constitution
DESCRIPTION
all articlesTRANSCRIPT
ARTICLES1. Name and territory of the Union ................................................................... 22. Admission or establishment of new States ................................................ 22A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 23. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or namesof existing States ................................................................................................ 2-34. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment ofthe First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental andconsequential matters ....................................................................................... 3PART IICITIZENSHIP5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution .......................... 46. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to Indiafrom Pakistan ...................................................................................................... 47. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan ............................. 58. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residingoutside India ....................................................................................................... 59. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to becitizens ................................................................................................................... 510. Continuance of the rights of citizenship ..................................................... 511. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law ........................... 5PART IIIFUNDAMENTAL RIGHTSGeneral12. Definition .............................................................................................................. 613. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. ...... 6Right to Equality14. Equality before law ........................................................................................... 615. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sexor place of birth .................................................................................................. 7ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment .................. 7-817. Abolition of Untouchability ............................................................................ 818. Abolition of titles ............................................................................................... 8-9Right to Freedom19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. ............. 9-1020. Protection in respect of conviction for offences ........................................ 1 021. Protection of life and personal liberty .......................................................... 1 021A. Right to education ............................................................................................. 1122. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases ........................ 11-12Right against Exploitation23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour ..................... 1324. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. ........................ 1 3Right to Freedom of Religion25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagationof religion .............................................................................................................. 1 326. Freedom to manage religious affairs ........................................................... 13-1427. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particularreligion ................................................................................................................... 1 428. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worshipin certain educational institutions ................................................................ 1 4Cultural and Educational Rights29. Protection of interests of minorities ............................................................. 1 430. Right of minorities to establish and administer educationalinstitutions ........................................................................................................... 14-1531. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 1 5Saving of Certain Laws31A. Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. ..................... 15-1731B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations ............................................... 1 731C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles ................... 17-1831D. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 1 8Right to Constitutional Remedies32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part ................... 1 832A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 1 833. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part intheir application to Forces, etc. ...................................................................... 1 934. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is inforce in any area ................................................................................................. 1 935. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part .......................... 19-20Contents (ii)PART IVDIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICYARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES36. Definition .............................................................................................................. 2 137. Application of the principles contained in this Part ............................... 2 138. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of thepeople .................................................................................................................... 2 139. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State ........................ 21-2239A. Equal justice and free legal aid...................................................................... 2 240. Organisation of village panchayats ............................................................. 2 241. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certaincases ....................................................................................................................... 2 242. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternityrelief ........................................................................................................................ 2 243. Living wage, etc., for workers ........................................................................ 22-2343A. Participation of workers in management of industries .......................... 2 344. Uniform civil code for the citizens ................................................................ 2 345. Provision for free and compulsory education for children .................... 2 346. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections ............................................. 2 347. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard ofliving and to improve public health ............................................................. 2 348. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry ............................... 2 348A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding offorests and wild life ........................................................................................... 2 449. Protection of monuments and places and objects of nationalimportance ........................................................................................................... 2 450. Separation of judiciary from executive ....................................................... 2 451. Promotion of international peace and security ......................................... 2 4PART IVAFUNDAMENTAL DUTIES51A. Fundamental duties .......................................................................................... 2 5PART VTHE UNIONCHAPTER I.THE EXECUTIVEThe President and Vice-President52. The President of India ...................................................................................... 2 653. Executive power of the Union ........................................................................ 2 654. Election of President .......................................................................................... 2 655. Manner of election of President ...................................................................... 27-2856. Term of office of President .............................................................................. 2 857. Eligibility for re-election ................................................................................... 2 858. Qualifications for election as President ....................................................... 28-2959. Conditions of Presidents office ..................................................................... 2 9Contents (iii)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES60. Oath or affirmation by the President ........................................................... 29-3061. Procedure for impeachment of the President ............................................ 3 062. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President andthe term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy .................... 30-3163. The Vice-President of India ............................................................................. 3 164. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council ofStates ..................................................................................................................... 3 165. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functionsduring casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, ofPresident ............................................................................................................... 3 166. Election of Vice-President ................................................................................ 31-3267. Term of office of Vice-President ..................................................................... 32-3368. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-Presidentand the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy ........... 3 369. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President .................................................. 3 370. Discharge of Presidents functions in other contingencies ..................... 3371. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President orVice-President ...................................................................................................... 33-3472. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remitor commute sentences in certain cases ........................................................ 3 473. Extent of executive power of the Union ...................................................... 3 5Council of Ministers74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President ................................... 3 575. Other provisions as to Ministers .................................................................... 3 6The Attorney-General for India76. Attorney-General for India .............................................................................. 36-37Conduct of Government Business77. Conduct of business of the Government of India .................................... 3 778. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information tothe President, etc. ............................................................................................... 37-38CHAPTER II.PARLIAMENTGeneral79. Constitution of Parliament ............................................................................. 3 880. Composition of the Council of States .......................................................... 3 881. Composition of the House of the People .................................................... 39-4082. Readjustment after each census .................................................................... 4 083. Duration of Houses of Parliament ............................................................... 40-4184. Qualification for membership of Parliament ............................................ 4 185. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution ............................. 4 186. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses .............. 41-4287. Special address by the President ................................................................... 4 288. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses ............ 4 2Contents (iv)Officers of ParliamentARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States .......... 4 290. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of DeputyChairman .............................................................................................................. 42-4391. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the dutiesof the office of, or to act as, Chairman ........................................................ 4 392. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while aresolution for his removal from office is under consideration ............. 4 393. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People ............ 4 394. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speakerand Deputy Speaker ......................................................................................... 4 495. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the dutiesof the office of, or to act as, Speaker ............................................................ 4 496. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while aresolution for his removal from office is under consideration ............. 44-4597. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman andthe Speaker and Deputy Speaker .................................................................. 4 598. Secretariat of Parliament ................................................................................. 4 5Conduct of Business99. Oath or affirmation by members .................................................................. 4 6100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacanciesand quorum ......................................................................................................... 4 6Disqualifications of Members101. Vacation of seats ................................................................................................ 46-48102. Disqualifications for membership................................................................. 4 8103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members ................... 48-49104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmationunder article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified ................ 4 9Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of themembers and committees thereof ................................................................. 49-50106. Salaries and allowances of members. .......................................................... 5 0Legislative Procedure107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills .................................. 5 0108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases .............................................. 50-52109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills .............................................. 52-53110. Definition of Money Bills ............................................................................ 53-54111. Assent to Bills ..................................................................................................... 5 4Procedure in Financial Matters112. Annual financial statement ............................................................................ 54-56113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates ................................. 5 6Contents (v)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES114. Appropriation Bills ........................................................................................... 56-57115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants ............................................. 5 7116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants ..................... 57-58117. Special provisions as to financial Bills ........................................................ 58-59Procedure Generally118. Rules of procedure ............................................................................................. 5 9119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financialbusiness ................................................................................................................. 59-60120. Language to be used in Parliament ............................................................. 6 0121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament ...................................................... 6 0122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament ............................ 6 0CHAPTER III.LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess ofParliament ............................................................................................................ 60-61CHAPTER IV.THE UNION JUDICIARY124. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court ................................. 61-63125. Salaries, etc., of Judges .................................................................................... 6 3126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice ........................................................... 63-64127. Appointment of ad hoc judges ....................................................................... 6 4128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court .......... 6 4129. Supreme Court to be a court of record ....................................................... 6 5130. Seat of Supreme Court ..................................................................................... 6 5131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court ............................................... 6 5131A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 6 5132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courtsin certain cases .................................................................................................... 65-66133. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courtsin regard to Civil matters ................................................................................ 6 6134. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters ....... 6 7134A. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court ............................................. 67-68135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law tobe exercisable by the Supreme Court ........................................................... 6 8136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court ......................................... 6 8137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court .......................... 6 8138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court .......................... 6 8139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs ...... 6 8139A. Transfer of certain cases ................................................................................... 6 9140. Ancillary powers of Supreme Court ............................................................ 6 9141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts ............... 6 9142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders asto discovery, etc. ................................................................................................. 69-70143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court ......................................... 7 0144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court ...... 7 0144A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 7 0Contents (vi)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES145. Rules of Court, etc. ............................................................................................ 71-72146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court ........... 72-73147. Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 7 3CHAPTER V.COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA148. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ................................................ 73-74149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General .............. 74-75150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States .................................... 7 5151. Audit reports ....................................................................................................... 7 5PART VITHE STATESCHAPTER I.GENERAL152. Definition .............................................................................................................. 7 6CHAPTER II.THE EXECUTIVEThe Governor153. Governors of States ........................................................................................... 7 6154. Executive power of State ................................................................................. 7 6155. Appointment of Governor ............................................................................... 7 6156. Term of office of Governor .............................................................................. 76-77157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor ............................................ 7 7158. Conditions of Governors office ..................................................................... 7 7159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor ........................................................... 77-78160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies .............. 7 8161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remitor commute sentences in certain cases ........................................................ 7 8162. Extent of executive power of State ............................................................... 7 8Council of Ministers163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor .................................... 78-79164. Other provisions as to Ministers .................................................................... 79-80The Advocate-General for the State165. Advocate-General for the State...................................................................... 8 0Conduct of Government Business166. Conduct of business of the Government of a State ................................. 81-81167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information toGovernor, etc. ....................................................................................................... 8 1CHAPTER III.THE STATE LEGISLATUREGeneral168. Constitution of Legislatures in States ......................................................... 81-82169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States .......................... 8 2Contents (vii)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies ............................................... 82-83171. Composition of the Legislative Councils .................................................... 83-85172. Duration of State Legislatures ....................................................................... 8 5173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature .......................... 8 5174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution .......... 8 6175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House orHouses ................................................................................................................... 8 6176. Special address by the Governor ................................................................... 8 6177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses ............... 86-87Officers of the State Legislature178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly .......... 8 7179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speakerand Deputy Speaker ......................................................................................... 8 7180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the dutiesof the office of, or to act as, Speaker ............................................................ 87-88181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while aresolution for his removal from office is under consideration ............. 8 8182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council ...... 8 8183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices ofChairman and Deputy Chairman ................................................................. 88-89184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the dutiesof the office of, or to act as, Chairman ........................................................ 8 9185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while aresolution for his removal from office is under consideration ............. 8 9186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and theChairman and Deputy Chairman ................................................................. 9 0187. Secretariat of State Legislature ...................................................................... 9 0Conduct of Business188. Oath or affirmation by members .................................................................. 9 0189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacanciesand quorum ......................................................................................................... 90-91Disqualifications of Members190. Vacation of seats ................................................................................................ 91-92191. Disqualifications for membership................................................................. 92-93192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members ................... 9 3193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation underarticle 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified .......................... 93-94Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members194. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of themembers and committees thereof ................................................................. 9 4195. Salaries and allowances of members ........................................................... 94-95Contents (viii)Legislative ProcedureARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills .................................. 9 5197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other thanMoney Bills ........................................................................................................... 95-96198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills .............................................. 96-97199. Definition of Money Bills ............................................................................ 97-98200. Assent to Bills ..................................................................................................... 98-99201. Bills reserved for consideration ...................................................................... 9 9Procedure in Financial Matters202. Annual financial statement ............................................................................ 99-100203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates ................................. 100-101204. Appropriation Bills ........................................................................................... 101205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants ............................................. 101-102206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants ..................... 102-103 207. Special provisions as to financial Bills ........................................................ 103Procedure Generally208. Rules of procedure ............................................................................................. 103-104209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State inrelation to financial business .......................................................................... 104210. Language to be used in the Legislature ...................................................... 104-105211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature .............................................. 105212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature ..................... 105CHAPTER IV.LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess ofLegislature. .......................................................................................................... 105-107CHAPTER V.THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES214. High Courts for States ...................................................................................... 107215. High Courts to be courts of record ............................................................... 107216. Constitution of High Courts ........................................................................... 107217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court ........ 108-109218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to HighCourts .................................................................................................................... 109219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts ........................................ 110220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge .......................... 110221. Salaries, etc., of Judges .................................................................................... 110222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another .............................. 110-111223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice ........................................................... 111224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges ........................................ 111224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts ................... 111-112225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts ............................................................ 112226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs ............................................. 112-114226A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 114227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court ............... 114-115Contents (ix)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court ....................................................... 115228A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 115229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts ....................... 115-116230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories .............. 116231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States ........ 116-117CHAPTER VI.SUBORDINATE COURTS233. Appointment of district judges ..................................................................... 117233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by,certain district judges ....................................................................................... 117-118234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicialservice .................................................................................................................... 118235. Control over subordinate courts .................................................................... 118236. Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 118-119237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class orclasses of magistrates ....................................................................................... 119PART VIITHE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE238. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 120PART VIIITHE UNION TERRITORIES239. Administration of Union territories ............................................................. 121239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both forcertain Union territories ................................................................................... 121239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi ..................................................... 121-124239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery ........................ 124-125239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess ofLegislature ............................................................................................................ 125-126240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Unionterritories ............................................................................................................... 126-127241. High Courts for Union territories .................................................................. 127-128242. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 128PART IXTHE PANCHAYATS243. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 129243A. Gram Sabha ......................................................................................................... 129243B. Constitution of Panchayats ............................................................................ 129-130243C. Composition of Panchayats ........................................................................... 130-131243D. Reservation of seats ........................................................................................... 131-132243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc. .......................................................................... 132-133243F. Disqualifications for membership................................................................. 133243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats ........................... 133-134243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats .................. 134Contents (x)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES243-I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position ..... 134-135243J. Audit of accounts of Pachayats .................................................................... 135243K. Elections to the Panchayats ............................................................................ 135-136243L. Application to Union territories ................................................................... 136243M. Part not to apply to certain areas ................................................................. 136-137243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats ......................................... 137-138243-O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ..................................... 138PART IXATHE MUNICIPALITIES243P. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 139243Q. Constitution of Municipalities ....................................................................... 139-140 243R. Composition of Municipalities ...................................................................... 140-141243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. .................. 141243T. Reservation of seats ........................................................................................... 141-142243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc. ..................................................................... 142-143243V. Disqualifications for membership................................................................. 143243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. ............. 143-144243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities ............... 144243Y. Finance Commission ......................................................................................... 144-145243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities ............................................................ 145243ZA. Elections to the Municipalities ....................................................................... 145243ZB. Application to Union territories .................................................................... 145-146243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas ................................................................. 146243ZD. Committee for district planning .................................................................... 146-147243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning ........................................................ 147-148243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities .................................... 149243ZG. Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters .................................... 149PART XTHE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas ........................... 150244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas inAssam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers orboth therefor ......................................................................................................... 150-151PART XIRELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATESCHAPTER I.LEGISLATIVE RELATIONSDistribution of Legislative Powers245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States ......... 152246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislaturesof States ................................................................................................................ 152Contents (xi)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certainadditional courts ................................................................................................ 153248. Residuary powers of legislation .................................................................... 153249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the StateList in the national interest .............................................................................. 153250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in theState List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation .................... 154251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States .......................... 154252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent andadoption of such legislation by any other State ....................................... 154-155253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements ....................... 155254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws madeby the Legislatures of States ........................................................................... 155255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to beregarded as matters of procedure only ....................................................... 156CHAPTER II.ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONSGeneral256. Obligation of States and the Union .............................................................. 156257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases ..................................... 156-157257A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 157258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases ............ 157-158258A. Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union ........................... 158259. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 158260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India ......... 158261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings ........................................... 158-159Disputes relating to Waters262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-Staterivers or river valleys ......................................................................................... 159Co-ordination between States263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council .................................... 159PART XIIFINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITSCHAPTER I.FINANCEGeneral264. Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 160265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.................................. 160266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States ..... 160Contents (xii)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES267. Contingency Fund .............................................................................................. 161Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by theStates ..................................................................................................................... 161-162268A. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by theUnion and the States ......................................................................................... 162269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States ....... 162-163270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States ....... 163271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union ........... 164272. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 164273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products ....................... 164274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affectingtaxation in which States are interested ........................................................ 164-165275. Grants from the Union to certain States ..................................................... 165-166276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments ..................... 167277. Savings .................................................................................................................. 167278. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 167279. Calculation of net proceeds, etc. ............................................................. 168280. Finance Commission ......................................................................................... 168-169281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission ........................................ 169Miscellaneous Financial Provisions282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues ...... 169283. Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds andmoneys credited to the public accounts ..................................................... 169-170284. Custody of suitors deposits and other moneys received by publicservants and courts ........................................................................................... 170285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. .................... 170286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods ... 171287. Exemption from taxes on electricity ............................................................ 171-172288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricityin certain cases .................................................................................................... 172289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation ...... 172-173290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions ..................... 173290A. Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds ......................................... 173-174291. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 174CHAPTER II.BORROWING292. Borrowing by the Government of India ....................................................... 174293. Borrowing by States .......................................................................................... 174-175CHAPTER III.PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS,LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations incertain cases ......................................................................................................... 175Contents (xiii)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations inother cases ............................................................................................................ 175-176296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia ..................... 176297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf andresources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union ........... 177298. Power to carry on trade, etc. ........................................................................... 177299. Contracts .............................................................................................................. 177-178300. Suits and proceedings ...................................................................................... 178CHAPTER IV.RIGHT TO PROPERTY300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law ...... 178PART XIIITRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THETERRITORY OF INDIA301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse ........................................... 179302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce andintercourse ............................................................................................................ 179303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the Stateswith regard to trade and commerce ............................................................. 179304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States ......... 179-180305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies ..... 180306. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 180307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles301 to 304 ............................................................................................................. 180PART XIVSERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATESCHAPTER I.SERVICES308. Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 181309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Unionor a State ............................................................................................................... 181310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State ....................... 181-182311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed incivil capacities under the Union or a State ................................................ 182-183312. All-India services ............................................................................................... 183-184312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service ofofficers of certain services ................................................................................ 184-185313. Transitional provisions ..................................................................................... 185314. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 185CHAPTER II.PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States ............. 185-186316. Appointment and term of office of members ........................................... 186-187Contents (xiv)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public ServiceCommission ......................................................................................................... 187-188318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of membersand staff of the Commission .......................................................................... 189319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commissionon ceasing to be such members ...................................................................... 189-190320. Functions of Public Service Commissions .................................................. 190-192321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions .................. 192322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions ................................................... 192323. Reports of Public Service Commissions ...................................................... 192PART XIVATRIBUNALS323A. Administrative tribunals ................................................................................. 193-194323B. Tribunals for other matters ............................................................................. 194-196PART XVELECTIONS324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vestedin an Election Commission .............................................................................. 197-198325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in aspecial, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex ....................... 198326. Elections to the House of the People and to the LegislativeAssemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage .................... 198327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to electionsto Legislatures .................................................................................................... 199328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect toelections to such Legislature ........................................................................... 199329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ..................................... 199329A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 199PART XVISPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People ............................................................................. 200-201331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House ofthe People ............................................................................................................. 201332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and ScheduledTribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States .................................... 201-203333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the LegislativeAssemblies of the States .................................................................................. 203334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease aftersixty years ............................................................................................................ 203335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to servicesand posts .............................................................................................................. 204336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services ......... 204Contents (xv)ARTICLES ........................................................................................................... PAGES337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefitof Anglo-Indian Community ......................................................................... 204-205338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes ............................................. 205-207338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes .............................................. 207-209339. Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areasand the welfare of Scheduled Tribes ............................................................ 209-210340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions ofbackward classes ............................................................................................... 210341. Scheduled Castes ............................................................................................... 210-211342. Scheduled Tribes ................................................................................................ 211PART XVIIOFFICIAL LANGUAGECHAPTER I.LANGUAGE OF THE UNION343. Official language of the Union ....................................................................... 212344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language ....... 212-214CHAPTER II.REGIONAL LANGUAGES345. Official language or languages of a State .................................................. 214346. Official language for communication between one State andanother or between a State and the Union .................................................. 214347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of thepopulation of a State ........................................................................................ 214CHAPTER III.LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the HighCourts and for Acts, Bills, etc. ....................................................................... 214-215349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating tolanguage ............................................................................................................... 216CHAPTER IV.SPECIAL DIRECTIVES350. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances ................. 216350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage ................ 216350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities ....................................................... 216351. Directive for development of the Hindi language .................................... 216-217PART XVIIIEMERGENCY PROVISIONS352. Proclamation of Emergency ............................................................................ 218-220353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency .......................................................... 221354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while aProclamation of Emergency is in operation ............................................... 221-222355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggressionand internal disturbance. ................................................................................. 222356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States .......... 222-225Contents (xvi)ARTICLES .................................................................................................................. PAGES357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued underarticle 356 ............................................................................................................. 225-226 358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies. ................ 226-227359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part IIIduring emergencies ............................................................................................ 227-228359A. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 228360. Provisions as to financial emergency ........................................................... 228-230PART XIXMISCELLANEOUS361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs .................... 231-232361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and StateLegislatures .......................................................................................................... 232361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post ...... 232-233362. [Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 233363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties,agreements, etc. .................................................................................................. 233363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privypurses to be abolished ...................................................................................... 234364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes ........................... 234365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions givenby the Union ......................................................................................................... 235366. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 235-239367. Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 239PART XXAMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor ..... 240-241PART XXITEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certainmatters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List ........ 242370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir .... 243-244371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat .... 244-245371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland ....................... 245-249371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam ............................ 250371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur ......................... 250371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh ........ 251-255371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh ...................... 255371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim .......................... 255-259371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram ........................ 259371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh..... 259-260Contents (xvii)ARTICLES .................................................................................................................. PAGES371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa ................................. 260372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation ................. 260-262372A. Power of the President to adapt laws ......................................................... 262373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons underpreventive detention in certain cases ............................................................ 262-263374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pendingin the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council ........................... 263-264375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to theprovisions of the Constitution ....................................................................... 264376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts ...................................................... 264-265377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ................ 265378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions ........................................... 265378A. Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh LegislativeAssembly .............................................................................................................. 266379-391. [Repealed.] ............................................................................................................ 266392. Power of the President to remove difficulties ........................................... 266PART XXIISHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVETEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS393. Short title .............................................................................................................. 267394. Commencement .................................................................................................. 267394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language ................................................... 267-268395. Repeals .................................................................................................................. 268SCHEDULESFIRST SCHEDULEI. The States ............................................................................................................. 269-274II. The Union territories .......................................................................................... 274-275SECOND SCHEDULEPart AProvisions as to the President and the Governors of States .................. 276Part B[Repealed.] .............................................................................................................. 276Part CProvisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Houseof the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of theCouncil of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of theLegislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairmanof the Legislative Council of a State ............................................................ 277Part DProvisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the HighCourts. ................................................................................................................... 277-280Part EProvisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ........ 281THIRD SCHEDULE Forms of Oaths or Affirmations ........................................... 282-284Contents (xviii)ARTICLES .................................................................................................................. PAGESFOURTH SCHEDULEAllocation of seats in the Council of States ................... 285-286FIFTH SCHEDULEProvisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes .............................. 287 Part AGeneral ................................................................................................................ 287 Part BAdministration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes .................................................................................................................. 287-289 Part C Scheduled Areas ............................................................................................. 289-290 Part DAmendment of the Schedule ........................................................................ 290SIXTH SCHEDULEProvisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram............. 291-314SEVENTH SCHEDULEList I Union List ........................................................................................................ 315-321List IIState List .......................................................................................................... 321-326List IIIConcurrent List ............................................................................................ 326-329EIGHTH SCHEDULELanguages .................................................................................. 330NINTH SCHEDULEValidation of certain Acts and Regulations ........................ 331-348TENTH SCHEDULEProvisions as to disqualification on ground of defection ......... 349-353ELEVENTH SCHEDULEPowers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats ..... 354-355TWELFTH SCHEDULEPowers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. .......................................................................................... 356APPENDIXAPPENDIX IThe Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 ......................................................................................................... 357-374APPENDIX IIRe-statement, with reference to the present text of theConstitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject towhich the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu andKashmir .........