connolly identidad

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Idy\Dirc


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L BY LLM LLY

Neuropolitics: Thinking, Culture, Speed

Why I Am Not a Secularist

he Ethos of Plualization

The Terms o Political Discourse

he Auutinian Impetive A Reetion on the Poii o Moit

Politics and Ambiguity

Appearance and Reality in Politics

Political Science and Ideolo


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Identity\Difference

DMORAT NOTATONSOF POLTAL PARADOX

Epandd Edton

William E. Connolly

Unverst o Mnnesota ress Mnneapos / London


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Copyr 1991 by Willam E Connolly

Conin Idniy\Blonn o Dirnc copy 00 by no Uni o Minnoa Ti ay i orinal o Unriy o

Minnoa Pr diion of book

Fi publd by Coll Unriy P

ll ri rd No pa o i publicaion may b producd od in aral ym or anmid in any fom o by any man lcronicmcancal poocopyin cordin or owi wiou pior wrinprmon o publ

Publd by Unriy o Mnnoa P11 Tid nu Sou Su 90Mnnapoli MN 550150p//wupumndu

bay o Con CaalonnPublicaon Daa

Connolly Wllam EIdniy\Dinc dmocrac noiaon of polical paradox Wllam E

Connolly Expandd dp cm

Oriinally publid aca Coll Uniri P, 199

Includ biblioapical rrnc and ndx

SBN 081660866 pbk alk pap)

Polical cincPloopy Dmocracy 3 Dnc Piloopy) dny 5 Good and il Tl

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Prind in Unid Sa o mrica on acid pap

T Uny o Minnoa i an qualoppouniy ducaor and mploy

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The more one is absorbed n ghting El, the ess one s empted to pace

the Good in quesion.

-JeanPau Sarte Ani-Seie and Jew

However I ke he wod [curiosy] It evokes "cae; i evokes he care one

takes of what exsts and what migh exst a sharpened sense of eality but

one tha is never imobiized befoe t a readiness to nd what suounds

us strange and odd a cean determinaion to throw o famia ways o

hought and to ook at he same hgs in a dieent way a lack o

espect o he raditonal hieachies of what is impotan and ndamenta-Miche Foucaul The Masked Philosopher

d not only Astoe but he whole of Geek antiquy thnks dferently

om us about haed and envy and judges wit Hesod who in one pace

cas one discod enamey he one that eads men nto hoste ghs of

annhaon aganst one anoherwhile praising anoher dscord as good

the one hat as jealousy hated and eny spurs men to actvity; not o the

aciiy of gh of aniilaon bu o aciy o ic ar ne.

iedch Nietzsche Home's Cones

I don want o become an identty junkie

-an Causen "My nteresing Condion


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Tis page ntenonal lef bank


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x Pr

r ins wi idniy my dn isl xplr srrry s srl ns l dn by mps sr

sry slidny. Rspndin snd prbl ilinls llnin s plil is slrssrn; prblmzin npins dny s rspnsbly pliisrdr dmry sriny mmny nd disrs rwi slins rs prblm r ssind nd xpsinrls sr nld by sblsd prsnns sms. s I s i wr s nrs xpsr nd

mdn d n msls sp mpln in prdx In r rnsnd prdx my b n dris nln snd prblm il

is rin n plis dny nd dirn nlly pins rinkn dmri ry Fr dmryis mdm r wi dirn n sblis sp r sls lrdniy i is ls mns by w dmzn idniy n b plilly lmizd. pn rl rin r s inrd nr mpr n ld nsn rd by nms dmry nd dmr ry mdiy sblsd rms db s rnirs dmry ndrpprd in li npnsn b br rrnd.

s r n pr ryr srn pswiin dmry brdly dnd rspnds prblm

i rlin bwn idniy nd dirn? I ssp r sn is m nly bns nd xprssin in prsnbk. L m ll is pliil mnry nis dmry pri rms ndispnsbly dniy li dsrbs dmizin idniy nd lds r r prn dirsiy mn l n sr nd nrdpndn dnydrn.

nisi dmry brks wi dmri dlism mmnrnism r is rsl nrn r mndiniy wi qs r rinl nsnss. I pns plil spsr nis rlins drsril rsp mr nismds n xs sil sp; i ls rm r r mdliis mn nd dmn B i ds disrp nsnsl dls pll nmn nd spirn I insss n snn

wy sppr mn diniy s li nis rspbwn nrlkin nd nndn nsinsnisi dmry ls dprs rm plil minml sm


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Pra

dmrai idividalism I ras vial viwa saiy idividal i a siial rim is bs

prd by rsrii piis is bar ssias dmraiaism ds a spas i wi dirs may simsvs as di idiis ar day ms ivly sabisd by piial mas I a wrld lsly wv irpdis disa ms b ra by pliial mas i i is b a all

ialy aisi dmray als m d

mray vmal isiis rriria sa pliis idiyir ws ba r advr bdaris sa I vrws sa bdaris w sa sis a s dirs pr raiy isliv idiy ad wvr sabisd idiy a svri sa isl bms a bj pliiizai. "Nrririaldmraizai prvids way via ad spplm isiial pliis rririal dmray dr mprarydiis lbal i Nrririal dmraizai I sspas bm a prdii r al mprary rririal dmray

sys prsai i is bk mbdy I p a pispy irprai bi ds vry irprai praps a irprai sld d ways bil appriai is dii i is mds prsai. Sra lral

rd wi a sarp sik r ad r ad drp a w sdsak a lk a prmisi sprs lar i sas wari smad plli wds rwdi rs. ( wi . a is a dlil par!) raps i rs d ayi wry livai a pa r w will rw miyi adsap piial disrs i is way r a Mr liky rs wil dw wds pll i ir r

wil sysm is a lak pri say las saymr wii aadmy i is a smma rm assmd by wil dmia br alraiv is arm simlasly idispsabiiy irprai ad limid prs aprblmai arar ay parilar r

ak pblisrs llwi ssays r prmissi

rpri marials i aprs ad "Frdm ad iy i LWr n Plc Bwn My n PMy d Sp Wi (Nr am Uivrsiy Nr


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am Idy ad ic i Glbal Plc inananxua Ran d Jam a ad M

cal Sap Li Ma Ha Idy ad c Lbalim i Lbam an d B laG Maa ad H cad (Nw Yk ld 55 . cpd cap a b caly id lm

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la p lpd m ik waly lcd cap w pd a GwUy Uiiy Maac Pic Uiiy alc Uy mca SUNYlbay Uy Vca Uy Maylad ad paUy I Flc I addi al didala ad lcd cap i al caai d Bl ad ampbll ma l Jam ia mamm a la Bi H G ab la a ma l M clma Ja c Mcal ap al Spad ad ld Wl a all d cmm

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onessing Ideny\Belonging to Dierene

Yo need ident to at and to be etial bt tere is a drive todiminis dierene to omplete itself inside te prsit o ident.

Tere is s a paradoal element in te politis o identt. It is notan airtigt parado onforming to a tetbook eample in logi bt asoial parado at migt be negoiated. t operates as pressre to makespae or te llness of selidentit or one onseny by marginal-izing demeaning or elding e dierenes on wi it depends tospei itself Te dept grammar of a politial teory is saped rst byte way in wi it eier aknowledges or sppresses tis parado and

seond by weter it negotates it plralistally or translates it into anaggressive politis o elsive niversalityTradionally, te rst problem of evil is e estion of ow a benev

olent omnipotent God old allow intense sering in te world.Typially e answer invoves aribon of ee wll to mans toengender a gap beeen te reave power of te God and te beav-ior o manit Wat I all in is book te seond problem of evi"

ows om te soial logi o identt\dierene relaons. It is te prolivit to marginalize or demonize dierene to santi te identit yooness. Intensiing te seond problem o evil is te at tat we alsoeperiene te sore o moralit trog or most earelt eperienes of ident. How old someone be moral many believers saywitot belief in free will and God? How old a morally responsibleagent oters say riize te nligtenment te ver aievement atgronds te moral disposition tey proess ont tey presppose tever basis tey ritiize

Afvot pctc th cm to covct oth of th "pfomaive ontradion wereby ey are said to arm in praie wattey deny in teor. en evering proeeds smootly te rievenally plls te opponent to a plae were te latter mst aept tepositve tesis o te riti. Tis move in pilosopial disorse parallels a familar one religos dsptes were tose wo devate om

yor fait are onvited o a denitive alt to demoralize it and bolsterte neessi o yor own. One an ardly avoid ligt se o te performaive ontradition to pose estons to oters even as yo identsore spots and paradoes in yor own eistential fait Bt its se as temaster tool of rie reets te tait assmption tat e world onforms to a logi to be grasped trog preise onepts Teoriss woplay s an earnest game forget to ask weter tose so onited may

nd someting positive in te ver eperiene o parado as Agsneietzse ierkegaard and eleze do wen tey treat parado as a


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dnty\rn

sgn o somtng aos n t word tat xds onpta ra.At otr tms, as w sa s, av dpndn on ts too rts an

mpt narrowng o optons avaab to t advrsar to tos t rts arady rognz as possbs. s tos wo do not mbra atransndnta bass o mora atorty ar on sad by rts to rdmorat to dsr or prrn or tat s wat morat wod bomto t rt ts transndnta bass wr sbtratd. On tat atrprsntaton s nstad onvon o a prormatv sonad-ton s ony a stp away. In Foat's trms, pomsts prod

nasd n prvgs [ty possss] n advan and w nvr agr toson.

Soe of the oiget elemets tht eer io yor etty e

sseie to eosttio, others emi hghy resstt to

t eve f yo esre to trsform them eve if there s ltrl

sppot for Og so Let s ll he ltte e or etrehe

otgees, to emphsize how they e oth oiget orm

tos esstt to moiito oe osolte A reotgey s formto tht hs eome isiive eve thogh

t my ot e rele to st s ologl ve ee the

term "oigey s se here o wy mples tht ot

gey s lwys somethg tht e hge throgh will or e

so here re orte otigees denttyDerence76)

A w radrs wo attndd to t orzonta raton btn dnttand drn tr gnord ts xporaton o t dpt o dnt ordsparagd t T rst st atd as togt dntt was somtng otng yo pt on and ta o at w Wy ma tat assmptonn t a o txta vdn to t onar It may b d to a prspposon on t part o t asr tat a dp dntt mst maontat wt t ssn o t so or a transndnta prnp ns

ng t To n dpt to ontngn, as I do, s to pst tat appartTo spa o dp ontngny s to pay p t ro o tr n t

ormaton o dnty w apprang t wgt o dnt as tboms nnd n orpora abts, ngs and dsposons It saso to st p t possbt tat som o tos ntrnmnts mgt bromposd modsty trog arty dvsd tats o t s and tsotv sbng, mropots t s, o ors, mpossb to ston

or rason a t ngs on w or tnng and jdgmnt dpnd.nd t most ntrnd dspostons do dp trts nyon


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onfeing ent\Belongng to Dieene

wh has live, imbibe ttgenstein while ing s, appeciates hefce f these pessues hat upn which ne aws t expess esie

an t make jugments is nt calle up f examinain uing the acv-ity f esiing an juging Nnetheless, smetimes yu encunte pes-sue befe ae the actin in quesn, t wk actively n selectiveaspects f yu ientty that have becme enenche hat pessuemight cme m iscant ispsitins aleay ciculang in yu,fm unexpecte nteentins by thes fm supising cnsequencesattenant n yu actin, fm a cmbinan f these

hat is what happene t atlm e Las Casas whse wk isevewe in he secn chapte f ths bk. his sixteenthcentuyChistian piest eventually ew n Chisian lve t ecmpse pieaspects f he Chistan ctine he bught with him t the NewWl." He i s ae agning ve the estucn an sueingengenee by the massive panish et t cnvet Atecs t the tuefaith. metimes aspects f the uneective backgun f expeience

ae challenge by thes in a way that islges them an enes thempssible bjects f tacical mican he challenge may tap int anbscue stain peviusly suppesse by the ive t secue yu ienti-t as cmplete univesal. Relatinal ats f the self ae applie taective ispsins belw the each f iect intellecual selfegula-n is hei cllectve patne, micplics

Othes bject t the iea f eep cningency n the guns hat ites nt make ientity ui enugh. t bilgies ientit t much,hey think hat cncepn f bilgy is invke by such a espnse have ecently ecnsiee cmmn assumptins in culal theyabut bilgicalcultal elays in my bk Neuptcs: Thnkn,Cultue Speed. t seems t me that culual theists en euce thebilgical t that which is xe, genec, eteminative. ing sthey eithe sink int the black hle f scibilgy, me ften levitate twa ai isembie cnceptins f thinking culue, ientit,

language, plitics, an ethics t escape the cuse f bilgy. me, ienty is bicultual. t mxes natue an culue int cpeal sensibilities.Meve, naue an bilgy themselves have elements f atce inthem. Cultual pactices ae fle int iffeent layes f theby/bain netwk accing t he elative capacities an spees feach laye hese layes bth cntain esistances t thse inculcatnsan inteact with each in he cmpsitin f ientit Ientit is ela

nal, bicultual an eplete with esistances. enunciate a bicultual eaing f ien is t n an ethic


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Identit\eence

anchoed in the highe intellect o the will alone to be inadequate to lifeHence my objecon to neoKantan theoies of ethics omemes it is

wise to wok taccally on the visceal egiste of identit, on thoughtimbued feelings of attachment faith, disgust, shame, ambivalence love,o disdain that inuence action and judgment but fall below diect intellectual egulaton. In ths book I begin to exploe an ethic o culvaton,an oientation in which elaonal ats of the self ae caed to wok onpatcula aspects of ones biocultual identit his theme has beendeveloped the in my ecent wok

ethic of culvaton exsts in tosionthat is in a elation of inte-dependence and tensionwth the quest to am contingencies thathave become enenched. It is impotant to a geneous ethcal sensibili-t to come to tems in an amave way with much of what you havebecome though the checkeed histo of luck, cicumstance, decision,habit, and fatel events. tive to ovecome deep esenent of what o

who you ae so as to ovecome the coolla disposition to ail against

the paents, class, fate, past decisions, o wold that bought you to thspoint. m the past, with the sueing that has taught this and thatlesson as a condition of te possibilit hose who esent the woldtoo much ae eage to nd othes to hold esponsible fo thei condionhey easily become punitive and exclusiona

But, in peiodic tension with this ecipe sometimes it is wise oogato to wo on specc dimensions o ou identt eaps you

feel visceally epelled by nonbelieves, while a subodinate stain inyoupehaps Chistian love o a stutte in you faithesists the ugli-ness of that disposition You begin to suspect that you negative deni-on of atheists is even moe bound to a visceal desie to pesee themoal supeio of you identit as a devout believe than to the intnsic chaacte of the theist. You may now exploe how to mitgate thest disposion in a way that does not place you vsceal tust in Godtoo much at isk. You cultivate a modest shi in you embedded habitsof feeling and judgment woking cautously on the self you havebecome and sometimes, on constituencies with whom you ident mostadently. he elaon beteen ethics and identit is tick.

Wh f ned o, o evese [Chrles ylo's] eqion epe

menly, h h whh heens bekdown n he self n lso

brng i lose o he hsolly onngen he of s own

deny? Wh f rsk of bekdown wee bond p wh re fordffeene, so h ehl esponsiveness nd dsovery of deep


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nssing nity\Blnging t Dinc xix

detty wee ot boud togethe as eaty? .Whee s t wt

te that te socosystemic eed fo the pactce of esposiblty c

espods coveety to the deepest stuctue of uma beg?ldentty\Dference 6)

T b thical is n t put intity, t sm g at isk Th int-ining intity an inc cais this implicatin My sns isthat scula this in th Kantian taitin sk t avi this intnalcnncn bn thical spnsivnss an th istubanc intit hy s in pat bcaus thy bliv that sm basic authity,

cmman, cntact must b plac abv qustining i thical li ist b pssibl. But th l may b m paaxical than that T bthical is n t put pats yu ntnch intity at isk but tpac t much at isk at n tim ul b t ls th gun mhich thical acn pcs

nt pically call mysl a psist" hat g is npsnt by citics as n h thinks that int is ui an thicalli is unimptant Psnists a cl inic, an nacissisticbcaus thy nt anch mality in anscnntal asnThat cspns pt ll t h Tcquvill n athists innintnthcntuy mica On my aing th ppsit is cls tth uth t is nt mly that malit an b at s ith u sis u intsts as Kantians an nKanans als say t is again, thatt act thically is n t call sm cmts intiy int qustins hat th istubanc citics psism ant t squlch nay vt t nt thilif t th stutu f itityinlatis is t istub th cmts malists assum hn thy quatth mans f malit ith a inti thy alay nss

t phaps a lat chag psists Mus nt a hi spsiv tth paaxical latins intityinc acknlg a sucp than any am h Th psitin cnss in his bk, it

may sm, cant lcat a cmmn suc etan deep nugh tsustain th vy thical pspctiv it mbacs Th pmav cntaicin again. s th chag ct in this instanc a t stictivlinatin pssibl sucs thical li

A pilosophy of idivdualty ad othestc eveece o estece

must detify ways ad meas to wage a battle agaist estetal

esetmet ad to elct espect fo te dvesty of estece wedog soldentty\Dference 8)


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denti\Dierence

Sc a conteroctre caot avance tself as a snglar trt.t

ust ot for stace strve to prge octres tat rest po fat

a tre iett or a partcular go t seeks stea to gve voceto a perspectve wt a reverece of ts ow a to t te etet

to wc te voces of strog ett ca ene te ters trog

wc aterenttes are recoge a resposbt is str

te

Sc a octre treats te postos of ts copetitors as pos

tos t epects to persst on te fel of scorse a constres

tself as anoter possblt to be avace copetto an cotestaton wt te/dentity\Diference, 18-9)

Nntheitic eveence ( gratude, a I nw call it) r the abundance being i the mt baic ethical uce I cne. On my eading, dierence i nt nly that dened m the vantage pint a paticularident t include a ecnd dimenin t: give impule and ene-gie that exceed the rganizati identit\dierence elan them-

elve he gitive dimenin dierence i purued in thi bkthugh n engagement with Nietzche ntin lie.

Nntheitic gatitde de nt take the hape a divine cmmand a tancendental diective, even thugh it ack the tw rientatin in it way by expreing appecian r that which exceed humanndetanding and help t enable new pibilie t ge int being.It nntheitic ientatin hwever de have anitie t me

uddhit, Cncian, and picurean rientatin hey t en dnt place a penal Gd at the bae pinnacle expeience adevtee nntheic gatitde law bligatin, repnibilit, andight ae nt recgnized apdictically. Thee ae, rather ecndrderman, ged ut care the give abundance being thatine them hat i why ethical lie i agile a well a indipenable.

nd why the lit ight can becme augmented a time ie by The

prject i t ld peumptive generit r the plurivcit being intthe way interet are expreed, repnibiite are amed, judgmentare arculated right are acknwledged, and acn ae cmped

T anchr an ethic culvatin in nntheitic gatde de nteduce it t mere preeence r deie." Such rmulatin reect therepreentan thi ientan by the wh have already dicuntedit pibilit r dignit. Nte hw Kant talked abut picur and

Spina r intance Or hw Augne dened the pagan wh didnt arm a ingle gd


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onessing enit\Beonging to Dierence

also n it noble to eat ones own faith as contestabe in one's ownees not st to arm that it is so in the ees of others. Strie to rener

oneself a qestion to oneself whie appreciang that or eorts wilmeet with partia an imite sccess. Bt o not conten that eeryone mst hol this iew for a posie ethos of engagement to emergeIt sces i nmeros partisans appreciate the contestabiity of theirfaith in the mins an sos of others an strugge to oercome resent-ment against this persistent feature of the hman conion For againwhen existenal resentment becomes intense others who constitute li

ing proof of the actua contestabiity of or faith are apt to become tar-gets of or reenge in the name of morality.

o insert a sttter in one's faith is noble then in m ees Bt it isalso to implicate oneself in a series of paraoxes an limitationsietzsche James ierkegaar an Leinas al saw this the rst om anontheistic antage point the next two om within Chrisanity broal ene an the last om within aism Sch a stutter oes not

enabe o to rener eerthing in or aith perfectl transparent achexistena faith comes to terms with itself in reaon to a specic set ofaternaes historical aailable to it. Mch in the faith o share withothers then wil remain opaqe to o an them. Bt it is nonethelessnobe to sstain a certain torsion between the norishment or faithproies an the perioic ca to probe imensions of its comparatiecontestabiity Yo stu comparatie reigions an ethica theories

enogh to come to terms with sore points tensions an msteries inors b comparison to a simiar itan in ohers Roxanne ben's bookEnemy n he Mo lam Funamenalm an he Lm ofMoen Raonalm proies a ne example here she calls her book AWork of Comparae Polical Theory

On the reaing aance here an existenal faith takes the form of apoblemac repete with paraoxes an other icties. he tempta

on to conert ifference into heres oen ows om the eort to con-ceal ncertaines in one's faith or ien projecng them onto othersas eils These same iclties an ncertainties processe throghanother moo howeer sometimes become materials throgh which anew conersion is set into motion Agstine went throgh seera con

ersionswho kows whether another might hae occrre if he haie a ibrant lie for another forty ears Agstine an ietsche e

siblings ner the skin each enconters an reglates oices in himsefthat preai in the other.


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ntty\Din

By state I mean te poltica dmenson of te ente ordeindi

vduals as citzens and taxpayes, eectoal campagns and pocess

es pubc oficials, lawmaking nsttutions, executve and enforcement agences etocal modes of consodaton and divson, and

so on Te pmary targets of state negation ae most functonal if

(a) tey can be constituted as evils esponsile fo teats to te

common dentty (b) teir vsbiity mgt otewse signfy defects

and falngs in te establsed [civc dentty (c) tey ae stateg

cally wea enoug to be subjected to punitve measues and (d)

tey ae eslent enoug to renew te status as souces of ev nte face of suc measues ldentty\Dference, 206-7)

On thi ing pitit p f putin invtmnt n itibun uniky t bm tgt ngtin thugh whih thtiv intity f th Amin tt i nu wf ipintgut wk m x up unw mth n mmb fminity fith highy igib f uh n ignmnt Th vi-

tin f ntuny tht nt thtn yu uv i pt t bpptin t it pi vunbiity n th itubn it m fbing p t th fnn f minnt intiti th pi- u wf in th nit tt i in it fiu i nmi pgm. Thi mbinin h up th mptivfnn f h wh hv jb but ti n it iut t mkn mt in h unt th wh ing w but k t

giv thmv n it f ht hivmnt Th pitn f wf ning nmi uppt nb inu mmb fth mi t it thmv f th inm thy n t bmwf f high tx n t xmpt th ytmi ng-mnt in whih thy impit m pnibiity f th pu-n f n impvih Wf fm pt f th tiu f intity\in piti

In th txt mt nty The thos of Plualzaton I ntnht pgm wth th bt hn t u nmi inquity th tht uppt h nmi uity f th g mi . At thm m I uppt pgm f quitin mt nnnt wih nxpniv utu puim. Th tnin btn puim nquity but thy t nin f pibiiy f h th vn mthn thy p nity pi gn Hn iv t unmi inquity in th min f hth mnt u-tn tx v tnpttin pibiit n huing ngmnt


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onfssng dntty\Blongng to Dnc

podcly mbush by vtsng how nms of th cultulRght would b nclu n th pogm Dvs to pnd vsty n

th domns of gn fth thncty n sul lton cn lso bstymd by clmng tht ths uus only th funt c bout.To l up th bottom conomc t woul b to mnsh th foc ofths gumnts.

e s plcated ethcal wth others frst thogh sharg a

dett wth soe of them secod throgh the strrgs of pr

sed possltes oesef that exceed oes dett ad thrd

thogh egageet wth pressres to eset odrate eatres of

the ha codto Refecto o these coectos ca also

ecorage oe to eflect o how lfe overflows the odaes of

dettYo cold ot e what o are less soe possltes of

lfe had ee forgoe (to do s to orgo)Ad o ow deped po

the dffeece of the other for or dett Recogtio of these

codtos o strfe ad terdepedece ca flow to a ethc

whch adversares are espected ad ataed a ode of

agostc talt a ethc whch altedettes foste agostc

espect fo the dffereces that costtte the a ethc of care fo

lfe ldentty\Dference 166)

h most pssng quson of thcopoltcl lf s not how to gt po-p to do wht common mol unstndngs ly cl on thm to

o Thou shll not kll" Hono you moth n fth" Mobzngngy to o wht w ldy concd w should o s mpotnt butth most nmnl ssus of hcopoc lf s whn n-pnnt ptsns confss nt soucs of moly n folow somwht nt cvs. Attnton to th poc chct of n-ty\nc ons ncougs you to com to tms wth ths pgmtc conton of potcs. ultvton of som sngs of unpusu possbts n onsf tht c ons nty" s on ptnntto hs stuon

do not tlk much bout gonstc dmoccy" n ths book vnthough som hv plc t un tht gnc lbl Rth poth bnts of folng agoniic c nto dnty\dnc -ons n dmoctc stt. h dnc s ctcl. Agonsc moccy" coud b ntpt s mol n whch no posv socl vsons nunct n contstton tks poty ov vry oth spct ofpoltcs. oubt tht nyboy ctully noss such vw. Agonstc


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Idnt\Drn

rspt, on th othr hand, s a vrt tat allows popl to honordrnt nal sours, to ulvat rproal rspt aross drn

and to ngotat largr assmblags to st gnral pols. Aniip i a ipal viu apppia a wld in whih paiannd hmlv in inniv lain f pliial indpndn

Agonsm s th dmnson through whh ah part mantans a pathoso dstan om othrs with whom t s ngagd Rspt s th dmn-son through whh sllmts ar anowldgd and onntions arstablshd aross lns o drn But th old uston arss agan n

a nw orm Must not rspt or drn, to be rspt, ow om aommon sour?That s what Augstin and Kant thought, n thr somwhat dr-

nt ways. It s baus w rogn ourslvs as hm duplx wth onoot n th phnomnal world and th othr n th noumnal, that wan vn rspt or on anothr, rgardlss o ultral drnsKant alld ths rspt or prsons, wth th prson st abov othr

ns n th world baus t s th only bng n th world wth a ootn th noumnal ralm Th t o ths ont on human rlatonswth th rst o natur has bn prnous. Augustn loats thnoumnal n th xprn o God, and Kant n th apodt rogn-on that moral tas th orm o unvrsal laws w ar oblgatd tooby. hr dos rspt om om on my radng?

My lam s tat rspt s not dp rspt ntil tos who bstow tanowldg th dgnt o thos who mbra drnt sours orspt. Fath n hm duplx s on among svral ontstabl ultr-al prspvs, not Th masur through whh t lams o ontnd-ng prsptivs ar authortativly assssd

Aordng to thpaiula xstntial ath I mbra, rspt growsout o a ar or l and t art that prds and nourshs t. Thatath, as w hav sn s nthr ommandd nto bng nor gvn apo-dtally It xprsss a stran oursng through most popl thy

hav not bn batn down too svrly by th worldand t s thn ulvatd rthr I rspt aniiall thos who draw rspt omaltrnav aths, suh as th Augsnan and Kanan tradtions wthnChrsant. I do not apt th lam that ths dmnson o thr athmust b armd by vron That s whr agonsm ntrs rspt Inlatons o agonst rspt btn, say, Augustnans, Kantans,Rawlsans Habrmasans, Islamsts, Buddhsts, and notshans,

rspt tsl ows om drnt sours God, rason, publ rason


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Confin dnty\Blonin to Dirnc

nd n ovrlppin connu t countrfctl umption of poi-bl connu xrci to pur t rpin lf nd r t nr

of compionnd nontic rtitd for t rt nd tbundnc of if onitic rpct crri t xpcttion tt you mycontt on notr on t ourc of rpct prticulrly wn onprty init tt liibiity for rpct itlf rquir you to ccpt tunvrl it rm It lo includ t poibility tht omtin id ordon by otr my nud you to rintrprt your xtntil fit ordrw you towrd convrion to notr

On thi rdin ppl to dirnt ourc of rpct my b ivnpublic xprion th occion rqur thou tr i no nd todvrt on fit loudly vry dy rp dincon bnrliion nd piloopy tt culr cdmic v lbord o rd toutin now bcom blurrd it lrdy i for to wo pprocwt piloopy from t vnt point of nonwt fit ttxpo it Cin bckound mor vvdly Wn t rn of com

prion i brodnd byond t comp of Europn piloopy itbcom y to ow fit lrdy ntr pioopy nd ow rumnt ply rol witin rliion Only fw culrit motly c-dmic tll purport to lv thir xitnti fit t om wn tyntr t public rlm t i bcu ty do not yt cknowld c-ulr condnc in t ucincy of public ron (or on of it urro-t) to b conttbl public fit Mot cin concd tt tycrry lmnt of fit wit tm into t public rlm o pprcittt point witout rnnt i to tk tp towrd foldin rpctinto onim n connction into irnc

olrnc nd onic rpct r kiin couin but thy r notquivlnt In uroricn ociti tolrnc i on tkn to owitr from Crin lov or Knn nd noKntin rviion ofCrinty Aonitic rpct rltion of connction cro diffr-nc do not ntil t conolidtion of mjority idntity round

wic t of minori i tolrtd tllit It i mor comptiblwit ntork modl of plurlim In prdominntly Crin cultr th public dimnion of fit cn ily cp ttnton t lt toprccin Critin nd to curit mor bound to Critin con-cption of w rponibility vi nd dom tn ty my rliBut onc you Critini udim Ilm Buddim nnimwlinim brminim nd Nitcnim conttbl x-

tnl fit rtr tn itr mrly privt fit or contndr to


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dnt\n

pro th pbl ma n whh pra faths a s lmts of ol-ran bom mo sbl. Eah fah has a pbl dmnson an

non ss h nstond ma n whh th othrs ar stad aspra. ag n Wh I Am Not a Sulat h hbrs of slarsm s s prsmpon o dn h sny of rason onra prodr or lbraton as h ommon matx n whh onnngfaths ar nlos. olran wll nogh b agons sp sboth mor pans as a t an mor appropra o th faspad world of la moty n whh popl of mlpl fahs nras-

ngy opy h sam pola rro.Agons rsp orshs mos whn boms a rproal rtlta by nrpndn parsans. Ths ondon howr s non o . I opras as a onsan on ry andda for pblr f rgos namnalss prss hard o nrsalz h dasof thr fath, a lm s posd o slar olran and rsa. Thston s whhr agonst rsp s mor appropra o dmorat

ltr ndr onmpoary ontons of sp mob and plra-; an whhr has a btr han o b ngotad than mr olr-an I bl passs msr on boh onts hy? On rason s thath naon o onans a onfsson of h ompara onsab of h fah hos ssng h naon brng o h abl.

W an spa of a rgla al hr. o on tha loos forardo a world of ty onsnss or soldarty or on ha pons o a mn-mal sa prsng or a rgm of rglar nals n a maronomy b on rd owar a worl n whh agons rspboms rproal bn hasn onstns who nd hm-sls nang n h plass nsons, an rss of nty\dr-n aons.

Agonst rsp s no th only t appropra o an panshos of plralsm Is tn s rta rsponsnss. hl h rsr spas o raons btn alrady sallzd onstns th

sond spas o th rlaon a sazd onstny prss o a ds-ald mnort stgglng o mgra om an obsr or ngadpa blow h rgsr of lgma dnt o a pla on tha rgsrI d no pos rtal rsponsnss as a r n hs boo wa-ng ntl he tho o Plualaton bfor appratng s mporano th polts of bomng.

Th pos of bomng s a rrrn gt pols by whh

a nw onstny or n srgs no bng om blow h hrshold


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onfessing deny\Belonging o Differene

of olerne jsie or legimy Before h roy migrion is nego-ie i flls below he reh of sie bese i injries re wiely

inerpree o be imginry he xe ee of biology reeie of nrissism or expressie of ilizionl neessiy. he elemen of proxin he poliis of beoming is h before sess new moemen isjged by horie onsenies in isprging erms; pon sess new ieny emerges h exees he energies spirions ndjgmens h fomene i riil responsieness negoes hese disordn pressres in presmpiely reepe wy I helps o sher

new ideny ono he regisers of jse n legimy doing so in onexs in whih he esblished mesre of jdgmen is insien o heemerging phenomenon hrisniy selrism demori iienship feminism gy righs n oorssise siie exempli ierse rnge of moemens h he priipe wih some sess inhe diey poliis of beoming A ctcal elemen in ril responsie-ness is he effor o re wheher moemen promises o sppor or

ril he spiri of plrlism he elemen ofeonvene

is spiri-liy of presmpie reepeness isposiion o lisen wih new erso moemen h my osle elemens in yor ieny s syhrisin Mle Heerosexl or Selr.

So he ehos of plrlism sppore here does nowege heneessiy of seing limis. t mly nt that we often do not knowwth auance exactly what thoe lmt mut be he hisory of wese poliil hogh is liere wih he debris of nl limis nd on-smme rieri of inlsion Ploni orms hrisiniy n emeni o mepys fh n omo duex sersm e n-erfl ssmpion of rionl onsenss wesern iilizion . . . llhe been presene some me s nl mesres of wh is o beinle n exle. On nmeros osions howeer mny rero-speely onle h he horiie priniple in qeson ms besbjee o pinl repprisl or reinerpreon bese of hbris

owing hrogh is enniions of niersliy neessiy normliy orjsie.

o embre ril responsieness s ii ire is o sgges hsh repprisls re no bo o ome o n en. hey will rer s hepe of soil reorgnon eleres hrowing p new nd srprising grienes n moemens imperfely ppreie by esblisheoes of jdgmen. he rerren nee for riil responsieness

exposes he exen o whih posiie ehos of polil enggemen


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det\ieece

eceeds the ech f ed cde ustee set f cedues setlediteetti f ml uiesls

Why o , a posheis iing n he as deae of he weneh en

uy afe he bh of you Chs we o you he onsuae

pospagan ng beween he fouh an ffh enues? we

o pobe a egay of powe, onfesson an ey s oged whn

oen fe(ldentity\Diference, 123)

led idicted thee e thigs wuld mdi wee ths bk t

be witte td Mj mg hese is A Lette t Augse" Smehe ed tht ette s et t uge mself f Chic ubig-ig fct ws ised b es wh bke wih Ptestism dCthlicism befe ws cceied. M eggemet wih Augsecme lte stg i the mid1980s. he ed him felt wsecuteig ime hw t ste dieeces tht distub thefith u cfess it heesies t be bed cected he

Augusii ducti f hees cesds i fm t Fucultsccut f lemicism i he cdemhe blem is tht the stteg dted t mimic d exse he

cde f heeclizt the isk f eiscibig it ws we f theisk But d t thik i etsect tht egted it well eugh. std b the citiue f Augustii tccs f heetclizti i thisk but m ie wt te md eggemet eessed i ThAuguta ptv cule f es lte. Agistic esect blces ciue with itl style f eggemet. t seeks t simulte i cdemic life the ehs it slicits i ublic life. Lughte i cmm c be e w t cmmuicte eci f mste d md f mdest css ctsg cdes f iet. t smemes ss uuusued ssibilies i esef tht eceed e's ideity" llwigus t mdi sme ieges i which we he becme ecsed. t sekst hick etwk f cecs fged css mulile dieeces

the th t the dem f secul thiess ecumeicl cmmui wld f l ecles A citcl tsk td is t fmet lughtecss multle lies f dieece

Le us augh ogehe, on pnpe (ldentity\Diference 120)


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Id Dff

S pp tpt f t pmdl p f ff t tt pblm f l mpd t f l

m w Mb mlt pt f dtt d dff tll td b mtm lt pbltf w tt t t w pblm f l d tl t tm f t lt d pp m ldt tt ff t d f tm t t d t mf t bd t dl f dtt pblt d dtt t p f t mp tl

mbtd t dl l tmp l dt ttd tml t f t db f bk tlI t tbl t t wt t

bkptl b f lmtt m p t lttpblt f tt ptl b f p btw t btl f t t k t d t lmtd t m tm Ntl t t d pd t

td wt m f t d d Sl plpd pll t ttt m pm t f mt;m lt f t tt pt m pml t bt pm tt t p f

Mm ptp t l tllt lldtm t tlf md mbl wt d t tm f tt dd t t blm f l bpt dlt dt tlf. It ptd m f f lttd b pwfl d f f dk f fl lkd t blt t p dk t t t btt dtd wt t pblt f bd t t lt pp f w ld t mpt bt t wld t l dwt t t f t lf d t dm m ltl mftt ld J f Nzt d M mlf lpd t w dd t wd t tt dpgn

t t t tt f d d ltt w d mf b M f l

w w td b t p f tt dt tt dlt lf d w w d lt lf b l f tMm ld t mb tt d ttt fMm b dm t " "bfl tdd b ppl " f fll tt t d t lt t

wt t Ld d bp f Hpp d t f t wt dbl lp fm fd tttd wl t ldf t dtt f w ft


36/278

di Th Pbl f Eil

B why ld hs w ls a i aisi mpi wihi h sam hh a las wihi am

sa iiliai ah si h h bas aswsdamal qsis dily ad a admii h h asa ssial adsay bas i daws is ai ad splaism sam pl sial mysis? Sm sis asally appahd is pssibiliy by pasii allialhaa f sip ad s ih sspibiliy liplds ipai B siia hisiaiy dd Th

ial ass w s ha h dii dalism h Maisdid mip d sd ha is pji a smimismi wa bw dii pipls wakd li hma spsibiliy h pi ai ad hid ha ida sial dms was a a h iqss h ss Ths Maiha hms w dd as ial bas hy diad m dams a ai

B s a asw ly pss w qsislss hy asid by h isiialai a s dias hmsls b qsid wihi h ai . Wa ah mplsis ha di a h a sa a l a idiy ls isl p by di a a dis as hial iliaial ps dsi w h bas d ps di a qs? Wa is i ms iai bw mpi idiis ha ss h pbabiliy is sps by b d pais?

T ps his qs is iali h pblm il is a h pblm il sidi w hma ss psal idiy ad sial d y w pss a silsimpl sli i will als aily w aps iis impa y pblmai sm assmpis ha haadiially idd

Ey l sms ai sm hms a a bh idispsabl i ad ihly pblmai wii i T pss hi idispsabiliy wks al h pbla aaThis sms bs la spily a dispsabiliy a m as b ls mpmisd; h prwihi i d i h p maki mpais wd hwhi s ld a aid sh spsis

absd idas B his y payal spsis h pasass h pbabiliy a h pblmai aa idispsabl hs ps will b pbd isly.


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Inrdcin Prb i 5

dsiy crcr br is c w cld i b cssid s wil c disbdic? is qsi mrs ly r

c dm b smwr in ry dcri rspnsibiiyr r will n i s li si's mpsiz bdrcy bd bis c sl s willlly islld mi isl Fr rly cis isll bd bis ms bcsrd s cs wil qsi is s s pri sdcri rdic mr i (wr ry si is qil riil si) d Srr's dcri rdicl cic sl

c iss is prs i c c r s irs b prlyprsn in ny n c r sin mi sm dimiis is iprc i lr cs. ly ccrsd isis imprc pil mm r irdcri rspsibiliy.

si rs rspds is iss by displci i I Cy G, sis ysis i rm d discssi llls w dcd r ir d wr is plsiss my blss ppr Hr ds isss clrly crd nls w ms cqird cri dnsiy crcr br y cld b sid b rd by prid b is pridms b sid cm rm ir w wills d dircly rm crcr crr insd i m

he tue aue thereore o the bli o the goo ange i their

aherene to him who upremel . Wen we ak te aue o theevil angel mier we n tat it i the jut reult o teir turningawa rom im wh upreme i an e urnng towar tem-elve wo o not exit in that upreme egee Wat othe name ithee or thi ault than prie ou t to n te eientaue o thi evil hoie tee i none to be oun For notingaue an evi will ine the evil hoie i the evil wil itel whihaue the evil at, wherea tere i no eient aue o an evil

hoie ine i anthing exit it either ha or ha not a will

s m cs prid rssi d. sin spprs is jdm by swi iscssiy i cn prir cclsi Gd is b blmd r ny l r dc wic ds s; is bprisd w w cmpl ryi iss i r. I

c is cssiy idispsbiliy ribi rwill bd ls mrs is idispsbl ribiis s r rprsni ls mr prsliy is


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rdci Th Prbl Eil 7

ss? Wha hr am is hr r i ha a il pricipl ibi isl?) H mih ha ludd alaily, ha whil

h pricipl will is idispsabl i h sysm which h iscmid, i cais s may diculis ha i mus b ak lirally r sriusly Or h mih ha adpd a paasac ari sm rsi Grk hh ha is h mihha cmprmisd h hmy will by spaki maphrically rs r dms ha r i h sl psh i i dirci r ahras i h Grk raic ps wh i

Gr Sirs wrds, assr ha h rcs whih shap rdsry r lis li usid h ra ras r usiWrs ha ha hr ar arud us dmic ris which pryup h sl ad i madss r whih pis r will sha w ii irrparabl ra up ursls ad hs wl.

hs lar pssibiliis sd sprsiius sm mdars, s i is wll rmmbr ha usi himsl blid ials dms ad assrd spiriual rs. mdrizd rsi uusiiaism, drppi hs blis ras hprimay h will, rai dia rm h sadard slrspsibiliy as sm rm mal illss. a mdrizdrsi Maiha ad rai isis mih ra rrs rcs ad dms as sis prsis isicis i haris hrh which w csrc ur udrsadis idiy ai rspsibiliy, ad dia

Suh ssibiliis irprai ar ludd by uusiH is prssd i primay h will pr his pi a mip bl d. Why mus h r ha pi? W will ak up h issu i hapr

O his i d is s i s h primay willmrs as h bs mas ra h ap bw d ad il

d ha whih prids h ap bw d ad il als larsh rud r i h hma bi as a dp cssi sl ada rspsibl a Nw h i will bms idispsabl bh h aih ad h slidiy h aihul O hissray bms idispsabl ay psii ha mih mprmis h ici is irsal ssiy r irisi ruhbms a hra h iral iriy s aih ad idiy

Maichaism w appars as a ral ar a aihha has aaid ial hr ad uiy b as a alraipssibiliy aih ha ms b csiud as hrsy pr h


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1 0 Id \ D

d h h. h m pplywh w u h pblm l r dy.

I pl m w h d pblm l wk d l d w bd w my m l db Nzh d Fl N Nzh l Full b h mplm d h hEplly Fl p h h p lpbl d h dd dm Nzh. N dbh h h h l p

l m h mb dd h lkd Nzh m h bud l Ful d d d.

I d h mb h m m pl h w j Nzh d Fuul d k Why b hl? Wh h dl d h? Bu hd h l d hm m h. h Nzhd Fuul p p pd hly p . I wld wh hm lm dy lwy ldy pmd by hl dp dmkd b pl wd ml lhu hy d l dy d d hl dd dpd N w b hl h m lly (h h hyphlly p h hq b wd h h pbbly byd h

h hl N w h pm ud h h ul dmd w h qu h p hlm whh bm mmblzdm hlm whh k u h w dd uppd p y hpm q cmmn h w why grnh blh wh b wy ul d

d d wld ldy pmd by hl pld pdp d. h pp h hm h u mmd h h h ppuld whuh h ul7

Sh h l qu ly md d dm pl pld md publl h w mu u h dw

d m h bd l h d y pld. I h mpr wld wh p hld m l lmpm d


44/278

ntroducton he Pobe o Ev

ltio, miitrtive regultion, therpy, workincentive y-te, meicine, dvertiing, eectio trtegy, politicl dient

re ll legitimize or elegitimize through the theoriztion ththelp to contitute them, the molitie of geelogy n erticgonim mut inltrte ech other if either i to ke ifference ofnote nywhere

Geneogy deocrtic goni foter the experience of con-tingency in identity i the contrry preure lge in theinert of lnguge, impertive of ci coordintion, the drive

within u to nd extern jutiction for exitetil uffering, ndthe eire to trnce the prox of ethic They re lo -gerou prctice, ometie thretening to bckre

A further ebortion of thee thee, or rther reectio thtivoke them, i bet le to the chpter tht follow Wht, though,i the prox of ethicity tht Nietzche nd Foucut togetherhep to expoe

If one keep in the bck of one min tht uey combintion ofelfrepoibility through will n iheritnce of origil in iu-gurte by Augutine i the fth century, et of ocumentintrouce without much coent by Foucult i the twentiethcn prove ene of how thi prox functio In trouble young m, horty fter killing hi mother, iter, brother in m vige in Frnce, preete uthoritie with memoir entite I Prr Rr Hng Slugr My Mr My

Sr n My Brr 8 Pierre clerly coitte n trocity, but thememoir exceee cofoue t every tr the clturl termof lyi vible to the thoritie W Pierre "repoibegent or "ononic If he w either, the uthoritie locl people cke term through which to ietify n repon tothe ct For thee two ctegorie ehute the vilble et If thece of Pierre were force into oe of the two vilbe term,

trnge ene woul rie tht ecory injutice w beingperpetrted through the very enctet of jutice. Mot of thethoritie (wyer, octor, juge) clle pon to reer jgmet, though iering mong themelve to whether he w reponibe gent or monomnic, gree tht he w one or theother A few confee themelve to be cofoune by the conjunction of thi ce thee ctegorie

Thi w pivotl moment, when the moe ulity of therepoibe oener n the ick criinl w being fore conoite Cn one her in thi nieteethcetury ulim


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I Idntity \ Dinc

chos o th li on nuncitd by Augustin? At ny t,ths nw ctgois w nith s nd no s sdintd into

pctc s thi pogny hv bco tody So th cs o Pinbld th constuctd chct o ctgois o idntity, spon-sibility, nd punishnt to gli o ont o two o wpopl in this pticul plc hn th "cs, loc hppningin ny vnt sippd into obscuity.

Siil instncs occu vy onth in vy locl. Ech in-stnc sows sds o doubt n istubnc ong w popl o

w onts And thn it is doppd h powul ps-sus woking upon vyonthoists, jounlists, doctos,judgs lwys citiznsto tt such instncs ith s css tob dwn without loss into stblishd ctgois o s odstnois tht cl o sght odiction in th ctgois Suchinstncs not ow to ccuut to xpos o gnlpdox o thics tht ows bnth th slcondnc o cultuo justic

is on oultion o th pdox Without st o stn-dds o idntity nd sponsibility th is no possibiity o thicldisciintion, but th ppiction o ny such st o histoiclconstuctions lso dos vionc to thos to who t is pplidSuch stns inispnsbl constuctions th thn ithisposbl ctions o ntl kins An though so constuc-tions btt thn oths in th cicustncs o thi pplic-

tion tht point, too, is copoisd whn pop insst upontting th st tht pvils s i it w intinscly tu, s i thintsction it stblish btwn th iptivs o socil li ndth ts o idntity/sponsibiity cospon to n intinsicdsign o hun bing tsl hough th univs ntsin ths histoicl conjunctus, tht cicustnc os not xptth o th ts o th pdox ith

Foucult nd Nitsch o osting th bby histoiclltivis tht so tnscndntists oist upon th, tt suchdispt vnts s th cs o Pi nd th owing o Gktgdy s onts whn gnl, psistnt pdox o th-iclity cn b discnd nd nggd Gnlogy sks nd pobssuch onts n it pobs th pssus tht push th bck intoogtulnss. It invoks scondod thiclity to count th

o pssus tht wou suppss th pdox o thiclityIt is tpting to buy this pdox though vity o on-tothologic sttgis such s yth o th contct n bo


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ntroduton Th Prob of Ev 1 3

ton of trnsndnt proofs tv stndrd of rton on-snsus or th dsrnnt of hrmonousel n bngnd thn

to try to s ths bur by nsstng tht on nnot vn rognz prdox of ths unss on s "pty omttd to on ofths strtgis s th ground of thlty But Ntzsh ndFouut rsst ths rsponss n preenng neer nemele mplcae n em but by pursung ompnstory strt-gs to ompros oosn ttnut thr hod on th utvtonof thty Thy strv to xpos th prdox of thty nd to

utvt n th of gonst r for dntty nd drn Whoor wht gurnts thy sk tht ths ust sp th ondtonof prdox

Thsstudy works wthn nd gnst th trms of th prdoxwgrng tht t s bttr to xpos t thn to supprss t nd png sond bt tht ountrontoog projton my opn upprodutv possbts of rton n ths domn It onurs wthth tr dggr nd th ry Drrd tht rance nbsdsturbs nd ompromss vry syst of dntty nd drn"Ths dos not n tht th rance tht produs drns ssohow bfor thm n smp nd unoddndrntprsnt Drance s thus th nonfu nonsp struturd nddrnttng orgn of drns9 But ths study lso rog-nzs tht vn ths fugtv prsntton of rance- m-phszs ts nonbng outsd ntwork of prts ts nonthst

hrtr ts dstntton from toog ontoogs ts gnrront to "ontothoogy vn ths ngtv dtrntons r-ot rance (nd ts funtonl uvlnts n othr nt mt-phys txts) n th mtphys trdton t strvs to unstt

So th strtgs of "donstruton r not tvy pursudhr Wh I strv to xpos th ontstb hrtr of opposngontoog projtons by workng gnst thm from th nsd

th ountrntrprttons dvnd hr ovrty vok sontoogy hnging thos tht hv mpty govrnd th rxwthn whh muh ontporry pot rton ours Myntrprttons nvok st of ontolog projtons opn to on-tstton Attpts r d to subjt th to sfprobtz-ton vn s thy r bng dvnd And nsst upon trtngtrntv ntrprttons n th s wy

It s not tht hstor onsdrtons nnot b dvnd onbhf of th projtons I ndors It s rthr tht no ntrprttonn prd wthout t st ovrty nvokng so fundnt


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4 Ientty \ Derence

preumpton currently uneretermne by reon n evenceNor t tht the nterpretton vnce here re mmunze

gnt econtructon They re emnently uceptble to t: evenecontructon uceptbe to t Derr how n the ce oHeegger n revel through the recurrent ht o term throughwhch he hmel procee It ut tht econtructon not theonly ctvty neee n town even by thoe concerne bout theterm o cloure n etblhe coure n pprectve o thenee to turb t I one upect tht expermentl etchment

rom the omnnt term o ebte n eement n the cultvtono reeom n cre then the etle eborton o n ltetventerpretton my be vble wy to procee For every etch-met rom prtculr moe o thought o ttchment tonother

The ezton o poltc vnce n th tuy conttute nttempt to bu recognton o the unvobty o unmentpreumpton n the unlkelhoo o ecure knowlege o thertruth nto n el o poltcl coure tel

Th book exmne how vere theore o eep entty ngu-r reponblty, contngency opportunty or mtery nv-ulty molty oute the phere o poltc n communonwth n ntrnc hrmony n beng ll contn the temptton touppre he prox o ethclty t exploe n lterntve nwhch peope trve to nterrogte excluon bult nto ther own

entrenche entte It purue n gontc ethc o cre thtmbgute umpton t te oten compele to mke boutthe truth o the entty t enore It probe the e o potczton o erence n whch conventonl tnr ele n trn-cenentl mortr re tete n looene through poltcl con-tetton More hetnty yet t expore the ethclty o poltctht reue to regn tel unmbguouly to lmt mpoe by the

tructurl reurement o ny prtculr orer poltc lert to trgc gp between the mpertve o orgnzton n the orer teze n mrble poblte o le tht excee thoe mper-tve.

Though ech o thee eort I thnk ee nto the other theyo not utn one nother wthout ntel tenon Yet t let oneet o chrge conventonlly brought gnt eort o th type

mght be countere now Enggng the prox o ethclty bycultvtng the experence o contngency n entty oe not entlthe celebrton o ny n every entty It oe not open tel to


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ntrouction: The Probem of Ev

politic of rcm or genoce, for ntnce or ientite tht mutene wht evite from them intrnicly evl (or one of it

moern urrogte n orer to etblih their own efcertnty rehere ene prigm intnce to counter n contet Theyte cutvton of cre for the mbguou retion of ientity\fference through the wy they conttute goo n ev. So, nnother wy, o cemc who ene ev retvm

The gen not to eveop from crtch n entire phoophyof entty n ierence n worl lwy rey turte wth

opertive relton of entity n ierence, uch n gen inether poibe nor erble The gen nte to intervenefrom itnctive perpectve n theoryimbue prctice of ien-tity n ierence (lwy rey in pce

n thi tuy explorton of entty n erence t the leveof nivu n group retionhp outtrp thoe t the level ofintertte relton The cemc vion of lbor between pot-c theory n internton reltion theory i one tht I hve notecpe, even I now recognze the impertve to crmble tThere i nee to rethnk the nterection of emocrcy n overegnty ene in ret/ieit reing of "ometc nforegn poitc The ret conne emocrcy to the intelpoitic of few terrtori tte, while the elt rem of overegn pce extening beyon the current prmeter of thette where emocrcy cn ourih But, or o I ee it, territo-

r emocrcy n the ltemoe tme reure upplementtonthrough nonterrtorl emocrtzton of globl iue by move-ment tht cro tte line n exert externl/nte preureupon tte to revie their prorte. begn to think bout th iuen the preent tuy, but the wor brek o before the pertinentuetion hve been puhe fr enough

Thi remin n nterim report, then, contining the wh to

efer it n verion to lter te


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H A R

Freedom and

Resentment

Freedom and Mortalit

We eculr ee know where we re gong Were on hero o nowhere I cn even be ung o lluon bou eernlle o need o p new bery o e o uly or or-ly o worre bou nne boredo hunng he erle o deboed oul Perhp we copene by clngng o n ehco elh n longevy Perp ome o u hve even ngurehe proe o peronl lvon no ocne o collecve prog-

re Sll hee eculr dre n conolon ee nnocenenough.Appernce eceve here, hough. or pern o eculr n-

ence bou he relon le u ber o eh pw lluonbou he crcunce o coneporry le Coneporry oclheory conn whn e o eculr reurnce h copene or hoe lo hrough he deh o Go

To hnk crclly bou hee copenon o hnk bouoe coonle h bnd everl conenng heore o con-eporry le no re held ogeher by h whch unhough by ny o he prcpn And , perhp, o denyrouble nd nger on he horzon h re obcure by he ero coneon whn h re. I wll cll hee bckgroundupon he unconcou phenomenology o le n deh nle oerny My regy wll be r, o urze h phe-

noenology were explcly rcule by ocl heoroy econ o lend greer credbly o he he h con

[6]


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Freeom an Reentment 1 7

triute to the unconciou of contemporary thought by outliningan alteative reaing of the atemoe conton that tur

parameter of contetation within the frame it provie an thirto proe more carefully the ounarie of thi frame an the un-thought that gove thinking within it. he iea an experience offreeom a it i interprete at each of thee ite will provie theorganizing intrument of thi eneavor

The unconciou phenomenology of life an eath i ignicantpartly becaue it contuction contain inipenable inight

partly ecaue it creen out important hift in the contemporaryexperience of freeom an unfreeom It ong might be relatvelyfamiliar ince it raw into it meoy train from thinker uch athe early Heiegger Satre MerleauPonty an Hege. The fol-owing ummary however rain it of nuance variation an com-pexity o that it can e reuce to a cultural tereotype

Recognition that life hort encourage the elf to contribute tothe crytallization of it own iniviuality Snce a Heieggeray no one however rich or powerful can pay or orer another toutitute for him in thi performance foreknowege of eath canencourage a human eing to etalih prioritie n life to conoiate the looe array of poibilitie oating aroun an wthin oneinto the enity of a particular peronality wth pecic propenitie purpoe an rinciple Nuge y the propect of eathto poner life you may truggle to etablih itance etween

yourelf an the common tock; the common goo oe not afterall own you completely if it continuation punctuate by youreath Since it your eath you may be reay to aert that itmut to ome egree at leat be your life too Ponerng theeiue you may ecome more intent aout your importance inthe orer of thing even about your intrinic ignicance epitethe orer of thing. hoe way of life that trive to aorb the ef

completely into the oy of the community woul not have toevie uch emaning ritual of commonaty if the propect ofeath i not tir up among other thing powerful rive toiniviualty

The relation of iniviualty to foreknowlege of eath createan amiguou context for the exercie of freeom If I live foreverI coul e a philoopher a profeional baketall coach a concert

pianit a tranvetite an a corporate lawyer. If there were timefor every poilty the language of freeom wou become extremely lippery. For freeom involve choice in a etting where it


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1 eny \ Derence

s mpossbe o pursue every vlue opton concurrenly or se-rly t presupposes conrs wh unfreeom th coul not be

mntne n worl wthout the constrnts of me freemort forecoses ternve possbes when t chooses to o orbecome x n every ct of freeom s therefore boun up wth thepossbltes t must forgo

he cuzton of lfe s mbguous becuse he process ofbecomng n nvu wth specc sks memores propen-stes, prospects n lbtes rules out whole sets of optons

prevousy hoverng n front of one. ence nxety selfoub neven rge gnst the humn conon often ccompny he ctulexercse of freeom. Some try to efer choces nentely to vothe experence of foreclosure Others try to o ttle of everyhngn ccompsh lttle of nythng. me weghs upon mny berersof freeom becuse more generlly mplc foreknowlege ofeh slps no every ecson tht enes one n some funmenlwy. he very strucure of freeom n nvuly s perveby the relon they ber o the sef's mpct ntcpton of s en.

But foreknowege of eth so connects the nvue sef to rger worl tht enbles n sbles t One menson of thsrelton s conveye by obbes he fer of ery volent ehbecomes oo epoyble by the soveregn to regulte otherwseunuly restless rble n uneble bens. obbes ples onop of the nvus nclnon to vo eth the oblgton to o

so so tht suce becomes sn gnst the w of nture n tsgo. e fers ht he pull of nvuty wll overwhelm thectes of n orer strong enough o protect nvus from theconstnt thret of voent n rbtrry eh nl the epsoc ferof eth tsef s converte nto relble wepon n he servce ofcv orer hus the sme foreknowege of eh ht encourgesthe sef o ssert ts nvulty lso becomes n nsrumen en-

blng power to restrc omesce n regulrze the selfFer s not the only mens by whch the prospect of eth cnconnec the nvu to the rger wor n whch t s stuteGrtue (or somethng kn to t plys role oo When weconfront he mbguy of freeom we lso reze tht n opensocey housng verse wys of vng enbes us to cope wh thsmbguty fortunte nvul cknowegng he sncve

possbes ths worl opens o her n to those she oves recog-nzng tht she mght hve been thrown no helhoe of one sor ornother llows se feelng of entcton n grtue onfuse y rnsctons So oes he


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Freeo an Reenen 1 9

If one poner chilrearig work, ax paymen wriing poli-ica acion ax cheaing, an aociaioal memberhip in he con

ex of one own iue, i evenually become clear ha one lifeeffor o no reoun only o one own erimen or bene eachafer ife beow a egacy upon hoe remaining You can ake iwih you, nor can you conume every prouc or eec you haveengenere before he one of eah. Thu, in way he raicaliniviuali inaequaey acknowege, he very iniviualiy ofeah connec u in ife o oher an o a fuure ha coiue

wihou u aer eah Thi preiminary coecene o a argerway of ife mean ha we implicae ourelve hrough pecicaily perforance in he einy of he orer o which we belongOur curren conribuion connec u o a fuure ha rechebeyo u. Maybe hoe we raie wil remember u wih priemaybe a fuure generaion will remember an repec he efforan acrice of he preen one Connecene o a fuure ha

reche beyo my life an our live provie me wih prie in hepreen a conole me omehow abou he e ha awai meWe eek hi conolaion, an our purui of i eer ino reaingof he fuure we paricipae in preparing

reedom and Dependen Uncerain

Thi abbreviae phenomenology of freeom an eah illumi-ae ambiguiie i he elf relaion o orer an o i owniniviualiy Iniviuali e o acceuae ome of hee ele-men, while comuniarian emphaie oher The conempo-rary ebae beween hem can be locae in hi pace of conea-ion over he appropriae erm of accenuaio Bu he ipuanao hare aumpion forming he common pool from which hee

aernaive pail of heory are rawn. or hi pheomenoogypreuppoe a relaivey able a erene conex of elfieniy,ocial pracice ae an inerae relaion, an emporal proec-io

The ink i forge beween life an forekowlege of eah in-iviualiy an conecee, choice an forecloure iniviuaan collecive life in he preen an projecio of fuure propec

for boh preume r, a cloe aignme beween he ieniy heelf eek o realize an ocialy available poibiiie of elf-formaion an econ, a hare ene of coence in he worl weare builing, a conence ha lik he preen o he fuure


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20 dnt \ Drnc

through ort nd ntcpton t on tm nd mmory nd pprcton t nothr If ths connctons, sntmnts nd projctons

com svry ttnutd th srn phnomnoogy of frdomnd ntud so coms strnd nd nchronstc To rtn twoud thn to cng nsstnty to pctur of th word d yndvdu nd coctv xprnc

thnk somthng k ths s occurrng tody. Th scur drvto domstct th prospct of dth wtout mmortty functonstody s tr to thorzton, sftng out fturs tht dscpn

ndvduty dstur connctdnss, nd dsrupt t mguousxrcs of frdom Ths compnstory cod of scur rssur-nc scrns out dscpns nd dngrs rsdng n contmporryxprnc. t contruts n ts own wy to th dngrs t sks tocontn.

Thr crctrstcs of contmporry f dstur nd unsttthsphnomnoogy. Thr s rst n ntnscton of th xpr-nc of owng on's f nd dstny to wordhstorc, nton,nd urucrtc forcs Thr s scond, dcn n thcondnc mny consttuncs hv n t pro futur towhch thy nd thmsvs contrutng n dy Thr s,thrd n vn mor omnous st of futur possts tht wghupon f n th prsnt Ech of ths dvopmnts s dstnctvnough n ts nwnss ts ntnscton, or th xtnt to wc ts nscrd n vd xprnc to trtd s dnng dmn-

son of contmporry f Th tm s dstnctv nough to gvn nm Lt's c t t modrnty

Th rst xprnc (of owng too muc o ons f to word-hstorc forcs s so cos nd prvsv tt ts potc ffctstnd to scp xpct ttnton. It conssts of n xcrton ofmnts ncssry nd dsr n smr proportons. Mnyyoung pop, fcng th xgncs of s crr or jo

wthout on, f t drmtcy; so do mny odr pop, prpr-ng for "rtrmntTh dntty v to th tmodrn sf rmns ound

up wth hstorcy rcvd stndrds of sfrsponsty sf-dscpn, nd frdom Indvdus r rspons not mry orprtcur ctons, ut to vryng nd shng dgrs for thchrctr thy dvop, th stty of tr mnt vs th c-

rrs thy nurtur th quty of tr ov vs, th wy thrchdrn tu out th v of ncom thy rn th s rcog-nton thy ttn nd so on Bckground notons nd nsttutons


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2 2 detiy \ Dieece

diection. he choice s we sy in tones ovety ceebtingeedom nd covety ttcking the othe is yous

hen the se expeiences itse s penetted too densey bydiscipiy powes d stndds even the benets it eceivesbegin to indebt it too much. One begins to expeiece ucetintycontingency nd giity esiding in the sttus powe nd oppo-tunities bestowed pon oe Fo nything given might so be tkenwy A stock mket cn csh; technic eduction cn becomeobsoete; ibe eduction cn become ieevnt; nom stn

dd o miy ie cn become bnom; venue o mobiity cnbecome cosed; stndd o meit cn be econstituted; the pinci-pes o seespect cn be modied; hiious sense o humo cnbe edened s sickness; pevious ptten o ection c beedened s iicit. Evey newy institutionized ewd o ttining cuent stndd so cetes new possibiities o devintconduct nd new possibiities o tue evisions o extensions ood stndds Ad the vey intesiction d tempo extesiono the typic ie poject deceses the pobbiity tht utuestndds o success wi mesh with those pojected by youthupusues he temode denition o ie s poject st de-mnds intensive seogiztion d then poduces dependentuncetintydependence upon moe ened set o istitutionsndds nd disipines uneiy bou he empol sbiiyo estbished ues o dependence.

Dependent uncetinty ostes chcte type whose expicitconsent to its wy o ie is ced with geneized esentment. heective ttitudes o gtitude nd esentment e intimtey inkededy in peson ie s Nietzsche knew. I you e gte to meo my hep you know tht I know you wee eceny in positiono need o vunebiity. You cn esiy become esent ove ctuo imgined misuses I might mke o this knowedge

A simi ogic ppies in soci ie. hose who expeiencethemseves s penetted too thooughy by discipiny powesnd stndds esent even benets they eceive ee though theobject o esentent becomes ess esy to x; indenite gtitudetowd wy o ie sides impeceptiby into oting esentmentginst its equiements nd contingencies. hose budened bythis new weight e unikey to be new esponsibiities ighty;

they e so ikey to evde od ones not tighty bound to thei jobdesciptions.Geneized esentment (s I sh c it) nds expession in


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57/278

24 dentity \ Dierence

trncene y ny icernie en ontte terrori, theintetoniton of cpit, the greenhoue eect ci rin rug

trc ieg en, the go chrcter of trtegc pnningextenive reource epenencie cro tte ounrie n thecceerte pce of iee trnion cro contnent cn erve oe of the ign of thi contrcton of pce n tie n the te-odern wor ogether they ignify wiening gp etween thepower of the ot powerfu tte n the power they woudreure to e efgoverning n efetermining

hi conition rener increingy nchrontic n nger-ou, I thnk cicoern conception of the tte overeignor efuitent entity tht enter into "foreign retion orwithin the fre of the emocrtic ie efucient, e-rticy ccounte poitic entity with the eccy to controthe coective etny o tte cn e incuve enough to terthe environent tht conition it ut the ie of the oe,eocrtic tte the conute gency of coective freeo,i preicte on the uption of thi cpcty A ong th gp trete ipy ecency to e rectie the rive of te-oern tte to coe it w contitute nger to go urviv

he ie of th gp etween wor yteticity n tteeccy hep to expin the extenion of icipine in teoette The temoen tte ecomng mem thogh whchworytemic preure re trntte to t mot vunere

contituence ipertive of oetc icpine.hi prognotiction of the future eee in the percepti

e ipoton of ny contituencie, even though it remnunerrticuted poiticy It n covert expreion in the inten-cton of nton chuvin egne to coe the gp e-tween ctu power n efeterintion n in the cororypretene of puc dete tht peritng ect n tte eccy

ow oty from the poitic fiing of prticur eer It nexpreon we in the heitncy to icu puicy oreonou et of contngencie go contingencie reiing n theck hoe octe etween the rve of teode tte fortery n the woryteic eect generte y it

he eief in the tte the ite of coective freeo n tery i utne toy y fiure to confront the glblzn

cnngncy tht hunt te oernity hu cctic chnge gen-erte y teinutri ety y eventuy ink rge chunkof inhte n re n uner the e crie in eenti


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eedm and Resentment 2 5

spples of ol o sfe wte o good sol o oxygen my ow fomthe eot t ndstalze the ente wold stte nd nnstate teo-

sm may esclate nt cndton of contnos nsecty ndvoence ncnned by state bondaes and the mptency of temoden state o a nonstte fgment may podce nceexchnge tht destoys cvlzaton o emoves hman lfe fm thefce f the eth

The gbzton of contngency s the denng mk of latemodenty

Bt even to dw p a bef lst of gobal cntngences (tht s ofpossbltes nd ptentl emegences tht mght be esstnt tconto) s to ecte a sees f bnal tsms These e moe lke dlewods than pltcal enncatons becase they e only peca-sly nked t pblc dscse tht mght stte them as sses opoblems ssceptble t compomse o esoltn wthn the stte-centeed fme of pltcal debate and acton Ths bnlzaton fpotcl eectn on glbl contngency s tself sgn of the gpbetween the globalzton of contngency nd the ecacy of sttesn te modety between ntenscton of the ognztondve to wold mstey nd the ceton of contngences tht end-essly psh ths obectve t f each

Ech pssble sceno of fte wste o destcton s lnkedncay t ptes dentve f the mode epoch especally tothe dve to ganze the stte the economy nd self so tht the

wod tself cn be sbected to moe thoogh mastey Thesescenas f possble evesa expse hw the end of elmnatngcontngency ecedes as the mens to t become moe ened ndpefected The poect to mste mcrocontngences nd the globlzton of mcocontngency dvnce togethe whle the ogn-zton of statecenteed potc dscose celebtes the st eectby bnlzng the secnd

In lte modety the contngency of lfe nd the fglty ofthngs becme moe vvd nd compeng whe eecton on thesses posed by ths condtn s shed to the mgns of state-centeed dscose Estblshed dscpnes and les become expeenced moe often s bty estnts nsecely lnked t thete tht stes them Resentment becomes moe genealzednd cte and moe actvey seeks avlble tagets of vlcaton

Potcs becmes less ttned to the fte nd moe locked ntoclms of the pesent ess ttentve to cms of the seng andmoe wlng to dscplne those whose seng cnnt be gnoed.


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2 dey \ Deence

he lemdern cndn cmprme he ndvdul nd ecn he cmmn le dcplne ndvduly dcnnec

preen decn rm cre b he ure hey enender nddrup ble cne n whch he mbuu eerce reedm ccur

Wh he eperence reedm lke n uch cndn?erhp Mln Kunder wrn n mre ereme en cnclry cern elemen n h ne hruh mncn Kunderhnk pecclly bu Cechlvk er 68 where cllec-

ve memre re epned rm pblc recrd nd med wherehe repn prc rebel re yemclly runed whererdnl rule nd ehcl ude becme rrelevn new crcmnce nd where he e ppru brb everydy pn yem plce rvellnce He eche mre enerllyhh bu he drbnce nrduced n he phenmenly reedm when rupure re pened beween nenn nd reulpernl dene h nd he vlded by he rder he elnd e he cmmn le he preen nd he ure prepre n c rence nd cure n phrphn Runnvder ler becme urce nrmn uhre rndn up dden wh de h ech rerpecvely bu henble cne ndvdul reedm? n enre eph nde cn new nd dneru cnnence er pendn cenre ryn er cnnency wh de h ech b he

rucure cllecve reed?Kunder hnk bu he prd reed n cndn

mrked by rucurl bnd nd pernl cnnency Humn lecur nly nce nd he ren we cnn deermne whch urdecn re d nd whch bd h n ven un we cnmke nly ne decn; we re n rned ecnd hrd rurh le n whch cpre ndvdul decn Hry

mr ndvdu ve n h repecKunder reve Neche echn eernl recurrence nh new cndn he reedm depced by he erene phenmenly culd be eblhed nly hruh Nezchen recurrencewh dncve w. ech lved le ver ny me recllnn ech new cycle wh llwed prevu decn nd knwnh he nly new ency be nrduced n he recurrn en

wuld be ne wn newly nrmed decn he reedm echndvdul nd e wuld ncree wh ech cycle recurrenceRdcl cnnency we mh cll cndn n whch he m


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Fdom and Rsnmn 2 7

y of monngns anuas globa onngny, oul onan by usng pas o popsy u sus of un

alavs. Bu ndvduals an sas aually go aoun onyon vng only on lf, w an n ompa w oupvous lvs no pf n ou lvs o om3

n bakgound psuppos by sn pnomnology of fdom an moaly s dsabzd a of s lmnsboms sup T xpn of fom s an fom xs of o; xpn of o s wn fom

qumn o onv f no a poj; assuan of mpoalsably s wdawn fom m ovd by a lf pojPopl on do wa y wan, bu unan, dspnd,and pndn onon unavs fom vn as y o so Tanpaon of da, w was o fos ndvdualy an onnnss, oms pz ls fom a sab onx n ws onsolaons a assu

A paadoxa lmn always opav n pa of fdom now boms nnsd: I an on o wa I wan o wa Ink wll pomo my longm avanag bu my mpaon nan oganzd sysm of avaab lf pojs mans a on oano nsuon mg sf fall un pssu o ansfom sandads I av svn o m; w an a og n a sa odomsa loal onngns, bu umuav of suaons by a vay of sas gnas gobal onngns ss

an o masy la mony plas apan of bln faw masy of onngny, bu as gobal onngnsa aun w a nw fafunss

Jus as sn pnomnology of lf an a daz wol n w oad ambguous pa of fdom, vs pnomnoogy psnd pus an mgn woby aopng alav pnps of slon. I s a xaggaon,

sgnd o ysallz mns smuanously squz ou of s aoun an nwly lva by lamon onon

Freedom and Necea Coningen

Conmpoay pos sou sk o mga gnalz

snmn an spon o soal onngny Bu wa unsandng mg nfom s spons Many polal oss ody sk o susa ndvdualsm o, among os wo nd a


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2 Idiy \ Di

pon pga o abli a qally failia ia of oiy Bo a apoliial ial i i oia folaio

T poiion poi o a p o iividal by abig lflia by living polii of n o pomi o lva xpin of od o a ag omiy by iolving n io aoio of ommon iniaion B a of alnaivalo oplm o T ona diiplinayp in pivaly inopoad onomy on log

i in an aiipad oiy a abli aoio nomad d fo all. Tog y li a lo of iipi. B pap opoay yalliaion of pnn naiygnalid nn ad global onigy povi a oaio o ik of i failia ba. Pap i nabl o look wi nw y io mobil ia of fo

A a p o a ion w mig no lifaaa of m "onigny ilf By ona o nay a ival i ma a wi i agabl a paila by ona o ai a ona, i a a wi iain an vaiabl by ona o lfi an aai an a wi i pdn ad ff by ona o xp an gla, i an a wi i xp an igla an by ona o af an ain i ma a wii ango y an oba in i ang

May opoay oi of polii iv o a of oingy i wo way. i y o o woinio in i ly aoia of ln a a a ing aa of onigny Son y ipliilyaop a oial ooogy a allow m o oia l wil dfig a of o igno Anaivoia agi fo oiaion of oningy an

oolay gloiaion of fdo io alaiv poiial agi opig fo gony i la odiyHidgg i T Ag of ol Pi gg a

opig idal of idiviali a ollivi, a wll a oof ngaiv a poiiv fo, ai og in a i4Ty a ai i viibl oppoiio a oab pi offdo T dba Higg all o a by ow volv io

a la poiio a wi val alaiv folaionggling fo gmony wiin i Call m iividai,ollivi ad oiaian pi of fo


62/278


63/278

30 y \ Di

appoa ig uma T wol, a la a ia, mu bfr i o way o o. luig

xal au a ua maal fom w ui la oumu b i fom fo u o pla og ob ma by u

Ooogal aiima w g ab w a maipao fom wii wol o pa lo of a poal, wllfu, a powful Go la abo iallow a of og pa o oma poa ia of o

gy a of oaio iok oologial aupoa oma ogy a uxp, agou, obua oo a io, ab ouom aal oly mig, ia oail ig log uma aima a au. pap a mak oio of a wol of mioogiio a wol of global oigy by i i a wolilf mu b ppo o u i o way o o

So, alog al axi, a poo o ploy ialm wi m of pobma of oigy Ei a g mbom of fom a moay, o i i of ouoal poo a ga pa fo iiua fom No of poio wi fa i oik oblma of ogy lf, bably baua k a ay o o o o woul ak away ia

poio fo may i oial a. o ay o ik ou fam of ba, a o

o la o b ay o o o i ay o way Bu imay b impoa oay o y o pu agai bouaFo wi m of ba appao of ogbl o ay ogy ikig abou fo.Fom bom o o of oig a

bau oly a iiuoalizao of moay bab Fom bom bou up wi may o aum bau wo i a (a la mplly a if mu bupbl o o apaio o o ow a mu o ,fo go ak. bo of ii bw og pai a i, w may alo b a poio o loa impu o iy ii pomoogy of lif a a

ummaiz ali Pap a pla fo ula oolaobi og oa ba f Go (wi aapia a (o a la y wou, ol


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Fd ad stt 3

itsl must b o us i o way o th oth it mt b suscptiblith to ou masty o to ou qust to bcom attud to a

hamoious dictio istalld i big. Ad phaps that pa,iscibd pvasivy i th twi pocts o masty ad alizatio, simultaously xacbats dags ad disciplis sidig ilat modity ad sc out itptatios that might damatizthm mo cogtly.

Th cotmpoay xpic o disuptio i idividuality adcoctdss might couag som to challg th am i

which ths dbats a st Th cotmpoay coditio, boughtiitially ito ocus by th gagmt btw Nitzsch ad idgg ov th soucs ad implicatios o mod ihilism, adcystallizd by cotmpoay thiks such as Foucault ad Kuda who ct o that dbat, couags a thikig o thmod dmad that th wold b pdisposd to us i ith oths ways. ach o ths latt thiks, at last at his bst, sists

cosolig assumptios about th plasticity o povidc o thwold. ach thiks about dom whil cootig icoigibldiscpacis, sistacs, ad disuctios btw th wold adth most magict huma dsigs ach, dmadig lss omth wold suggsts coctios btw ths mod statgis odom ad th mgc o dpdt uctaity, galizdstt, ad dagous systmic cotigcis. ach sks tosubdu xisttial stmt.

Suppos ita ad xta atu cotais, bcaus it isith dsigd by a god o atly suscptibl to ogaizatio byhuma dsig, lmts o stubbo opacity to huma kowldg,cacitac to huma pojcts, sistac to ay mod o omalidividuality ad hamoious commuity. Suppos ths lmtso dissoac t ito th uitis ad cocodacs stabishd,catig distubacs i th dsigs w pusu. Each wothy d

sig o th omal sl, th commo good, ad justic, whil alizig somthig cucial to li though its patts o coctdssad itdpdc, couts sistacs that ihibit its taspacy, cohc, ad sposivss ad impd its hamoizatio with th oth lmts o li to which it is boud. achdsig gds w cotigcis whil subduig old os. Thmo pctioist th dmad imposd by ay dsig, th mo

discipli must applid to th slvs calld upo to achiv it.Som with a low toac o ambiguity may ha oy discod,sistac, disuptio, ad sti i ths omulatios, but it is


65/278

3 deni \ Dieene

essenil o e ie of feedom m ying o eelop eelemen of onneeness, eepiiy, ineepenene, n be

onging be e oon n se, wi ese spposiions, eise ie of feeom

beomes isenibe, les in oug oine, n ie ppeiing in e self n e wo wi is opque o nowlege nesisn o ogniion wie ming e neessi nd esibii of soil designs in umn life, n ie foing espe fodissonne n oningeny ino is piue of feeom wile insis

ing feeom nno be eue o wolesle sggle ginsn n ee soil fo gien o e self o e wold in wi iesies.

S pespeie mig sppo eeponge eo o eliee isipine n o b genelie esenmens, by ing e eepes well of esenen o e moen qes o elimineoningeny fom wod no susepible o is eliminion, se

on, b ening o in e self n is wol wi is defeedo sbjge b onempo sns of nomli n eommon goo, n i by exing moen ems of bingingeeing ne onol o ino nemen

eeom, Heiegge sggess, is wi onels in wy opens o ig les e eil ppe s w eils7 inepe e pse "les e eil ppe s w eils s sning inopposiion o moen enfmingwee eeying is wn ino pe of nowlege n sns in esee fo ognie use oes no men we lif e eil ee by enfming o exposeBeing s i is in isef i oes no men we n igeieion in Being ells us o sop omining nue in oe oene ino some new eion of mony wi i mens enfming eils eiling, fiing o ppeie e inoigible isepn beween e wol i eels n onele by is

moe of eeling Eey eeing onels. An ei ms lws be in wol neie esigne o oespon o o piiesfo ogniion no ompise of plsi meil pefel ssepible(een in e nl insne) o mn ogniion Te pse,en, lls us o ppeie e iffeene beween o ies nde wol we w upon o elize em wio ppoing oelee ieene isef o ige sn o menowege

ne sns in moe fee elion o ones own iels wen onems e wol mig nee exuse by single pespeie o onseion of onening pespeies Te wol is


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Frdo and Rnn 3 3

always rr an sysms rou w w omprnd andoranz Nssy now boms mor parularzd, wl

onnny boms unvrsaz; onnny boms nvsw nssy baus vy parulary us ra and nounr

My Hdr (r ar svral) alls upon us o rax drvso asy and nraon by vn or room o ls n slf an worl a va from m Ts room bomsor onvabl as w aknowl a projs a woul

squz onnny ou of world o no orrspon o anyaual or possbl prnpl Bn And s armn ofonoloal spa dns nw pons of unfrdo n oranzdspa8 In a way of lf dnd aorn o prpls of nrualy, for nsan prsumpv rs of raprod bo nand ar w lps ways n w s mand of dualy dns and squals a uman wos body osno no s araly nd slos of mal and fmal anwos onnn foraons of sxualy do no no s onp-ons of asuln or fmn r A nw la o froms nrodu r, on a allns las rfu of looylod n onmporay ors of boy o a opns upsusv possbls n or omans an for nrma ass s doman on a a mak s as onsaon w orsandars and rsrans oprav n oo f

Tou n s way, qus for from, ou os sooblquly an mprfly, srvs o ra mor room for r-n by alln anon o onnn, rlaonal arar ofsabls s I os so no solly by xnn olranbu as w sa s n ar aprs by xnn a pols ofaos rsp no nw orrs of fa pos o of ways of blonn or nvolvs srf and n w on

of dmorazn nrs n srf s ulvaon of arfor ways opponns rspo o mysrs of xsn Ts san dals of ours on a xps o nr no rlaons ofonsaon w alav dals on a nforms assssmns of ounralsms of ralss, orass omunaras annvduass w wom o nrs no aons aou nnrprn auay proj fuur possbs an nfy

n prsn anrsT mos nral (a als) da s o subdu pols ofnralzd rsnmn by movn on wo fronsrs, by rmov


67/278

34 dni \ Din

ing soial injusis a lu a lag vaiy of onsiunisfom maial and ulual if of wol an son by

iiiing mods of isnial snmn a innsify soia dog-maism wi sp o ini sponsibili an onssTs wo "fons a ni spaabl no fully amoniouswiin is vision Ty a inpnn in a a poiis offdom anno mak mu pogss on i wiou makingsom on bo Ty n ino sif in a a an asily boma saging aa fo infingmns upon o. n aps a

foow I y o kp on on s fon wil aning moslosy o son. Tis mo o lss vss mpasisI avfollowd in pas

T inking a ss o ngag son fon an of bidnid oug is unwillingnss o plo nssay inusisin is own idals An unnssay injusi is an unsv inuydon o som a an b movd wiin ising od of

ings. A sysmi inusi is an unsvd inuy no movablin ising o A nssay injusi is an undsv injuya anno b nily limina wiou inouion of an-o inusi Pspivs on oy and if a o no om oms wi sysmi an nssa injusis in i own iasav aoing o pspiv nos onal pool of snal snmn nimas m Of ousw an wn is is so is always onsab as is mo

gnal pspiv oug wi issu is pos Bu sillis pspiv povis a imly s o pos o onslf in onsmos apsoi oial momns wa injusi may I b on-aling in my ial so a I an am my am of a wol wiouinjusi?

n oug ans o subanan mos of snmn aopa blow sold of plii fomulaion i may bom

mo sponsiv o ins bwn uman fomaions an awi vias fom m I ma also a isoial vaiaios infoms of sl nomaliy an onss as signs of lmnof onivan an oningny in a isoially gmoni fomaion b muliplying sis a wi issus of foman unfom an b pos in lamod lif im of lamoniy islf (as a sysm of inpnnis wiou a oll-

ivly ogani agn) sa (as a n of oiv agnyan soial isiplin) nomali slf (as n of inivi-ual agny an sfdisiplin) al o pou b is


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Free n Resenen 3 5

stnr of norlity n tt in te self wic resists norliztion (te intel oter. Ec of tese becoes potentil site of

freeo n constrintIt is ipossible to brin ec of tese sites n its clis into net

linent wit te oters Te ie of freeo is tus ost funentlly politicl one in wic ec site of freeo enbles nconnes copleents n opposes ec of te oters A politiclteory of freeo now becoes one in wic ec ci is rwninto eneent wit oters in wic priorities re conteste in

settin were ny prticipnts unerstn in nce tt tewor is not preispose to estbis perfect linent on teseinterepenent n contenin eleents Suc reection utorizes teory in wic te ie of freeo becoes intitelyboun up wit te ie of politics

Toy it sees to e tt te rst n lst two sites eserespeci ttention prtly becuse te ile two e ointeiscourse to tis point n prty becuse tese por sites toeternufcture uc of te enerlize resentent pluin conteporry poitics. To focus te eye of freeo were worsysteiceects escpe collectie control n were ierence resists norliztion is to look wit new ision into te spir of ens toiproe correct i contro perfect tret test or eter iniiuls in te ne of selfreliztion or stte rtionlity. It is so toretink te pererse retion between te teoe eperience oflobl continency n te oe rie to ster continencyrou innsi orniion of lf


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H A R W

Goba

Poitical Discourse

Dcove of the Other

n 49 Colbs saild th oan b. Thn h disovd

Amia. H did not disov a wold as it xistd in itsf noold h hav H disovd a wold of othnss, a wold ofpomis and dang, topian biss and babai ty, innoand option, sipiity and ysty, all ltd thogh a lat-mdival lt of pptions onptions aspiations faithsanxitis, and dmands His disovy was an nont, an n-ont that took th fo of lashs btwn his ltal p-

dispositions and nfailia bingsstang wods, ain ats, s-pising appaans, nanny sponss o instan on hplayd matial si to wlo htofo pafl nativs addling to his ship, and thy plid with a hail of aows.

Colbss disovy was ssntially ambigos, nith thognition of a nw wod as it was in itslf, no th p ationof a wold ot of nothing (in th ann of on of th stangst godsv invntd, no a pliminay ap to b lld ot gadally andnpoblatially with th olltion of o infoation Thost omping disovy Combs ad was that of an nig,an niga that sists staightfowad folation whil psis-tntly danding ognition th niga of othss and knowldg of it, of othnss and th onstittion of psonal idntity, ofothnss and stangnt fo it, of othnss and th onsoida-tion of otiv idntity, of othnss and dpndn po it, of

othnss and th paadoxs of thial intgity.Th sipl wod "disovy, thn, dos not apt th atio


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Go Poii Disose 37

eween Coumus nd he wod he enoneed Neihe doesny ohe singe wod in Engish: wods ike "invenion nd "on

siuion gve muh impeus o he iniiing side; wods ike"diogue nd "disose give oo muh o muu sk ofdeiphemen o pomoe ommon undesnding wods ike "on-ques nd "oonizion ndepy he ees of he enouneupon he sefideniies of he iniiing powe A hese wods inhei ommon nges of signiion ee one o nohe of heepisemoogies of puiy; eh poes "egive ide h

seems o me no ony nine u dngeous o invoke n nymp r nmb wy I wi sik wih "disovey houghowing is inen omposiion o shif s we poeed.

Comuss disovey ws no ony moe hn simpe disov-ey (in he sense of nding wh ws edy hee); i ws so edisovey. Chisins efoe him hd mde simi disoveiesnd expoes efoe him hd nded on his oninen. I wsmoeove ike hose efoe i n inompee edisovey sue osefesue. Agsine (nd he oo ws no he s o foow hisph) enouneed he enigm of oheness when he found i nees-sy o inven he show egeni oneied sef of pgnismo pomoe he deep onfessing ineio sef of Chisiniy. eneeded his peepion of he ohe o ene eion of he Chisin sef. Comuss disovey of he enigm of oheness ws oh edisovey nd pi disovey euse ike mos of his

pedeessos nd suessos Coums poeed nd ened hisown uu ideniy y oneing he enigm he hd egun oenoune. The enigm ws sueed o ese even s i wseing expeiened If his is fmii i of wesen Chisinuue wih oos in he Bie he huh mediev poiihough nd eymoden hinkes hee e so ounepoins oi in hese sme diions

Pehps he wod "disovey eining is esished sugges-ions of dvenue newness enoune wih sngeness unppedihes he iniiion of owneship nd eniemens dvne ndpogess my now e infused wih he ide of ionyn ionyfed fom insigh ino how fogeing deni sefonei ndese ene ino he vey eion eween he disovee nd hwhih he disoves. Comus disoveed Amei ou of he e

in Bu his ue now quies deph eneh is pue gisen-ing innoen sufe The sufe nd he deph in his disoveyou of he ue now ompomise nd onfond one nohe.

I is sefu o hink of he disovey of he new wod s he


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3 dntty \ Drnc

dscory o a wold satatd wt ttalty not bcas tatwod consstd only o wods not bcas a sngl ato ad

wttn t not bcas t cod b rsapd o rconstttd at wllb asng so words and nscbng ots not bcas t ackdal tngs nata powrs actal bods npctd ntsdwllngs and mods o powr bt bcas t ary porsonc ty dcdd to stabls nttlnts o t dscosad no cos bt to ad wat was t as a strang tt tat ddnot s wll wt psmptons concpts pctatons and

dands ty bogt to t radng nd bcas t was nontal plac om wc ty cold psnt t nw world tslapat o t cltal tts tat pmatd t nd bcas twas no mast cod nto wc ty cold tanslat bot t codsand t cods o t nw wod wtot olnc. nd bcas tnw wod was sscptbl to mtpl adngs only som owc w mdatly aalabl to t nd bcas t nwwold podd a ptt tat nctond ntally to dnlmnts n t wold om wc ty ad com T nw word sa tt and t too s compondd ro al tts. It's tt all tway down and a t way to t to at ans t s awayso tan any patclar ttalzaton ncopasss and tat sgnso ts "o wll sd n sbodnat dnsons o t patcla tt tsln sstancs t nconts nctd play n ttapos t nds ndspnsabl nassmlatd ss n sac

sgncatons tat al tm to contan ddn dpts."Intnatonal latons as w know tm w coondd

at tat t ot o ts nttt btwn t old wold and t nwTs s a woldstocal momnt n t stoy o wst ntrttalty It also ods a btt "odl o ow "ntnatonallatons toy s constctd tstd and sd tan any ocal accont o t laton btwn "toy and dnc can o

today.W s t god wo pomss to tanscnd t dobl dg ontttalty so tat on tr accont can n pncpl b gn ot wold? Wat sold b don wt o to tos wo s tobl n ts god on t contstabl gonds tat ts bl tsbods conct clty and dang? st tos wo locatncorgbl contngncy contstablty and ntttalty n t

most ndantal objcts o nqy n ntatonal atons alsob dnd as ots wo ack t "dscpn (t slcontol andt sppot o an acadmc ld) qd o t stdy o ntna


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Global Poa Dsos 39

tona latons? Wat s t stats o ts "st? os t tontoogal psoogal ta poltal o sty mpa

ts? O dos t ontan a poltally potnt obnaton o t?Canly ts dsplnay "st po

connolly identidad

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