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Connective Tissue The Big Connection! Chapter 4 Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 All C.T. have Three Parts 1. Specialized Cells 2. Extracellular Protein Fibers 3. The Fibers above and a ground substance - make up the Matrix that surrounds cells. (most of the volume of C.T.) Slide 6 Slide 7 Differences Between C.T. and other Tissues Slide 8 In general, C. T.... Found throughout the body Never exposed to outside environment Many C.T.s are highly vascular and/or have sensory receptors. Slide 9 Functions of C.T. Structural framework for body. Transportation of fluids and materials. Protection of delicate organs. Slide 10 Functions of C.T. Supporting and interconnecting other tissue types. Store energy reserves (lipids). Defending the body from pathogens. Slide 11 Slide 12 1. The Cells Fibroblasts- most abundant, present in every C.T. Proper; they secrete polysaccharide and proteins-->ground substance (very viscous); also secrete extracellular fibers. Macrophages- part of immune system that engulfs pathogens and damaged cells. Slide 13 Show me a macrophage! Slide 14 1. The Cells Adipocytes- fat cells; store lipids in a huge droplet; number may vary from C.T. type. Mesenchymal Cells- stem cells that can differentiate into fibroblasts and macrophages. Slide 15 1. The Cells Melanocytes- synthesize and store melanin (pigment). Mast Cells- small mobile cells of immune system; make histamine and heparin. Lymphocytes- migrating immune cells that produce antibodies. Slide 16 Slide 17 2. The Fibers Collagen Fibers- long, straight, unbranched, fibers of fibrous proteins; rope-like, very flexible, yet strong. (Tendons and Ligaments) Slide 18 Collagen Fibers Slide 19 2. The Fibers Reticular Fibers- same protein subunits as collagen; branched network of fibers, thinner than collagen; form an interwoven network; resist forces from multiple directions; stabilize organs. Slide 20 2. The Fibers Elastic Fibers- contain the protein elastin as a subunit; branched, thin and wavy fibers; after they stretch they return to original length; (elastic ligaments in vertebrae). Slide 21 What would happen if a persons elastic fibers were not properly formed? Slide 22 Williams Syndrome- Abnormal Elastic Fibers Slide 23 The Mind Traveler: Dont Be Shy Mr. Sacks Williams Syndrome Slide 24 3. Ground Substance Fills the space between cells and fibers. In C.T. Proper, it is clear and viscous; very thick due to proteoglycans and glycoproteins.(maple syrup) Slide 25 3. Ground Substance Density slows the spread of pathogens. Ex. Of Deficiency: Marfans Syndrome (fibrillin glycoprotein) Slide 26 Marfan Syndrome- Dominant Mutation Marfans Syndrome- mutation in the fibrillin gene (glycoprotein in connective tissue). Slide 27 A Marfans Sufferer ? Slide 28 Medical Mysteries: Giants Marfans Syndrome Slide 29 Slide 30 I. C.T. Proper- A. Loose C. T. Areolar- packing material of the body. Fills spaces between organs, provides cushioning, and supports epithelia. Open framework with much ground substance to cushion shock. Slide 31 A. Loose C. T. Loosely organized fibers- allow distortions. Elastic fibers- allow resilience Has extensive circulatory system. (site of injections, epithelia) Slide 32 Areolar Tissue Slide 33 1. Adipose Tissue Most of volume is adipocytes. Provide padding, cushions shock, act as insulator, energy storage. Under skin of buttocks, sides, and breasts, fills bony sockets behind eyes. Ex. Brown Fat in Infants. Slide 34 A Bunch of Brown Fat Slide 35 Adipose Tissue, Low Magnification Slide 36 Adipose Tissue, High Magnification Slide 37 Does the Cell Make Me Look Fat? Nucleus Stored Fat Slide 38 1. Adipose Tissue Do adipocytes continually divide in adults? How do we acquire more fat tissue? Is liposuction a permanent solution? Answers on p. 124, Martini, 4 th Edition Slide 39 Show me some adipose tissue! Discovery: Body Story Series- Baby (Brown Fat in an Infant) Oprah Video - Adipose from an Autopsy Slide 40 2. Reticular Tissue Composed of reticular fibers. Create a complex, 3-D network (stroma) that supports the cells of an organ. In which direction is this C.T. strongest? Slide 41 Reticular Tissue Reticular Fibers Slide 42 B. Dense C. T. Most of the volume is fibers- collagen. Two Types: Dense Regular C. T. Dense Irregular C. T. Slide 43 1. Dense Regular C. T. Collagen fibers are parallel (aligned with the forces applied to tissue). Slide 44 1. Dense Regular C. T. a.) Tendons-cords that attach bone to skeletal muscle. b.) Ligaments- connect bone to bone. c.) Elastic Tissue-mostly elastic fibers (resilient); around blood vessels and elastic ligaments. Slide 45 Dense Regular Tissue Slide 46 Slide 47 2. Dense Irregular C. T. Form interwoven meshwork. (Function?) Strength and support. Skin its strength (cured leather). Capsule around organs- protection. Slide 48 Dense Regular - Elastic Tissue Slide 49 II. Fluid Connective Tissue A. Blood- specialized cells in fluid matrix; has soluble fibers normally! 1. Cells- a. Leukocytes (WBCs) like neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes-immune cells. Slide 50 Neutrophil and Eosinophil Slide 51 Leukemia Slide 52 Blood b. Erythrocytes (RBCs)- transport O 2 /CO 2 ; most common cell. c. Platelets- contain enzymes and other proteins for clotting. Slide 53 Erythrocyte Slide 54 Blood 2. Ground Substance- called plasma, mostly water and dissolved solutes and large proteins. 3. Extracellular Fibers- normally not present until needed to form blood clots. Slide 55 Blood Clot Slide 56 Slide 57 B. Lymph Lymph- interstitial fluid that enters the cardiovascular system. 1. Cells- lymphocytes. 2. Ground substance- water without large proteins. 3. Fibers- very little present. Slide 58 III. Supporting Connective Tissue A. Cartilage- 1. Cells- chondrocytes-only cells of matrix; live in pockets called lacunae. 2. Ground Substance- thick gel of proteoglycans secreted by chondrocytes. 3. Fibers- are a proteoglycan + collagen or elastic fibers. Slide 59 Characteristics of Cartilage Cartilage is avascular-chondrocytes secrete antiangiogenesis factor (cancer treatment drug). Cartilage is slow to heal. Why? Cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium which is a C.T. Proper. Slide 60 Types of Cartilage 1. Hyaline- most common; loosely packed collagen fibers; flexible but tough. Function: reduce friction between bony surfaces; covers bony surfaces. Ex. Ribs/sternum, articular cartilages. Slide 61 Hyaline Cartilage- Low Mag. Slide 62 Hyaline Cartilage- High Mag. Slide 63 Slide 64 Types of Cartilage 2. Elastic- mostly elastic fibers; resilient and flexible. Function: provide support but resist distortion without damage. Ex. Tip of nose, pinna of ear, epiglottis. Slide 65 Elastic Cartilage- Low Mag. Slide 66 Elastic Cartilage- High Mag. Slide 67 Types of Cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage- little ground substance; matrix mostly collagen fibers. Fibers are interwoven making it tough and durable. Function: resist compression and absorb shock between bone-to-bone contacts. Ex. Pads within knee joint, intervertebral discs. Slide 68 Fibrocartilage- Low Mag. Slide 69 Fibrocartilage- High Mag. Slide 70 Examples of Stem Cell Research and Growing Cartilage and Bone Scientific American: November 1991 issue. Movie: Science Times Scientific Frontiers: Never Say Die Slide 71 Bone (Osseous Tissue) G.S. = collagen fibers + calcium salts (CaPO 4 and some CaCO 3) Strong and flexible properties. Lacunae in matrix contain osteocytes. Slide 72 Bone (Osseous Tissue) Lacunae organized around a central canal (Haversian canal) which contains blood vessels. Diffusion cannot occur through calcium salts. Cytoplasm of osteocytes extend to central canal by canaliculi. Slide 73 A Basic Pattern in Bone Tissue Lacunae with osteocytes arranged around and connected to a central canal by radiating canaliculi- Osteon Many osteons in one bone. Slide 74 Bone (Osseous Tissue) G.S. = collagen fibers + calcium salts (CaPO 4 and some CaCO 3) Strong and flexible properties. Lacunae in matrix contain osteocytes. Slide 75 Rickets Slide 76 Rickets X-ray Slide 77 Bone (Osseous Tissue) Bone surfaces covered by periosteum- fibrous layer of C.T.; attachment for tendons and ligaments. Site of appositional growth of bone. Bone is constantly remodeled- grow thicker with stresses. Slide 78 Osteon Slide 79 Bone-Low Mag. Slide 80 Bone-High Mag. Slide 81 Bone Slide 82 Can we ever grow tissue? What kinds of tissue can regenerate? Scientific American special issue, October 1999 Science Times: Tissue Regeneration video