connective tissues - general...

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Connective Tissues

Connective tissues contain a variety of cell types and occur in all regions of the body. They bind struc-tures together, provide support and protection, fill spaces, store fat, and produce blood cells.

Connective tissue cells are often widely scattered in an abundance of extracellular matrix. The matrix consists of fibers and a ground substance of various densities and consistencies. The protein fibers are among collagen (most

Laboratory Exercise 9abundant), reticular (collagen with glycoprotein), and elas-tic fibers. You might compare connective tissue to making gelatin: the gelatin of various densities represents the ground substance, added fruit represents cells, and added strands represent the fibers. Many of the prepared slides contain more than the tissue to be studied, so be certain that your view matches the correct tissue. Additional study of bone and blood will be found in Laboratory Exercises 12 and 41.

Purpose of the ExerciseTo review the characteristics of connective tissues and to observe examples of the major types.

Learning OutcomesAfter completing this exercise, you should be able to

1 Differentiate the special characteristics of each of the major types of connective tissue.

2 Sketch and label the characteristics of connective tis-sues that you were able to observe.

3 Indicate a location and function of each type of connec-tive tissue.

4 Identify eleven types of connective tissues on micro-scope slides.

Procedure—Connective Tissues 1. Study table 9.1. 2. Complete Part A of Laboratory Report 9. 3. Use a microscope to observe the prepared slides of vari-

ous connective tissues. As you observe each tissue, look for its special distinguishing features. Compare your prepared slides of connective tissues to the micrographs in figure 9.1.

4. As you observe each type of connective tissue, prepare a labeled sketch of a representative portion of the tissue in Part B of the laboratory report.

5. Complete Part B of the laboratory report. 6. Test your ability to recognize each of these connective

tissues by having a laboratory partner select a slide, cover its label, and focus the microscope on this tissue. Then see if you correctly identify the tissue. 4

Pre-Lab

1. Carefully read the introductory material and examine the entire lab content.

2. Be familiar with connective tissues (from lecture or the textbook).

3. Visit www.mhhe.com/martinseries1 for pre-lab questions and LabCam videos.

1 Carefull

Materials Needed

Compound light microscopePrepared slides of the following: Areolar connective tissue Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Bone (compact, ground, cross section) Blood (human smear)

For Learning Extension Activity:Colored pencils

Comp

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TA

BLE

9.1

Ty

pes

of

Mat

ure

Co

nn

ecti

ve T

issu

es a

nd

Rep

rese

nta

tive

Lo

cati

on

s*

Loo

se C

onne

ctiv

eD

ense

Con

nect

ive

Car

tila

geB

one

Liq

uid

Con

nect

ive

Are

olar

Con

nect

ive

Loc

atio

ns: a

roun

d bo

dy o

rgan

s;

bind

s sk

in to

dee

per

orga

ns

Den

se R

egul

ar C

onne

ctiv

e

Loc

atio

ns: t

endo

ns; l

igam

ents

Hya

line

Car

tilag

e

Loc

atio

ns: n

asal

sep

tum

; lar

ynx;

co

stal

car

tilag

e; e

nds

of lo

ng

bone

s; f

etal

ske

leto

n

Com

pact

Bon

e

Loc

atio

ns: b

one

shaf

ts; b

enea

th

peri

oste

um

Blo

od

Loc

atio

ns: l

umen

s of

blo

od

vess

els;

hea

rt c

ham

bers

Adi

pose

Loc

atio

ns: s

ubcu

tane

ous

laye

r;

arou

nd k

idne

ys a

nd h

eart

; yel

low

bo

ne m

arro

w; b

reas

ts

Den

se I

rreg

ular

Con

nect

ive

Loc

atio

ns: d

erm

is; h

eart

val

ves;

pe

rios

teum

on

bone

Fibr

ocar

tilag

e

Loc

atio

ns: b

etw

een

vert

ebra

e;

betw

een

pubi

c bo

nes;

pad

s (m

enis

cus)

in k

nee

Spon

gy (

Can

cello

us)

Bon

es

Loc

atio

ns: e

nds

of lo

ng b

ones

; in

side

fla

t and

irre

gula

r bo

nes

Lym

ph

Loc

atio

ns: l

umen

s of

lym

phat

ic

vess

els

Ret

icul

ar C

onne

ctiv

e

Loc

atio

ns: s

plee

n; th

ymus

; lym

ph

node

s; r

ed b

one

mar

row

Ela

stic

Con

nect

ive

Loc

atio

ns: l

arge

r ar

tery

wal

ls;

voca

l cor

ds; l

igam

ents

bet

wee

n ve

rteb

rae

Ela

stic

Car

tilag

e

Loc

atio

ns: o

uter

ear

; epi

glot

tis

*Thi

s ta

ble

repr

esen

ts a

sch

eme

to o

rgan

ize

conn

ectiv

e ti

ssue

rel

atio

nshi

ps. S

pong

y bo

ne a

nd ly

mph

tiss

ues

are

not e

xam

ined

mic

rosc

opic

ally

in th

is la

bora

tory

exe

rcis

e.


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FibroblastFibroblast

CollagenCollagenfiber fiber

Elastic fiberElastic fiber

Fibroblast

Collagenfiber

Elastic fiber

Ground substanceGround substanceGround substance

(a) Areolar connective (from fascia between muscles)

FIGURE 9.1 Micrographs of connective tissues.

Fat-storage areaFat-storage areaFat-storage area

NucleusNucleus

Plasma Plasma membranemembrane

Nucleus

Plasma membrane

(b) Adipose (from subcutaneous layer)

FibroblastFibroblast

CollagenCollagenfibersfibers

White bloodWhite bloodcellcell

Fibroblast

Collagenfibers

White bloodcell

(c) Reticular connective (from spleen)

FibroblastsFibroblastsFibroblasts

Collagen fibersCollagen fibersCollagen fibers

(d) Dense regular connective (from tendon)

Collagen fibersCollagen fibersCollagen fibers

(e) Dense irregular connective (from dermis)

FibroblastsFibroblastsFibroblasts

(f) Elastic connective (from artery wall)

Collagenfibers

Elastic fibers

Fibroblast

Extracellular matrixExtracellular matrixExtracellular matrix

(g) Hyaline cartilage (from trachea)

NucleusNucleusNucleus

Chandrocyte in lacunaChandrocyte in lacunaChondrocyte in lacuna ChondrocyteChondrocytein lacunain lacunaChondrocytein lacuna

CollagenCollagenfibersfibersCollagenfibers


(h) Fibrocartilage (from pubic symphysis)


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FIGURE 9.1 Continued.

ChondrocyteChondrocytein lacunain lacunaChondrocytein lacuna

Elastic fibersElastic fibersElastic fibers


(i) Elastic cartilage (from ear)

OsteonOsteonOsteon

LacunaLacuna(location of osteocyte)(location of osteocyte)Lacuna(location of osteocyte)

Central canalCentral canalCentral canal

(j) Compact bone

Location of extracellularLocation of extracellularmatrix (plasma)matrix (plasma)Location of extracellularmatrix (plasma)

White bloodWhite bloodcellscellsWhite bloodcells

PlateletPlateletPlatelet

Red blood cellsRed blood cellsRed blood cells

(k) Blood


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Laboratory ReportName

Date

Section

The corresponds to the Learning Outcome(s) listed at the beginning of the laboratory exercise.

Section

The corresponds to the laboratory exercise.9

Connective Tissues

Part A Assessments

Match the tissues in column A with the characteristics in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. 1 3

Column A Column B a. Adipose

b. Areolar connective

c. Blood

d. Bone (compact)

e. Dense irregular connective

f. Dense regular connective

g. Elastic cartilage

h. Elastic connective

i. Fibrocartilage

j. Hyaline cartilage

k. Reticular connective

_______ 1. Forms framework of outer ear

_______ 2. Functions as heat insulator beneath skin

_______ 3. Contains large amounts of fluid and lacks fibers

_______ 4. Cells arranged around central canal

_______ 5. Binds skin to underlying organs

_______ 6. Main tissue of tendons and ligaments

_______ 7. Forms the flexible part of the nasal septum

_______ 8. Pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers

_______ 9. Main tissue of dermis

_______ 10. Occurs in ligament attachments between vertebrae and artery walls

_______ 11. Forms supporting tissue in walls of thymus and spleen

g

a

c

d

b

f

j

i

e

h

k


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Part B Assessments

In the space that follows, sketch a small section of each of the types of connective tissues you observed. For each sketch, label the major characteristics, indicate the magnification used, write an example of a location in the body, and provide a function. 1 2 3

Areolar connective (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Adipose (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Reticular connective (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Dense regular connective (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Dense irregular connective (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Elastic connective (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

(sketches)


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Hyaline cartilage (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Fibrocartilage (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Elastic cartilage (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Compact bone (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Blood (_____×)Location: ___________________________________________Function: ___________________________________________

Learning Extension Activity

Use colored pencils to differentiate various cellular structures in Part B. Select a different color for the cells, fibers, and ground substance whenever visible.

Critical Thinking Activity

Abdominal impact injuries often involve the spleen. Explain the structural tissue characteristics that make the spleen so vulnerable to serious injury.

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

C

Abdominal E l i h

The spleen is composed of reticular connective

tissue. This type of tissue contains only short,

thin, collaginous fibers (reticular fibers) that are

widely scattered. The result is a delicate

distribution of fibers among cells and a fluid ground substance.


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N O T E S


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