Consolidation of Consolidation of Latin AmericaLatin America

Chapter 25Chapter 25

Pg. 562-588Pg. 562-588

Question Slide

What hallmarks of Latin American society were established in 1450-1750?

What traits are particularly European or un-European in Latin American society entering the era of Western Hegemony?

Why would the Bourbon & Pombal reforms of the 18th century contribute to revolution?

From Colonies to NationsFrom Colonies to Nations• Creoles & peasants resented heavy colonial Creoles & peasants resented heavy colonial

govgov– However, class distrust meant revolutions for However, class distrust meant revolutions for

independence only occurred after key European independence only occurred after key European eventsevents

• Latin American revolutions caused by Latin American revolutions caused by common Atlantic revolutionary forces, plus common Atlantic revolutionary forces, plus four key events:four key events:– American RevolutionAmerican Revolution– French RevolutionFrench Revolution– Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution– Crisis of rule & legitimacy in SpainCrisis of rule & legitimacy in Spain

Causes of Political Causes of Political ChangeChange

Spanish American Spanish American IndependenceIndependence• MexicoMexico

– Started by Father Hidalgo but lost Creole supportStarted by Father Hidalgo but lost Creole support– Iturbide & creoles pickup revolutionary mantle, Iturbide & creoles pickup revolutionary mantle,

winning independence, but neglecting social winning independence, but neglecting social reformsreforms

• northern South Americanorthern South America– Simon Bolivar & creoles led long bloody wars to Simon Bolivar & creoles led long bloody wars to

free much of region & create unified Gran free much of region & create unified Gran ColombiaColombia

• southern South Americasouthern South America– San Martin & creoles led revolt capitalizing on San Martin & creoles led revolt capitalizing on

resentment & calls for autonomyresentment & calls for autonomy

→→Most: (1) create representational gov after Most: (1) create representational gov after flirting with monarchy, (2) creoles key to flirting with monarchy, (2) creoles key to successsuccess

Brazilian IndependenceBrazilian Independence

• Achieved freedom differently despite Achieved freedom differently despite commonalitiescommonalities– Growing economy strengthens middle-class Growing economy strengthens middle-class

demandsdemands

• Napoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee Napoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee to Brazilto Brazil

• After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, but Prince Pedro remains to gov Brazilbut Prince Pedro remains to gov Brazil– Quickly led short war for independence → did Quickly led short war for independence → did

not upset existing social ordernot upset existing social order

New Nations Confront New Nations Confront ProblemsProblems

• Political & class conflict undermined Political & class conflict undermined egalitarian idealsegalitarian ideals– Promoting Catholicism vs. not banning other faithsPromoting Catholicism vs. not banning other faiths– Creole distrust of masses loyalty & readinessCreole distrust of masses loyalty & readiness– Masses distrust of creoles Masses distrust of creoles

• Fragmentation inevitable despite attempts at Fragmentation inevitable despite attempts at unionsunions– Geographic barriers, economic competition, Geographic barriers, economic competition,

regional & political rivalries, poor infrastructureregional & political rivalries, poor infrastructure

Political FragmentationPolitical Fragmentation

Caudillos, Politics, & the Caudillos, Politics, & the ChurchChurch

• Problems from heritage w/o common Problems from heritage w/o common solutionssolutions

• Caudillos & military commandersCaudillos & military commanders– Inspired loyalty of various groups via cults of Inspired loyalty of various groups via cults of

personalitypersonality– Contributed to instability by making power grabsContributed to instability by making power grabs

• Political & religious tensions Political & religious tensions – federalists/liberalsfederalists/liberals: decentralized secular gov, : decentralized secular gov,

individualism (often led by urban bourgeoisie)individualism (often led by urban bourgeoisie)– centralists/conservativescentralists/conservatives: centralized gov w/ heavy : centralized gov w/ heavy

church influence, corporate groups (often led by church influence, corporate groups (often led by urban bourgeoisie)urban bourgeoisie)

Latin American Latin American EconomiesEconomies

• Latin America sought clear diplomatic Latin America sought clear diplomatic sovereignty from former colonial powerssovereignty from former colonial powers– Only Britain capable of assuring this Only Britain capable of assuring this

(although Monroe Doctrine tried)(although Monroe Doctrine tried)– In exchange, Latin America opens to tradeIn exchange, Latin America opens to trade

• Latin America borrows money to improve Latin America borrows money to improve infrastructure & buys manufactured infrastructure & buys manufactured goods, while Britain trades for raw goods, while Britain trades for raw materialsmaterials– Damages local industry & promotes Damages local industry & promotes

dependencedependence

Mid-Century StagnationMid-Century Stagnation

• Wars for independence & poor Wars for independence & poor infrastructure led to a stagnant economy infrastructure led to a stagnant economy in mid-1800sin mid-1800s

• As infrastructure of railroads & As infrastructure of railroads & steamships improved, so too did export steamships improved, so too did export economyeconomy

• Early liberal reforms were undermined Early liberal reforms were undermined by conservative opposition to vast changeby conservative opposition to vast change

Economic ResurgenceEconomic Resurgence

• Expansion of world economy led to expansion Expansion of world economy led to expansion of Latin American economyof Latin American economy

→→New round of liberal reforms seen as successesNew round of liberal reforms seen as successes– Positivism applied to society as supported by Positivism applied to society as supported by

foreign investors, rural landowners, urban foreign investors, rural landowners, urban merchantsmerchants

– Population boomed, Science created new demands Population boomed, Science created new demands for copper & rubberfor copper & rubber

• High cost of development alienates peasants High cost of development alienates peasants leading to distrust of “out of place” liberal leading to distrust of “out of place” liberal ideasideas

Mexico: InstabilityMexico: Instability• Social problems, poverty, political tension Social problems, poverty, political tension

remainedremained• Santa Anna: despotic caudillo, father of Santa Anna: despotic caudillo, father of

politicspolitics– American manifest destiny challenged landholdings American manifest destiny challenged landholdings

& caused Mexican-American War (lost 5% of & caused Mexican-American War (lost 5% of population, 50% of land & economy potential)population, 50% of land & economy potential)

• Juarez: liberal reformerJuarez: liberal reformer– Curtailed church & military, reformed land Curtailed church & military, reformed land

ownership, caused conservative responseownership, caused conservative response• Maximilian von Habsburg: foreign royal placed Maximilian von Habsburg: foreign royal placed

to rule Mexicoto rule Mexico– Resented due to foreign heritage & lack of Resented due to foreign heritage & lack of

legitimacylegitimacy

Argentina: Regional Argentina: Regional DivisionsDivisions

• Backwater nation except for Buenos Backwater nation except for Buenos AiresAires

• Liberals sought education & finance Liberals sought education & finance reforms, while Caudillos sought gaucho reforms, while Caudillos sought gaucho (cowboy) support(cowboy) support– Rosas, a caudillo, seized control focusing Rosas, a caudillo, seized control focusing

on gauchos & urban poor but focusing on gauchos & urban poor but focusing revenues in Buenos Airesrevenues in Buenos Aires

– Liberals (Sarmiento) return to power Liberals (Sarmiento) return to power bringing reformsbringing reforms

Brazil: Façade of Brazil: Façade of StabilityStability

• Stability from colonial traditionsStability from colonial traditions• Changes disrupt traditions & stabilityChanges disrupt traditions & stability

– Political tension b/t liberals & conservativesPolitical tension b/t liberals & conservatives– Coffee transforms economy & intensifies Coffee transforms economy & intensifies

slaveryslavery– Middle-class, immigration, & modernized Middle-class, immigration, & modernized

plantations undermine slaveryplantations undermine slavery

• Monarchy, stability, & peasant support Monarchy, stability, & peasant support wither with secularization and economic wither with secularization and economic hardshiphardship

Societies in Search of Societies in Search of ThemselvesThemselves

• Elite art heavily influenced by EuropeElite art heavily influenced by Europe– From neoclassicism to romanticism From neoclassicism to romanticism

(focusing on nationality & local customs) (focusing on nationality & local customs) to realism (depicting human weakness to realism (depicting human weakness critically)critically)

• Popular culture largely unaffected, Popular culture largely unaffected, vibrant, & adaptablevibrant, & adaptable

Cultural ExpressionCultural Expression

Old Patterns of Gender & Old Patterns of Gender & ClassClass

• Little changed in hierarchical, export-Little changed in hierarchical, export-based societybased society

• Women subordinate in heavily patriarchal Women subordinate in heavily patriarchal cultureculture– Made some advances in education & “female” Made some advances in education & “female”

jobsjobs

• Racial divisions strong despite outlawingRacial divisions strong despite outlawing– Individual rights often sacrificed by liberal Individual rights often sacrificed by liberal

positivists for other reformspositivists for other reforms

• Creoles dominated gov (merging with Creoles dominated gov (merging with middle-class)middle-class)

Great Boom 1880-1920Great Boom 1880-1920

• Rising demand in industrialized West Rising demand in industrialized West led to economic boom at end of period led to economic boom at end of period in Latin Amerin Latin Amer– Liberal promotion of limited gov created Liberal promotion of limited gov created

union of elites & middle-class at expense union of elites & middle-class at expense of peasantsof peasants

– High profits possible, but dependent on High profits possible, but dependent on outside market conditionsoutside market conditions

• Growth led to foreign investment Growth led to foreign investment which limited Latin Amer policy which limited Latin Amer policy options w/ Europeoptions w/ Europe

Mexico & Argentina: Mexico & Argentina: ExamplesExamples

• Mexico:Mexico:– Economy transformed using strong govEconomy transformed using strong gov– Landowners & middle-class profit at Landowners & middle-class profit at

expense of Indians & workersexpense of Indians & workers– However, ends as middle-class reform However, ends as middle-class reform

mushroom mushroom • Argentina:Argentina:

– Economic boom result of immigrants filling Economic boom result of immigrants filling labor needs & fusing cultureslabor needs & fusing cultures

– Buenos Aires position settled Buenos Aires position settled – However, radicals & socialists sought to However, radicals & socialists sought to

reform oligarchyreform oligarchy

Uncle Sam Goes SouthUncle Sam Goes South

• U.S. development following Civil War U.S. development following Civil War and interest in C. Amer canal promoted and interest in C. Amer canal promoted activity in regionactivity in region– Spanish-American War result of U.S. Spanish-American War result of U.S.

desire for raw materials in Cuba and desire for raw materials in Cuba and Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

– Panama Canal built after U.S. backed a Panama Canal built after U.S. backed a Panamanian separatist groupPanamanian separatist group

• Latin America quickly grew leery of Latin America quickly grew leery of U.S. ventures in regionU.S. ventures in region

Global ConnectionsGlobal Connections

• Latin America followed Atlantic Latin America followed Atlantic revolutionary trends, while running revolutionary trends, while running against current of European empire against current of European empire buildingbuilding

• Historical systems & colonial legacies Historical systems & colonial legacies strongstrong– Culturally & Politically: EuropeanCulturally & Politically: European– Economically: Tropical dependencyEconomically: Tropical dependency

• Serves as preview of decolonization in Serves as preview of decolonization in other parts of worldother parts of world

Question Slide

In what ways is Brazil similar and different from Spanish America, like Mexico?

Question Slide

What common problems arose throughout the period in a newly independent Latin America?

What problem do you think is most fundamental to the region’s issues? Why?