DEFINITIONDEFINITION “ “IT IS A SET OF LAWS AND RULES IT IS A SET OF LAWS AND RULES

SETTING UP THE MACHINERY OF THE SETTING UP THE MACHINERY OF THE GOVERNMRNT OF A STATE AND WHICH GOVERNMRNT OF A STATE AND WHICH DEFINES AND DETERMINES THE DEFINES AND DETERMINES THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS AND AREAS OF INSTITUTIONS AND AREAS OF GOVERNMENT, THE EXECUTIVE, THE GOVERNMENT, THE EXECUTIVE, THE LAGISLATURE AND THE JUDICIARY, THE LAGISLATURE AND THE JUDICIARY, THE CENTRAL, THE REGIONAL AND THE CENTRAL, THE REGIONAL AND THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.”LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.”

HISTORICAL BACK GROUND HISTORICAL BACK GROUND OF CONSTITUTIONOF CONSTITUTION

CABINET MISSIONCABINET MISSION

THREE BRITISH CABINET MINISTERS WERE DEVELOPED THE FRAMEWORK OF THREE BRITISH CABINET MINISTERS WERE DEVELOPED THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CONSTITUTION. THE ASSEMBLY BEGAN WORK ON 9 DECEMBER 1947. THE CONSTITUTION. THE ASSEMBLY BEGAN WORK ON 9 DECEMBER 1947.

THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

THE PEOPLE OF INDIA ELECTED THE MEMBERS. DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR WAS THE PEOPLE OF INDIA ELECTED THE MEMBERS. DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR WAS APPOINTED THE CHAIRMAN OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE).THE CONSTITUENT APPOINTED THE CHAIRMAN OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE).THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY MET FOR 166 DAYS.SPREAD OVER A PERIOD OF 2 YEARS, 11 MONTHS AND ASSEMBLY MET FOR 166 DAYS.SPREAD OVER A PERIOD OF 2 YEARS, 11 MONTHS AND 18 DAYS 18 DAYS

OBJECTIVES OF THE CONSTITUTION:

► 1NDIA IS AN INDEPENDENT, SOVEREIGN, 1NDIA IS AN INDEPENDENT, SOVEREIGN, AND REPUBLIC AND REPUBLIC

► INDIA SHALL BE A UNION OF PREVIOUS INDIA SHALL BE A UNION OF PREVIOUS BRITISH INDIAN TERRITORIES, INDIAN BRITISH INDIAN TERRITORIES, INDIAN STATES, AND OTHER PARTS OUTSIDE STATES, AND OTHER PARTS OUTSIDE BRITISH INDIA AND INDIAN STATES AS ARE BRITISH INDIA AND INDIAN STATES AS ARE WILLING TO BE A PART OF THE UNION WILLING TO BE A PART OF THE UNION

CONTI..CONTI..► TERRITORIES FORMING THE UNION SHALL BE TERRITORIES FORMING THE UNION SHALL BE

AUTONOMOUS UNITS AND EXERCISE ALL POWERS AUTONOMOUS UNITS AND EXERCISE ALL POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION, EXCEPT THOSE ASSIGNED TO OR ADMINISTRATION, EXCEPT THOSE ASSIGNED TO OR VESTED IN THE UNIONVESTED IN THE UNION

► ALL POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF SOVEREIGN AND ALL POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT INDIA AND ITS CONSTITUTION SHALL INDEPENDENT INDIA AND ITS CONSTITUTION SHALL FLOW FROM THE PEOPLE FLOW FROM THE PEOPLE

► ALL PEOPLE OF INDIA SHALL BE GUARANTEED AND ALL PEOPLE OF INDIA SHALL BE GUARANTEED AND SECURED SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SECURED SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL JUSTICE; EQUALITY OF STATUS AND OPPORTUNITIES JUSTICE; EQUALITY OF STATUS AND OPPORTUNITIES BEFORE LAW; AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF BEFORE LAW; AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF TALK, EXPRESSION, BELIEF, FAITH, WORSHIP, TALK, EXPRESSION, BELIEF, FAITH, WORSHIP, VOCATION, ASSOCIATION AND ACTION — SUBJECT VOCATION, ASSOCIATION AND ACTION — SUBJECT TO LAW AND PUBLIC MORALITY. TO LAW AND PUBLIC MORALITY.

CONTI..CONTI..

► THE MINORITIES, BACKWARD AND TRIBAL THE MINORITIES, BACKWARD AND TRIBAL AREAS, DEPRESSED AND OTHER BACKWARD AREAS, DEPRESSED AND OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES SHALL BE PROVIDED ADEQUATE CLASSES SHALL BE PROVIDED ADEQUATE SAFEGUARD SAFEGUARD

► THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF THE THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF THE REPUBLIC AND ITS SOVEREIGN RIGHTS ON REPUBLIC AND ITS SOVEREIGN RIGHTS ON LAND, SEA AND AIR SHALL BE MAINTAINE1 LAND, SEA AND AIR SHALL BE MAINTAINE1 ACCORDING TO JUSTICE AND LAW OF ACCORDING TO JUSTICE AND LAW OF CIVILIZED NATIONS; CIVILIZED NATIONS;

► THE LAND WOULD MAKE FULL AND WILLING THE LAND WOULD MAKE FULL AND WILLING CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROMOTION OF CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROMOTION OF WORLD PEACE AND WELFARE OF MANKIND. WORLD PEACE AND WELFARE OF MANKIND.

PREAMBLEPREAMBLE

IT IS AN INTRODUCTORY IT IS AN INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT OF INDIAN STATEMENT OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION. CONSTITUTION.

IT IS THE MAIN PHILOSOPHY OF IT IS THE MAIN PHILOSOPHY OF CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION

COMPONENTS OF PREAMBLECOMPONENTS OF PREAMBLE DECLARATIVEDECLARATIVE: :

PURPOSE OF THIS PORTION IS OBVIOUSLY PURPOSE OF THIS PORTION IS OBVIOUSLY DECLARATORY AND ASSERTIVE REGARDING THE DECLARATORY AND ASSERTIVE REGARDING THE CONSTITUTION BY THE PEOPLE OF INDIA.CONSTITUTION BY THE PEOPLE OF INDIA.

OBLIGATORY:OBLIGATORY: IT IS THE OBJECTIVE PART OF PREAMBLE IT IS THE OBJECTIVE PART OF PREAMBLE

SOME OF THE IMPORTANT WORDS IN THE SOME OF THE IMPORTANT WORDS IN THE PREAMBLE:PREAMBLE:– SOVEREIGNSOVEREIGN– SOCIALISTSOCIALIST– SECULAR:SECULAR:– DEMOCRATICDEMOCRATIC– REPUBLICREPUBLIC

DESCRIPTIVEDESCRIPTIVE::IMPLICITLY INCORPORATES THE IMPLICITLY INCORPORATES THE

CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS THAT OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES, BOTH OF THAT OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES, BOTH OF WHICH APPEAR SUBSEQUENTLY IN THE WHICH APPEAR SUBSEQUENTLY IN THE CONSTITUTION.CONSTITUTION.

SCHEDULESSCHEDULES

1. STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES.1. STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES.2. EMOLUMENTS (COMPENSATION) FOR 2. EMOLUMENTS (COMPENSATION) FOR

HIGH-LEVEL OFFICIALSHIGH-LEVEL OFFICIALS3. FORMS OF OATHS.3. FORMS OF OATHS.4. DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF SEATS 4. DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF SEATS

IN THE RAJYA SABHA PER STATE OR UNION IN THE RAJYA SABHA PER STATE OR UNION TERRITORY;TERRITORY;

5. PROVISIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION 5. PROVISIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED CASTS AND AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED CASTS AND SCHEDULED TRIBESCHEDULED TRIBE

CONTI..CONTI..

6. PROVISIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION 6. PROVISIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF TRIBAL AREAS IN ASSAM;OF TRIBAL AREAS IN ASSAM;

7. THE UNION (CENTRAL GOVERNMENT), 7. THE UNION (CENTRAL GOVERNMENT), STATE, AND CONCURRENT (DUAL) LISTS STATE, AND CONCURRENT (DUAL) LISTS OF RESPONSIBILITIES;OF RESPONSIBILITIES;

8. THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES;8. THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES;9. ARTICLE 31B-VALIDITY EXCLUDED FROM 9. ARTICLE 31B-VALIDITY EXCLUDED FROM

COURT’S REVIEW (LAND AND TENURE COURT’S REVIEW (LAND AND TENURE REFORMS; THE ASSOCIATION OF SIKKIM REFORMS; THE ASSOCIATION OF SIKKIM WITH INDIA);WITH INDIA);

CONTI..CONTI..

10. ANTI-DEFECTION PROVISIONS FOR 10. ANTI-DEFECTION PROVISIONS FOR MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND MEMBERS OF THE STATE MEMBERS OF THE STATE LEGISLATURES;LEGISLATURES;

11. PANCHAYAT RAJ (RURAL 11. PANCHAYAT RAJ (RURAL DEVELOPMENT)DEVELOPMENT)

12. MUNICIPALITY (URBAN PLANNING).12. MUNICIPALITY (URBAN PLANNING).

AMENDMENTSAMENDMENTSMETHODS OF AMENDMENTMETHODS OF AMENDMENT

BY SIMPLE MAJORITY OF THE PARLIAMENT: BY SIMPLE MAJORITY OF THE PARLIAMENT: AMENDMENTS IN THIS CATEGORY CAN BE AMENDMENTS IN THIS CATEGORY CAN BE MADE BY A SIMPLE MAJORITY OF MADE BY A SIMPLE MAJORITY OF MEMBERS PRESENT AND VOTING, BEFORE MEMBERS PRESENT AND VOTING, BEFORE SENDING THEM FOR THE PRESIDENT’S SENDING THEM FOR THE PRESIDENT’S ASSENT. ASSENT.

BY SPECIAL MAJORITY OF THE BY SPECIAL MAJORITY OF THE PARLIAMENT: AMENDMENTS CAN BE MADE PARLIAMENT: AMENDMENTS CAN BE MADE IN THIS CATEGORY BY A TWO THIRD IN THIS CATEGORY BY A TWO THIRD MAJORITY OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF MAJORITY OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF MEMBERS PRESENT AND VOTING, WHICH MEMBERS PRESENT AND VOTING, WHICH SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN HALF OF THE SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN HALF OF THE TOTAL MEMBERSHIP OF THE HOUSE.TOTAL MEMBERSHIP OF THE HOUSE.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIESDUTIES

COMES UNDER PART III AND PART IV OF COMES UNDER PART III AND PART IV OF THE CONSTITUTION THE CONSTITUTION

PART III CONTAINS 24 ARTICLES FROM 12-PART III CONTAINS 24 ARTICLES FROM 12-3535 THESE RIGHTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED THESE RIGHTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO SIX GROUPS: INTO SIX GROUPS:

A) RIGHT TO EQUALITY A) RIGHT TO EQUALITY B) RIGHT TO PARTICULAR FREEDOM B) RIGHT TO PARTICULAR FREEDOM C) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION C) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION D) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION D) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION

E) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS E) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS F) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES F) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES

SOME OF THE DUTIES ARE:SOME OF THE DUTIES ARE: TO RESPECT IDEALS, AND TO RESPECT IDEALS, AND

INSTITUTIONS AND SYMBOLS SET UP INSTITUTIONS AND SYMBOLS SET UP BY THE CONSTITUTION,BY THE CONSTITUTION,

TO DEFEND THE UNITY AND TO DEFEND THE UNITY AND INTEGRITY OF THE COUNTRY AND INTEGRITY OF THE COUNTRY AND RENDER NATIONAL SERVICE IN RENDER NATIONAL SERVICE IN DEFENCE OF ITS INDEPENDENCE,DEFENCE OF ITS INDEPENDENCE,

TO VALUE THE RICH HERITAGE OF TO VALUE THE RICH HERITAGE OF INDIA’S COMPOSITE CULTURE AND TO INDIA’S COMPOSITE CULTURE AND TO PROMOTE SPIRIT OF HARMONY AND PROMOTE SPIRIT OF HARMONY AND BROTHERHOOD RISING ABOVE BROTHERHOOD RISING ABOVE NARROW SECTARIAN FEELINGS,NARROW SECTARIAN FEELINGS,

CONTI..CONTI.. TO FOLLOW THE NOBLE IDEALS WHICH TO FOLLOW THE NOBLE IDEALS WHICH

INSPIRED OUR NATIONAL STRUGGLE INSPIRED OUR NATIONAL STRUGGLE AND TO DEVELOP A SCIENTIFIC AND TO DEVELOP A SCIENTIFIC TEMPER, HUMANISM AND THE SPIRIT TEMPER, HUMANISM AND THE SPIRIT OF INQUIRY AND REFORMS,OF INQUIRY AND REFORMS,

TO SAFEGUARD PUBLIC PROPERTY TO SAFEGUARD PUBLIC PROPERTY AND AVOID VIOLENCE, ANDAND AVOID VIOLENCE, AND

TO STRIVE TOWARDS EXCELLENCE IN TO STRIVE TOWARDS EXCELLENCE IN ALL SPHERES OF ACTIVITY.ALL SPHERES OF ACTIVITY.

CONSTITUTION FOR A DEMOCRATIC COUNTRYESSENTIALS OF DEMOCRACY

- PERIDICALLY ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE

- HAVE AN OPPORTUNITIES TO CHANGE THE GOVERNMENT

- POLITICAL DEMOCRACY IMPLIES RULE OF LAW, POLITICAL EQUALITY AND LMITED GOVERNMENT

CONTI..

NATURE OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY

PARLIAMENT IS THE SUPERIOR ORGAN OF THE STATE AND THE EXECUTIVE- THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS- IS RESPONSIBLE AND ACCOUNTABLE TO IT.

INDIAN INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE

SYSTEMSYSTEM

INDIANADMINISTRATIVE INDIANADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE PRE-SYSTEM IN THE PRE-

INDEPENDENCE PERIOD:INDEPENDENCE PERIOD:

VEDIC TIMESVEDIC TIMES

MONARCHIALMONARCHIAL

(KING/ QUEEN)(KING/ QUEEN) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

EMPIRES PERIODEMPIRES PERIOD

EMPIRESEMPIRES

PROVINCES STATE ADMINISTRATIONPROVINCES STATE ADMINISTRATION DISTRICT NUMEROUS DEPARTMENTSDISTRICT NUMEROUS DEPARTMENTS

URBAN RURAL EMBASSIES DEVELOPMENTURBAN RURAL EMBASSIES DEVELOPMENT FOR OBSERVATIONFOR OBSERVATION AND INSPECTION AND INSPECTION

DURING MAURYAN DURING MAURYAN ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

CENTRAL OFFICERS, SUBORDINATED BY, CENTRAL OFFICERS, SUBORDINATED BY,

- - PROVINCIALPROVINCIAL

- DISTRICT- DISTRICT

- VILLAGE OFFICERS- VILLAGE OFFICERS GOVERNMENT OFFICERS(HEAD- GOVERNMENT OFFICERS(HEAD-

MINISTRY OF ADVISOR)MINISTRY OF ADVISOR)

- CITY OFFICERS- CITY OFFICERS

- MINISTRY- MINISTRY

- VILLGE- VILLGE

NATIONALIST MOVEMENTSNATIONALIST MOVEMENTS

WAR BETWEEN DIFFERENT WAR BETWEEN DIFFERENT RULES IN INDIA HAS BECOME A RULES IN INDIA HAS BECOME A REASON FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REASON FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH RULEBRITISH RULE

BREITISH RULE BREITISH RULE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

PROVINCES (60%)PROVINCES (60%)

COMPLETELY UNDER BRITISH CONTROLCOMPLETELY UNDER BRITISH CONTROL

1. DISTRICT –DISTRICT OFFICER1. DISTRICT –DISTRICT OFFICER

2. THALUK-HEAD MAN2. THALUK-HEAD MAN

PRINCLY STATES (40%)PRINCLY STATES (40%)STATES IN BRITISH INDIA CONTROLED STATES IN BRITISH INDIA CONTROLED BY LOCAL RULER OR KING.BY LOCAL RULER OR KING.

POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION

BEFORE INDEPENDENCE-LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

AFTER INDEPENDENCE-REPUBLIC SYSTEM

ELECTION HELD AT 3 LEVELS1. NATIONAL2. STATE3. CITY,TOWN AND VILLAGE

SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION

PARLIAMENT INDIAN JUDICIARY PANCHAYAT RAJ

PARLIAMENT

CONSISTS OF1. ONE PRESIDENT2. RAJYA SABHA3. LOK SABHA

THE PRESIDENT

HEAD OF STATE AND FIRST CITIZEN OF INDIA

SUPREME COMMANDER OF THE INDIAN ARMED FORCES

RESPONSIBILITY-MANAGING EXECUTIVE POWERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH CONSTITUTION.

ASSISTANCE FROM COUNCIL OF MINISTERS.

MODE OF ELECTIONELECTED MEMBERS OF

BOTH HOUSES AND ELECTEDMEMBERS OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES.

POWER AND DUTIES 1 EXECUTIVE 2 LEGISLATIVE 3 JUDICIARY

RAJYA SABHA IT IS A PERMANENT BODY. MEMBERS SHOULD HAVE THE AGE OF 30 AND

ABOVE. ELECTED BY THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES OF

THEVARIOUS STSTES. 12 MEMBERS ARE NOMINATED BY THE

PRESIDENT. THESE MEMBERS SHOULD HAVE DISTINCTION IN

THE FIELDS OF ARTS, LITERATURE,SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SERVICE.

1/3 OF MEMBERS ARE RETIRED EVERY 2 YEARSS.

OFFICERS 1. EX-OFFICIO CHAIRMAN (VICE PERSIDENT) 2. DEPUTY CHAIRMAN. FUNCTIONS 1. LEGISLATIVE 2. FINANCIAL

PASSING OF MONEY BILLS.RAJYA SABHA WILL RECOMMEND THIS BILL

WITHIN 14 DAYS.LOK SABHA ACCEPT OR REJECT THESES

RECOMMENDATIONS. 3. ADMINISTRATIVE –JUDGEMENTAL ACTION OF

GOVERNMENT.

4.CONSTITUENT FUNCTION5.MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION. The Vice-President of India is elected by an electoral

college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament.

Participation in the election of president of India. A Judge of Supreme Court or a High Court may be removed

for misbehavior passed by both houses. The approval of the council of states is necessary for the

continuance of a proclamation of emergency .

THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE (LOK SABHA)

Members are elected by the people. Eligibility criteria:-1. Citizen of an India2. 25 yr and above3. Members can be selected from

state and union territories.

PRESIDING OFFICERS

SPEAKER DEPUTY SPEAKER RESPONSIBILITY-CONDUCT OF MEETING. CURRENT MEMBERS-545 530 ARE FROM STATE

13 ARE FROM UNION TERRITORIES. 2 NOMINATED MEMBERS ARE

REPRESENTING THE ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY.

SPEAKER

Symbolizes the dignity and power of the House.

The Speaker can be removed from office only on resolution of the House passed by a majority of all the members of the House.

No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker. The Constitution only requires that he should be a member of the House.

The Committees of the House function under the overall direction of the Speaker.

The Speaker is the head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat which functions under his ultimate control and direction.

FUNCTIONS1. LEGISLATIVE2. FINANCIAL-MONEY BILL IT SHOULD BE PASSED BY L.S THROUGH

AUDITING AND WILL TRANSMITT TO R.S3. ELECTORAL

ELECTING PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT.

4. EXECUTIVE –CONSTANT CONTROL OF THE HOUSE OVER GOVERNMENT.

VICE PRESIDENT

MUST POSSESS ALL QUALIFICATIONS OF PRESIDENT.

HE MAY ACT AS A PRESIDENT IN CAUSAL VACCANCY IN OFFICE OF PRESIDENT.

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS(CABINET COMMITTEE)

CONSISTS OF CABINET MINISTERS OF STATES AND JUNIOR MINISTERS.

MEETINGS HELD NORMALY ONCE A WEEK. HELD IN RASHTRAPATHI BHAVAN. PREPARE ONE AGENDA BY CABINET

SECRETARIATE IN CONSULTATION WITH PRIME MINISTER.

LAST DECISION WILL TAKE BY PRIME MINISTER.

CHIEF MINISTER –HEAD OF HE STATE. FIGUREHEAD OF THE STATE IS THE

GOVERNOR

INDIAN PARLIA MENTARY GROUP

Is an autonomous body formed in the year 1949 in pursuance of a Motion adopted by the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 16 August, 1948.

Aims and Objects The aims and objects of the Indian Parliamentary

Group are: (i) To promote personal contacts between

Members of Parliament; (ii) To study questions of public importance that

are likely to come up before Parliament and arrange Seminars and discussions and orientation courses

iii) To arrange lectures on political, defence, economic, social and educational problems by Members of Parliament and distinguished persons; and

(iv) To arrange visits to foreign countries with a view to develop contacts with Members of other Parliaments.

Advantages of Membership of the IPG

The main advantage of membership of the Indian Parliamentary Groupare as follows:-

(a) Travel facilities and concession (b) Introductions and hospitality (c) Preferential Treatment (d) Free supply of periodicals

FACILITIES TO EX-MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

> Pensioner Benefits > Free Rail Travel Facility > Medical Facilities > Family Pension to Spouse

INDIAN JUDICIARY The Judicial system comprises of Supreme Court,

High courts, District courts and Lok adalats . Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of

the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India.

According to the Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme Court of India is that of a centralized court, protector of the Constitution and the highest court of appeal.

The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters, which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India under Article 143 of the Constitution.

High Courts of India The High Courts are the principal national courts of original

jurisdiction in the state, and can try all offences including those punishable with death. The work of most High Courts consists of Appeals from lowers courts and summons or petitions in terms of Article 226 of the Constitution of India.

District Courts of India The District Courts of India are

controlled over by a judge. They govern justice in India at a district level. These courts are under governmental and judicial control of the High Court of the State .

PANCHAYATRAJ

It was adopted by state governments during the 1950s and 60s laws were passed to establish Panchayats in various states. It also found backing in the Indian Constitution .

Panchayat at Village Level: Panchayat consists of Gram Sabha,

Gram Panchayat and Nyaya Panchayat.

Gram Sabha: Gram Sabha elects the members of

Gram Panchayat from its members. It elects Sarpanch and Deputy_Sarpanch of the village Panchayat.

Gram Panchayat: . It is the executive organ of the

Gram Sabha and an agency for planning and development at the village level. It caters to a population of 200ft Functions include civic administration, including and public health and social and economic development of village.

NyayaPanchayat: It is the judicial organ of the Gram

Sabha. There is one Nyaya Panchayat for a group of 5 Village Panchayats. The Nyaya Panchayat tries civil cases and minor criminal offences.

At the Block Level: The block consists of about 100 villages

and a population of about 59000 to, l29000 The Panchayat Samiti consists of all Sarpanchas (heads) of Village Panchayats in the Block.

The Block Development Officer is the Ex-officio Secretary of the Panchayat Samiti.

The prime function is the execution of the community development.

At the District Level. Zila Parishad: It is the agency of rural local self

government at the district level. The members of Zila Parishad include

heads of the Panchayat Samitis in the district, MPS, MLAS of the district representatives of scheduled_castes, scheduled tribes and 2 persons of experience in a administration, public life or rural development.