Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: The Enabling

Technologies

The 2017 D-STOP SymposiumJames Kuhr, Esq.February, 2017

Overview

• Definitions• Levels of Autonomy• The Sensor Suite• Semi Autonomous Features• V2X• An Immediate Timeline

Definitions• NHTSA – National Highway

Transportation Safety Administration, they are the regulating body for autonomous vehicles

• Autonomous – A vehicle that can operate, in some manner, without constant direction from the driver

• Connected – A vehicle that can communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure

Levels of AutonomyLevel 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Adaptive Cruise Control

Adaptive Cruise Control + Lane Assist

Open Road Automated Vehicle

Generally Hands Off DrivingIn

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Level 5

LIDARProduces a 360 degree 3d model of the surroundings

Video CameraMonitors frontward, lane departure and reads traffic signals

RadarMonitors surroundings

Odometry SensorsMonitors vehicle distance travel and speed

GPSTracks the car location geospatially

UltrasonicSenses at low speeds

Internal CPU

V2V, V2I CommunicationConnects with other cars and supporting infrastructure

Autonomous Vehicle Technology

● Ultrasonic

● Short/Long Range Radar

● Lidar

● Camera

• Surround View• Digital Side Mirror

• Surround View• Park Assistance• Rear View

Mirror

• Rear Collision Warning

• Park Assist

• Blind Spot Warning

• Cross Traffic Warning• Lane Departure

Warning• Traffic Sign

Recognition

• Cross Traffic Warning• Emergency Braking• Pedestrian Detection• Collision Avoidance• Adaptive Cruise Control

• Environment Mapping

Car Sensor Suite

1) Traffic-Sign Recognition2) Obstacle Detection3) Lane Detection4) Terrain Mapping5) Vehicle Detection6) Oncoming-Vehicle Detection7) Blind-Spot Monitor8) Parking-Lot Detection9) Scene Classification and Tunnel

Detection10)Pedestrian Detection

Sensor Requirements

LIDAR

Cameras Radar

GPS

GPS position (white box) vs. Google Car

Ultrasonic and Odometry

CPU

LIDAR vs Camera

US Market Share Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

20% 2016 2021

16% 2016 2021

13% 2016 2020

12%

9% 2016 2020

7% 2016 2018 2020

7% 2016 2020 2030

3% 2016 2020

2% 2016 2017 2021

Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

2016 2025

2016 2021

2016 2030

2016 2017 2018

2016 2016 2018

2020

Others:

Market Shares

The car will identify the vehicle in front of it and match speeds to maintain a safe following distance (set by the user) while not exceeding a certain speed (also set by the user)

Adaptive Cruise Control

Automatically adjust speeds in a traffic jam, including braking to a full stop, and handles the steering. Driver must stay alert, but does not have to touch the wheel or pedals.

Traffic Jam Assist

Alerts the driver when the system detects that the vehicle is about to leave its lane and can automatically correct the steering and keep the car on course

Lane Keep Assist

The car will detect panicked breaking and apply more pressure to the brakes to stop the car faster.

Emergency Brake Assist

Automatically parallel parks a car, as long as the gap is 1.2 times the size of the car.

Parking Assist

Automatically applies the brakes for obstacle avoidance.Auto Braking

Semi-autonomous features are safety based – and their incorporation in current models will begin to reduce accidents in the next 5 to 10 years.

Conclusion

Semi Autonomous Features

• Through use of just V2V BSM to warn drivers, with a mature system, NHTSA studies indicate that up to 79% of unimpaired crashes could be avoided.

• Using just a V2I communication system, NHTSA estimates that 26% of unimpaired crashes could be avoided.

• Together, NHTSA studies indicate that 81% of all unimpaired crashes could be avoided with a fully mature V2V and V2I system.

Benefits

V2X Introduction

• By 2029, seven years after the projected phase-in of the light vehicle V2V rule, 60% of all vehicles, or a cumulative 146 million cars, will have DSRC/V2X equipment.

• Adoption of aftermarket/consumer electronics DSRC devices will outpace factory installed DSRC within five to six years after a NHTSA Light Vehicle V2V rule requiring 100% of all new vehicles to be equipped with V2V.

FHWA ITS JPO Prediction

https://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60535/FHWA-JPO-17-487_Final_.pdf

TimelinesTechnology predictions seem to be coalescing around a 2021 commercial available start-date, but there are still many issues to be resolved

Thank You!