Consciousness:Consciousness:Body rhythms and mental statesBody rhythms and mental states

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I. What is consciousness?I. What is consciousness?

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ConsciousnessConsciousness

Awareness of oneself and the Awareness of oneself and the environmentenvironment

Levels of consciousness:Levels of consciousness: Controlled processesControlled processes (alert and focused) (alert and focused) Automatic processesAutomatic processes (minimal attention (minimal attention

needed)needed) DaydreamingDaydreaming SleepSleep DreamingDreaming Altered states of consciousnessAltered states of consciousness

II. Biological rhythmsII. Biological rhythms

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Understanding biological Understanding biological rhythms rhythms [p148][p148]

Biological rhythmsBiological rhythmsA periodic, more or less regular A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological systemfluctuation in a biological system

Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythmsOnce about every 24 hoursOnce about every 24 hoursExample: the sleep-wake cycleExample: the sleep-wake cycle

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Biological cuesBiological cues Sunrise= Sunrise= Light + Light +

increasing temperatureincreasing temperature

Sunset= Sunset= Dark + Dark + decreasing temperaturedecreasing temperature

Social cuesSocial cues JobsJobs ClocksClocks

Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms [pp148-150][pp148-150]To study endogenous circadian rhythms, To study endogenous circadian rhythms, scientists isolate volunteers from time cues.scientists isolate volunteers from time cues.

Circadian rhythms are influenced by:Circadian rhythms are influenced by:*Changes in routine*Changes in routine*Airplane flights across time zones*Airplane flights across time zones*Adjusting to new work shifts*Adjusting to new work shifts*Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, and *Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, and mealtimesmealtimes

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III. SleepIII. Sleep

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Sleep Sleep [pp154-159][pp154-159]

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousnessconsciousness

How many hours did you sleep last How many hours did you sleep last night?night?

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Recommended sleep timeRecommended sleep time

8-10 hours8-10 hours

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Sleep deprivation Sleep deprivation Staying up late Staying up late and not allowing oneself enough sleepand not allowing oneself enough sleep

Randy GardnerRandy Gardner19641964

Tony WrightTony Wright

20072007

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2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8 2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8 hourshoursSleep deprivation leads to decreases in Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical physical and mental functioning.and mental functioning.

Sleep cycles and stages Sleep cycles and stages [pp154-155][pp154-155]One sleep cycle lasts about One sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes90 minutes

Stage 1Stage 1. Feel self drifting . Feel self drifting on the edge of on the edge of consciousnessconsciousness

Stage 2Stage 2. Minor noises . Minor noises won’t disturb youwon’t disturb you

Stage 3Stage 3. Breathing and . Breathing and pulse have slowed downpulse have slowed down

Stage 4Stage 4. Deep sleep. Deep sleep

REMREM. Increased eye . Increased eye movement, loss of muscle movement, loss of muscle tone, dreamingtone, dreaming

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Typical night’s sleep for a Typical night’s sleep for a young adultyoung adult

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Sleep disorders Sleep disorders [pp157-158][pp157-158]

InsomniaInsomniaRecurring problems falling or staying asleepRecurring problems falling or staying asleep

Sleep apneaSleep apneaBreathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken.to choke and gasp and momentarily waken.

Night terrorsNight terrorsEpisodes of high arousal and the appearance of being Episodes of high arousal and the appearance of being terrifiedterrified

NarcolepsyNarcolepsySudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleepor lapses into REM sleep

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IV. Dream interpretationIV. Dream interpretation

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Dreaming Dreaming [pp159-163][pp159-163]

Dream:Dream: A A sequence of sequence of images, images, emotions, and emotions, and thoughts passing thoughts passing through a through a sleeping person’s sleeping person’s mindmind

Psychoanalytic approach to Psychoanalytic approach to dreaming dreaming [p160][p160]

Freud concluded that dreams might provide Freud concluded that dreams might provide insight into our unconscious wishes and desiresinsight into our unconscious wishes and desires

Manifest contentManifest content includes includesaspects of the dream we aspects of the dream we consciously experience.consciously experience.

Latent contentLatent content includes unconscious wishes and includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream.thoughts symbolized in the dream.

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Problem-focused approach Problem-focused approach to dreamingto dreaming[p160][p160]

Dreams may reflect Dreams may reflect current concernscurrent concerns and and ongoing ongoing conscious issuesconscious issues such as such as relationships, work, relationships, work, sex, or health.sex, or health.

Some dreams may Some dreams may help us solve help us solve problemsproblems

Example: college Example: college students and testingstudents and testing

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Activation synthesis theory Activation synthesis theory [pp162][pp162]

Dreaming results from Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis the cortical synthesis and interpretation of and interpretation of neural signals neural signals triggered by activity in triggered by activity in the brainstemthe brainstem

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V. HypnosisV. Hypnosis

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Hypnosis Hypnosis [p164][p164]

A procedure in which the practitioner A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subjectbehavior of the subject

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Features of the hypnotic Features of the hypnotic statestate

1. Minimized distractions; client relaxes1. Minimized distractions; client relaxes

2. Client is asked to concentrate on a 2. Client is asked to concentrate on a specific stimulusspecific stimulus

3. Client is told what to expect3. Client is told what to expect

4. Hypnotist suggests certain 4. Hypnotist suggests certain events/feelings that he/she knowsevents/feelings that he/she knows will occurwill occur

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The nature of hypnosisThe nature of hypnosis

Hypnotic responsivenessHypnotic responsiveness ( (suggestibilitysuggestibility) depends ) depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.skill of the hypnotist.

Hypnotized people can’t be forced to do things Hypnotized people can’t be forced to do things against their will.against their will.

Feats performed under hypnosis can be Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis.performed by motivated people without hypnosis.

Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory.memory.

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Theories of hypnosis Theories of hypnosis [pp165-[pp165-167]167]Dissociation theoriesDissociation theories[p165][p165]Hypnosis is a split in Hypnosis is a split in

consciousness in which one consciousness in which one part of the mind operates part of the mind operates independently of independently of consciousnessconsciousness

During hypnosis, dissociation During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an occurs between an executive control system executive control system (probably in the frontal (probably in the frontal lobes) and other systems of lobes) and other systems of thinking and acting.thinking and acting.

““Hidden observer”Hidden observer”

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Theories of hypnosisTheories of hypnosis

Sociocognitive Sociocognitive theories theories [p166][p166]Effects of hypnosis Effects of hypnosis result from interaction result from interaction between social between social influence of the influence of the hypnotist and the hypnotist and the beliefs and beliefs and expectations of the expectations of the subject.subject.

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