conservation tillage techniques for tropical agriculture

1

Conservation tillage techniques for Tropical Agriculture

E d Ch t i M t i J é El i D diEvandro Chartuni Mantovani José Eloir DenardinManagement and Strategy Unit Embrapa WheatEmbrapa Headquarter

2/10/2010

The Club of Bologna2009 Meeting

Hannover, Germany November 8th, 2009

Background

Presentation topics

Agriculture challenges: technology

SummaryNo Tillage System: 3 PhasesAgriculture Challenges: 3 CyclesConclusions

2

World - Evolution of Cultivated area of No Tillage

Period1974 - 1979

Period1979 - 1991

Period1991 - 2006

Brazil - Evolution of Cultivated Area of No Tillage1974 to 2006

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III

Source: Adapted from FEBRAPDP (2007) by Denardin Year

3

Technology challenge: soil management system

Period1974 - 1979 Period

1979 - 1991Period

1991 - 2006

Main Challenges: Tropical Agriculture

•Soil fertility correction

• Crop cultivar adapted to different conditions

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III• Biological Nitrogen fixation

• Inefficient pre seedling & high cost of herbicides

• Post emergence weed control with low selectivity

• Inefficient technology of herbicide application: 2X

• Operational limitation of equipment

• Crop production system



Period1974 - 1979

Period1979 - 1991

Period1991 - 2006

The most important facts are :

• Knowledge exchange

• ABC Foundation was createdPHASE I PHASE II PHASE III

• ABC Foundation was createdin 1984: to promote research inNo Tillage associated withextension service and farmers.

• Agronomic and Seeders Tests were carried out by Embrapa Wheat Research Center.

• Process and equipment


q pimprovements.

4


Period1974 - 1979

Period1979 - 1991

Period1991 - 2006

High efficiency of herbicide: selectivity

Substantial price reduction: US$

Main reasons for adoption: Structural brake slope

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIISubstantial price reduction: US$

48 US$ 15 US$ 4High technology of herbicide

application: 4L 0,6L Machinery equipment for all

productions scalesLivestock in the production

system: Santa Fé SystemProduction System for Tropical

Agriculture: 2-3crops/yr


g cu tu e 3c ops/y

TROPICAL REGIONTROPICAL REGIONTROPICAL REGIONTROPICAL REGION

Equator Equator Equator Equator

BrazilBrazil TROPICAL REGIONTROPICAL REGIONTROPICAL REGIONTROPICAL REGION

Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn

BrazilBrazil

SUB TROPICAL REGIONSUB TROPICAL REGIONSUB TROPICAL REGIONSUB TROPICAL REGION

Source: Denardin et all 2007

Brazilian territory: 8,511,965 km2representing 20.8% of the American Continent as well as 47.0% of Latin America.

5

ANNUAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTIONANNUAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTIONANNUAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTIONANNUAL RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION

200200

240240EROSIVITYEROSIVITY

5,200 to 12,600 MJ mm ha5,200 to 12,600 MJ mm ha--11 hh--11

CONCENTRATED IN SUMMERCONCENTRATED IN SUMMER

EROSIVITYEROSIVITY5,200 to 12,600 MJ mm ha5,200 to 12,600 MJ mm ha--11 hh--11

CONCENTRATED IN SUMMERCONCENTRATED IN SUMMER

8080

120120

160160

Rai

nfal

l ( m

m )

Rai

nfal

l ( m

m )

00

4040

JJJJ FFFF MMMM AAAA MMMM JJJJ JJJJ AAAA SSSS OOOO NNNN DDDDSource: Denardin et all 2007

MAP OF BRAZIL SOILSMAP OF BRAZIL SOILSMAP OF BRAZIL SOILSMAP OF BRAZIL SOILS

38.7%

20.0

Latosol - RedLatosol - YellowLatosol – BrownLatosol - Red-YellowArgisol

MOST FREQUENT SOILSMOST FREQUENT SOILSMOST FREQUENT SOILSMOST FREQUENT SOILS

%6.0%2.7%1.4%

14.6%

Neosol - sand quartzPlinthosolCambisolNitosol

16.6%OtherSource: Denardin et all 2007

6

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIESSOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIESSOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIESSOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

LatosolsLatosols, , ArgisolsArgisols, , NeosolsNeosols and and NitosolsNitosolsLatosolsLatosols, , ArgisolsArgisols, , NeosolsNeosols and and NitosolsNitosols

DeepDeepDeepDeepDeepDeepWellWell--draineddrained

Distributed on slightly rolling Distributed on slightly rolling to rolling landscapeto rolling landscape

DeepDeepWellWell--draineddrained

Distributed on slightly rolling Distributed on slightly rolling to rolling landscapeto rolling landscape

No limitations for No limitations for mechanizationmechanization

No limitations for No limitations for mechanizationmechanization



Soil Organic MatterSoil Organic Matter

SOIL TYPESOIL TYPESOIL TYPESOIL TYPE g/100 gg/100 gg/100 gg/100 gNeosolsNeosols -- sand quartzsand quartzLatosolsLatosolsArgisolsArgisolsPlinthosolsPlinthosolsNit lNit l

NeosolsNeosols -- sand quartzsand quartzLatosolsLatosolsArgisolsArgisolsPlinthosolsPlinthosolsNit lNit l

< 2< 2< 4 < 4 < 4< 4< 4< 4< 4< 4

< 2< 2< 4 < 4 < 4< 4< 4< 4< 4< 4NitosolsNitosols

CambisolsCambisolsNitosolsNitosolsCambisolsCambisols

< 4< 4> > 55< 4< 4> > 55


7


Most frequent soilsMost frequent soilsMost frequent soilsMost frequent soils

Clay fractionClay fraction1 : 11 : 1 (( caolinitecaolinite ))

Clay fractionClay fraction1 : 11 : 1 (( caolinitecaolinite ))1 : 1 1 : 1 ( ( caolinitecaolinite ))

oxides oxides Fe and AlFe and Al1 : 1 1 : 1 ( ( caolinitecaolinite ))

oxides oxides Fe and AlFe and Al

LOW WATER CLAY LOW WATER CLAY DISPERTIONDISPERTION

LOW WATER CLAY LOW WATER CLAY DISPERTIONDISPERTION

HIGH AGGREGATE HIGH AGGREGATE STABILITYSTABILITY

HIGH AGGREGATE HIGH AGGREGATE STABILITYSTABILITY


Period Period Period

No Tillage System - PHASE I 1974-1979Y = 11,901X - 2.34x107 R2 = 0.84


1974 - 1979 1979 - 1991 1991 - 2006

Source: Adapted from FEBRAPDP (2007) by Denardin

8

1st Cycle

Agriculture challenges: technology

Impacts– Rural-county development

– Food supply stabilisation

– Food prices decrease

Assets:

– Unproductive lands– Public investment

– Increasing exportations

Products– Grains, meat, milk, fruits, fibres,

vegetables, and sugar cane.

Headquarters

9 Basic themes

Embrapa & National Agriculture Research SystemBudget 2008: US $ 1,2 billion

Personnel: 8.632

13 Commodities

15 Ecoregional

�

�

Labex USA

�

�

Labex Europe

3 Special services

17 State research system

Embrapa Africa

Embrapa Venezuela

9

Embrapa: Building research capability

12571337

14071509

1580

1400

1600

1800 PhD

724

1098

548 509403

320 274 324435

315247

156 104 91 79 67 58133

194

699

882968 10011046 1088

1150 1128 113511431069

1018965

10191020902

827 821

672596

89162

226298

404499

561645

717793

890955 1001 1012

1120

1257

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

MSc

BSc

2/10/2010

104 91 79 67 58 50 47 44 34 3115 3689

0

200

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

BSc

Strong training program in centers of excellence around the world.

EMBRAPA STATE RESEARCH SYSTEM+ + UNIVERSITIES

National Agriculture Research System

10

Innovation and technology: food production

Food security: 1ST CYCLE

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENT

Agriculture challenges: Food Production

SOCIAL

GLOBAL INSERTION

Sustainable production systemsECONOMIC

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

11

Monocropping and disc cultivationInadequate soil management

Monocropping and disc cultivationInadequate soil management

Soil Management Challenges: beginning of erosion problems

Negative environmental impactsg p

Crop yield decline

Soil Erosion

Source: Balbino 2008

Traditional Soil Management

12

Traditional and Conservation Soil Management


Soil losses: 30 to 40 ton/ha/year

Consequences: Erosion problem

13


Period1974 - 1979 Period

1979 - 1991Period

1991 - 2006

Main Challenges: Tropical Agriculture

•Soil fertility correction

• Crop cultivar adapted to different conditions

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III• Biological Nitrogen fixation

• Inefficient pre seedling & high cost of herbicides

• Post emergence weed control with low selectivity

• Inefficient technology of herbicide application: 2X

• Operational limitation of equipment

• Crop production system


ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENT

Agriculture challenges: Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable production systems

SOCIAL

GLOBAL INSERTION

Climate changes

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

14


Y = 79,016X - 1.56x108 R2 = 0.99

No Tillage System: PHASE II 1979-1991


1974 - 1979 1979 - 1991 1991 - 2006


Agriculture challenges: Sustainable Agriculture

2nd CycleAssets– Land

Technolog

Impacts– Rural-county development

– Food supply stabilisation

1st Cycle

– Technology– Logistics

Food supply stabilisation

– Food prices decrease

– Increasing exportations

Products– Grains, meat, milk, fruits, fibres, vegetables,

and sugar cane.

Products– Grains, meat, fruits,

fibre, biofuel.

15

Arrangements− Food

E ti fib

Traditional areasExpansion areas

Soil Plant Climate

Innovation and technology: production systems

− Energetic fiber− Forestry

Perennial crops

Sustainability criteria


Y = 79,016X - 1.56x108 R2 = 0.99

No Tillage System: PHASE II 1979-1991


1974 - 1979 1979 - 1991 1991 - 2006


16

Knowledge exchange

Process and equipment improvements

Mechanisms for opening furrows seedlings

17

Soil losses of 4-6 t/ha/year

Southern Region: erosion control no tillage system

Efficiency - post emergence herbicides for weed management

S O N D J F M A M J J A S O NArea

NO TILLAGE SYSTEM : SUBTROPICAL REGION

IDEAL PRODUCTION MODEL

1

2

3

S O N D J F M A M J J A S O NArea

Corn SorghumSorghum

Soybean

Corn + Brachiaria Wheat

Black Oat

Oat

3

4

Corn + Brachiaria

Soybean

Wheat

Nabo

18

Harvest-planting ProcessHarvest-planting Process

Harvest-planting ProcessHarvest-planting Process

19

ORGANIC MATTER STRAWORGANIC MATTER STRAW

Millet Maize Sorghum Mucuna Soybean Barley Wheat Vica

ROOT ACTIVITYROOT ACTIVITY

20

BIOLOGIC ACTIVITYBIOLOGIC ACTIVITY

MECHANIC ACTIONMECHANIC ACTION

1 cm

> 15 cm

21


Period1974 - 1979

Period1979 - 1991

Period1991 - 2006

The most important facts are :

• Knowledge exchange

• ABC Foundation was createdPHASE I PHASE II PHASE III

• ABC Foundation was createdin 1984: to promote research inNo Tillage associated withextension service and farmers.

• Agronomic and Seeders Tests were carried out by Embrapa Wheat Research Center.

• Process and equipment


q pimprovements.

Period1974 - 1979

Period1979 - 1991

Period1991 - 2006

Y = 1,709,957X - 3.40x109 R2 = 0.98

No Tillage System : PHASE III - 1991-2006



R&D and TT: sustainable technologies

22

Production Area (millions ha)–Total Area: 204

“The challenge of latosol management in the Cerrados was met using technology transfer from the Southern

experience”

–Farming Area: 127

Cultivated pastures: 35

Annual crops: 10

Perennial crop and cultivated forests: 2

A il bl 80Available area: 80

Innovation and technology: agriculture of the Cerrados.

Typical Rainfall for the Cerrados

Source:http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2638E/y2638e08.htm#

23

October November December/January February March

Decades 70 & 80

Summer Crop Schedule

PlantingCultivation/Pest control

Harvesting

Traditional Tillage

Traditional Soil Management

Vilela, 2005

24

October November December/January February March

Decades 90 & 00


Harvesting

No tillage Planting

Cultivation/Pest control

• Grain crop production using No Tillage

No Tillage: sowing without previous ploughing or harrowing.

Aração + gradagem


K eeping p lan t residu es onil f ll i

gradagem

so il su rface a llow s erosionprotection .


25

• Agronomy Technology

• Soil Management

• Machinery Technology

Technology transfer: mechanization for the Cerrados

• Machinery Technology

SOL MASTER 7 - 9

PH3 - PH5E PAR 2800/3000/3600

No Tillage Seeders technology: 27 manufactures

Chemical application technology

50

26

O N D J F M A M J J A S O

NO TILLAGE SYSTEM - BRAZILIAN CERRADOS

EXPANSION PRODUCTION MODEL

O N D J F M A M J J A S O

CornCorn

SoybeanSoybean

Brachiaria & LivestockBrachiaria & Livestock

CORN

EXPANSION PRODUCTION MODEL:

SOYBEAN

BRACHIARIA & LIVESTOCK

LIVESTOCK

27

HARVESTING-SOWING PROCESSCROP ROTATION - FERTILE SOIL

• Flows of organic matter in productive agricultural systems

CONSERVATION TILLAGE SYSTEM

productive agricultural systems are similar to the ones observed in ecosystems.

• Permanent and simultaneous flow : mineralization and nutrient absorption.

• The use of intensive rotation ith hi h id fwith high residue cover from

crop production, under No Tillage, improves soil productivity.

Innovation and technology: Tropical No Tillage System


Period1974 - 1979

Period1979 - 1991

Period1991 - 2006

High efficiency of herbicide: selectivity

Substantial price reduction: US$

Main reasons for adoption: Structural brake slope

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIISubstantial price reduction: US$

48 US$ 15 US$ 4High technology of herbicide

application: 4L 0,6L Machinery equipment for all

productions scalesLivestock in the production

system: Santa Fé SystemProduction System for Tropical

Agriculture: 2-3crops/yr


g cu tu e 3c ops/y

28

REMARK of PHASE IIP roduc tion c os ts of C orn under No T illag e S ys tem in 3 different reg ions of B raz il (R $/Hec tare J uly ‐ 2009*)

2.600

2.800

R io Verde L ondrina Unaí

2.000

2.200

2.400

1.600

1.800

1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

F onte : C onab* Valores corrigidos pelo IGP ‐DI da FGV ‐

Fertilizers Consumption in the Cerrados - 1986 e 2007

Region

Consumption (thousand tons)Increment 1986-2007

( % )1986 2007 ( % )1986 2007

Cerrados Region 2.650 10.866 310,0

Other Regions 6.520 10.116 55,1

Total: Brazil 9.170 20.982 128,8

Source: ANDA -Anuário Estatístico Setor de Fertilizantes, 1986 e 2007.

29

Fleet & sales of Tractors in the Cerrados Region

RegionFrota

Sales 20071975 2006 Increment %

(1975-2006)

52.459 228.832 336,21 7.494 Other Regions 270.654 559.221 106,62 24.241

Total: Brazil

Cerrados Region

Total: Brazil 323.113 788.053 143,89 31.735 Fonte: IBGE e Anfavea.

Fleet & sales of Combines in the Cerrados Region

RegionFrota

Sales 20071975 2006 Increment %

(1975-2006)Cerrados Region 15.784 52.782 234,40 787 15.784 52.782 234,40 787 Other Regions 68.923 106.636 54,72 1.590

Total: Brazil 84.707 159.418 88,20 2.377 Source: IBGE e Anfavea, 2006.

Innovation and technology: Tropical Agriculture

1960

20051975

1960

Fonte: MAPA

ILPF, Soybean expansion ...

30

One of the most dynamic sectors of the economy.5 million rural properties - 18 million people.

23% GNP 2007 and 37 % employment In the country.

Main source of International income

The Agribusiness in Brazil

Main source of International incomeCommercial balance: US$ 60 billions in 2008.

37% of Brazilian exports.

PRODUCTS PRODUCTION EXPORTS

Coffee 1º 1º

Sugar 1º 1º

Orange juice 1º 1º

Cattle meat 2º 1º

Tobacco 2º 1º

Alcohol 2º 1º

Soybean 2º 2º

Commercial Balance Evolution of Brazilian Agribusiness 1989 a 2008 ( US$ billions)

39,043,6

49,5

58,4

71,8

42,849,7

60,0

40

50

60

70

80

Soybean 2 2

Poultry meat 3º 1º

Mayze 4º 2º

Pork meat 4º 4º

Source: MAPA e USDA

13,913,012,4 14,515,919,120,921,1 23,421,520,520,623,9 24,8

30,6

3,1 3,2 3,6 3,0 4,2 5,7 8,0 5,7 5,8 4,8 4,4 4,7 4,8 5,1 6,7 8,711,8

8,6 8,9 8,28,8

15,213,5 14,820,4

25,9

34,238,5

,

10,89,811,511,813,412,3 12,2 14,8 19,1

0

10

20

30

40

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

xExports Imports BalanceSource: AgroStat Brazil/ SECEX/MDIC

Production Growth of Agriculture Machinery

6060

31

180

200

Total

3rd CycleInnovation and technology : agriculture expansion

40

60

80

100

120

140

160 Total

Urban (80 %)

Inha

bita

nts

(mill

ion)

Urban and rural population

20

40

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 1996 2000 2007

Source: IBGE

Rural (20 %)

400

450

Available

Innovation and technology: agriculture expansion

Population > 100 millionArea > 4 million km²

Bangladesh

mill

ion

ha

100

150

200

250

300

350

Occupied

Available

Germany UK

Australia

Canada

Russia

USABrazil

China

Japan

Indonesia

Nigeria

Pakistan

Mexico

India

2/10/20

Source: FAO

Land availability

50

100

0 GDP > US$ 400 billion

France

Italy

Germany

Spain

Netherlds

UK

So. Korea

Source: Sacenco, N. 2006

The global context

32

Production Area (millions ha)

–Total Area: 204

F i A 127

Innovation and technology: agriculture expansion

–Farming Area: 127

Cultivated pastures: 35

Annual crops: 10

Perennial crop and cultivated forests: 2

Available area: 80

to precision agriculture…From small-scale agriculture...

Innovation and agriculture challenges: 3rd cycle

Summary :

Institutional and RD&I challenges

Partnerships: national and international

nanotechnology, system biology…

p

Knowledge frontier: nanotechnology, integration functional genomics ......

Growth Acceleration Program (PAC): budget and modernization

V Strategic Master Plan-2008-20011-2023: New Mission, Objectives, ...

33

Innovation and technology: new production systemsC

PIm

age:

Cou

rtesy

VC

Integrated crop-livestock-forestry

Recuperation of degraded pasture: 50 Million hectares

Until 2007


GOALS FOR DEGRADED AREAS WITH ICroPASTURE :

–2006 - 3 million ha –2006 - 3 million ha –2010 - 5 million ha (Public Policies) –2015 - 18 million ha –2020 – 25 million ha –2030 – 36 million ha


34

1. Conservation Tillage in Sub Tropical and Tropicalregions was implemented by the No Tillage systemwhich showed to be the most appropriate techniquefor soil management for erosion control.

CONCLUSIONS

2. As a whole, No Tillage systems were responsible formost of the improvement of agriculture equipment,development of new short cycle cultivars, low priceand efficiency of herbicide, their applicationtechnology, etc.

3. The change in concept was very significant and, atpresent, the No Tillage System comprehends acomplex of technologies .

4 The use of No Tillage in the Cerrados allowedfarmers to produce two or three crops per year,increasing planting efficiency by establishingproper seasonality for the sequence of crops

CONCLUSIONS

proper seasonality for the sequence of crops.

5 The use of No Tillage showed favorable impact onnitrogen fixation, and biological(integrated) pestcontrol associated to precision farming allowed forbetter natural resources management.

6 The magnitude and rate of adoption of the No TillageSystem by farmers in all regions is considered,today, a great revolution in Brazilian TropicalAgriculture.

35

Thank you!GrazieGracias

D k höDankeschönObrigado

[email protected]:Phones: 55-xx-61-9977418055-xx-61-34484306

Tropical plants and animals: – Soybean (photoperiodism)– Tropical and temperate-adapted fruits– Zebu cattle, swine, poultry etc.

Innovation and technology: tropical agriculture knowledge

N fixationBiological control of pests and diseasesNo Tillage systemIntegrated crop livestock forestry (ILPF)

Improved forrages and pastures quality– Meat & milk, Brachiaria spp.

Fibers and wood (cotton, Eucalyptus)

Post-harvesting losses reductionMechanization in agriculture – precision agricultureAgro-ecological zoningIntegrated production systems

Integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ILPF)

36

140

160

3,0

3,5

Innovation and technology: food production

40

60

80

100

120

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

Area (ha)

Production (ton)

Yield (ton/ha)

Mill

ion

hect

ares

& to

nTon/ha

Grains: Rice, beans, maize, soybean, wheatSource: IBGE

2007 & 2008: estimate on March, 2008.

-

20

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008-

0,5Area (ha)

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS RELATIVOS : ARROZ - FEIJÃO - OLEO DE SOJA

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

n/75 n/76

n/77

n/78 n/79 n/80

n/81

n/82

n/83 n/84 n/85

n/86

n/87 n/88 n/89 n/90

n/91

n/92 n/93 n/94

n/95

n/96 n/97 n/98

n/99

n/00 n/01 n/02

n/03

n/04

n/05 n/06

OLEO DE SOJA

FEIJÃO ARROZ

MM6M

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS RELATIVOS : OVO - ALFACE

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6MM6M

OVOS

ALFACE

1

1,2EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS REAIS DA CESTA DE PRODUTOS DA AGROPECUÁRIA EM

RESPOSTA AS INOVAÇÕES TÉCNOLÓGICASDEZ 1974 = 1

Innovation and technology: food cost

Evolution of real prices of agricultural basic products in response to technological innovations - December 1974=1

jun/7

jun/7 jun/7 jun/7jun

/7jun/8 jun/8 jun/8 jun/8

jun/8

jun/8 jun/8 jun/8jun

/8jun

/8jun/9 jun/9 jun

/9jun

/9jun/9 jun/9 jun

/9jun

/9jun/9 jun/9 jun/0

jun/0

jun/0 jun/0 jun/0 jun/0jun

/0

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS REAIS : CARNE BOVINA - FRANGO - LEITE

1,2

1,4MM6M

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS RELATIVOS : AÇUCAR - CAFÉ MM6M

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

jun/75jun/76

jun/77

jun/78jun

/79jun/8

0jun

/81jun/8

2jun/83

jun/84

jun/85jun/86

jun/87jun/8

8jun/8

9jun/9

0jun

/91jun/9

2jun/93

jun/94

jun/95jun

/96jun/9

7jun

/98jun/9

9jun/00

jun/01

jun/02jun/03

jun/04jun/05

jun/06

AÇUCAR

CAFÉ

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS RELATIVOS : LARANJA - MAMÃO

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

jun/75 jun/77 jun/79 jun/81 jun/83 jun/85 jun/87 jun/89 jun/91 jun/93 jun/95 jun/97 jun/99 jun/01 jun/03 jun/05

MM6M

LARANJA

MAMÃO

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PREÇOS RELATIVOS : TOMATE - CENOURA - BATATA

1,6

1,8

2

BATATATOMATE

MM6M

0jun/75 jun/77 jun/79 jun/81 jun/83 jun/85 jun/87 jun/89 jun/91 jun/93 jun/95 jun/97 jun/99 jun/01 jun/03 jun/05

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

Average: -5.20% / year

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

jun/75 jun/77 jun/79 jun/81 jun/83 jun/85 jun/87 jun/89 jun/91 jun/93 jun/95 jun/97 jun/99 jun/01 jun/03 jun/05

LEITE

CARNE BOVINA

FRANGO0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

jun/75jun/76

jun/77

jun/78jun/79

jun/80

jun/81jun/82

jun/83jun/8

4jun/85

jun/86

jun/87jun/88

jun/89jun/90

jun/91

jun/92jun/93

jun/94

jun/95jun/96

jun/97jun/9

8jun

/99jun/0

0jun/0

1jun/02

jun/03

jun/04jun

/05jun/0

6

CENOURA0

0,2

jan/75 jan/77 jan/79 jan/81 jan/83 jan/85 jan/87 jan/89 jan/91 jan/93 jan/95 jan/97 jan/99 jan/01 jan/03 jan/05

Real food price in the last 30 years.

Yield

Mendonça de Barros et al., 2008.

37

International Investments

John Deere Brasil LtdaHorizontina

(RS)•Products: Tractors, Combines

and

AGCO do BrasilCanoas

and Santa and Planters

and Santa Rosa (RS)Products:

Tractors & Combines

New Holland do Brasil

Curitiba (PR)Products:

Tractors & Combines

Brazilian Wheel Tractors Fleet 1960-2007

7474

38

Crop-Pasture-Forest Program


P roduc tion c os ts of S oybean under No T illag e and C onventional S ys tem in 4 different reg ions of B raz il ‐ (R$/Hec tare J uly ‐ 2009*)

1.800

1.900

2.000

P lantio D ireto C ampo Mourão/P RP lantio D ireto P rimavera do L es te/MTP lantio D ireto R io Verde/GOC onvenc ional Dourados /MS

1 200

1.300

1.400

1.500

1.600

1.700US$1006.78/ha

1.000

1.100

1.200

1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

F onte : C onab* Valores corrigidos pelo IGP ‐DI da

conservation tillage techniques for tropical agriculture

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