connecting the dots - who...connecting the dots: navigating pollution, health, climate and fiscal...
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Connecting the dots: Navigating pollution, health, climate and fiscal solutions
Benoit Blarel Practice Manager. Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice. The World Bank WHO Global Conference Air Pollution and Health, Geneva, October 2018
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Why do we Care?
Significant Human Health Costs Undermines Development Potential
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Inequities of Air Pollution Evidence from a Lower MIC - 2010
LOW INCOME
HIGH INCOME
HEALTH BURDEN
LOW INCOME
HIGH INCOME
EMISSIONS
HEALTH BURDEN
LOW INCOME
HIGH INCOME
EMISSIONS
HEALTH BURDEN
EXPENDITURES FOR ENERGY(% OF INCOME)
Source: IIASA, 2018
INCOME GROUPS
Why do we Care?
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Why do we Care? Climate Actions are urgently needed
Air Pollution Benefits: • Near term
• Local
• De-coupling works
Use Air Pollution as an Entry Point
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What are we doing about it?
FY04 – FY17 $ 42 billion targeting Pollution $ 12 billion targeting Air Pollution About 50% CC projects have air pollution co-benefits (RE, EE)
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What are our clients achieving? PM2.5 and PM10 reduction in selected cities
City, Country Highest concentration Reduction Timeframe
Mexico City, Mexico PM10 = 180µg/m3 >70% 25 years
(1990 – 2015)
Lima – Callao, Peru PM10 = 85µg/m3 >50% 8 years
(2006 – 2014)
Beijing, China PM2.5 >100µg/m3 > 30% 7 years (2012 – 2018)
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia PM2.5 =250µg/m3 > 60% 8 years
(2010 – 2018)
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We need to do More, Better and Faster
What have we learned? • The power of information • Work Together • Greening fiscal regime
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We need to do More, Better and Faster Use the Power of Information
To generate demand for action To prioritize cost effective actions
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We need to do More, Better and Faster Use the Power of Information
Maximize Synergies, Manage Trade-offs Solutions are site specific Clarify accountability Identify Losers & Winners from actions Design & Implement Policies Monitor, Evaluate & Adjust
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We need to do More, Better and Faster Work Together - Learn from Each Other
Solutions are Multi- • Sector • Agency • Jurisdictional
The Tobacco Success Story • Change behaviors • Role of Taxes
The Plastic Story: Effective communication
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We need to do More, Better and Faster Innovate – Green the Fiscal Regime
TAXING GOODS
TAXING BADS
$
Environmental Fiscal Reform
Underwrite Environmental, Climate, Health and Economic benefits
SUBSIDIZING BADS
SUBSIDIZING GOODS
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Significant Opportunities: Environmental tax gap
Source: OECD 2018
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Getting Fiscal Regimes Right: triple win for pollution, climate and people
• Taxes influence behavior, making enforcement of air quality policy easier
• Fiscal policy instruments can reduce pollution at the least cost to the economy
• Easier to collect for tax administration than income taxes or VAT • Particularly useful element of fiscal reform in developing countries
with weak institutions, informal sector, tax evasion and low domestic resource mobilization
• Save on Health Expenditures related to AP • Expenditure switching to environment-enhancing expenditures