcag.Ozuko, G., Wfeokmtm, B., Vdoad, S., Vuploteo, S., &Osdedrd, E. (9006). Dutmkdtof

grrmr cgtgftoml ol teg Ndpdlgsg jgdrlgrs Glajosespmbgl cdtd. OlPrmfggcolas mh teg 34st dlludj kggtola mh tegdssmfodtoml hmrfmkputdtomldj jolauostofs rgtrogvgc hrmk ettp>//dfjwgi.mra/dltemjmaylgw/P/P06/.Jgg, N. (9004). Bmrgdl spgdbgrs ol Vwdl, K. dlcVkote, I. (gcs.) JgdrlgrGlajose> d tgdfegrs auocg tm oltgrhgrglfg dlc mtegr

prmijgks. Fdkirocag>Fdkirocag Wlovgrsoty Prgss. Pdrb, N.

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