construction of breakwaters
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Breakwaters are man made structures
constructed to protect Port and Harbour
structures from fury of ocean waves and
provide tranquil conditions for ships at
berth.
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BREAKWATERPROFILES
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Breakwaters are mainly classified
under the following four groupsdepending upon their type of
construction and sea-ward slope.
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Vertical breakwater - Type V
Composite breakwater - Type C
Special type of breakwaters
Sloping breakwater - Type S
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Sloping breakwater - Type S:
This has a sea-ward sloping face of 1:1 or
flatter.
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Vertical breakwater - Type V:
This has a vertical or near vertical sea-
ward face
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Composite breakwater - TypeC:
This consists of a vertical breakwaterconstructed on a rubble foundation
with slope on both sides.
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Special type of breakwaterssuch as
sub-merged breakwaters,
floating breakwaters,
bubble screen
(compressed air) breakwaters
are used for special applications.
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Typical cross sectionsof the first three types
of breakwaters are shown in the Figure.
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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF BREAKWATERS
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Rubble Mound
Conventional multi-layerrubble mound
Multi-layer rubble mound
with superstructure
Berm Breakwater
Reef Breakwater
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TYPES OF RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATERS
Conventional Rubblemound Breakwater
Toe
Core
LeesideSeaside
Filter
Crest
LWL
HWL
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Berm Breakwater
CORE
CREST
BERM
SEA SIDE LEE SIDE
FILTER
LWL
HWL
N EPT F WIDE T E BERM IN DE I N
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N EPT F WIDE T E-BERM IN DE I N
OF RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATER
Wide Toe Core
LeesideSeasideCrest
LWL
HWL
Filter
Breakwater with Wide - Toe Berm
+11 m7 m
Lee SideSea Side
20 m0.0 m Core
35 t
- 7 m
Damage Profile
COST COMPARISON
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Net Saving = Rs. 12 Crores
COST COMPARISON
OF CONVENTIONAL & WIDE TOE BERM BREAKWATER
Conventional
1) Tetrapod = 43 T ( 73 Cum / m)@ Rs. 6000/Cum = Rs. 4.38 Lakh / m
2) Toe berm = ( 3-5 t stones)= 181 T/m
@ Rs. 340/ T = Rs. 0.62 Lakh/ Rmt
3) Secondary ( 0.75- 2t stones) = 566 T/m
@ Rs. 340/ T = Rs. 1.92 Lakh / Rmt
4) Core Stones ( 5-500 kg) = 600 T/m
@ Rs. 250/ T = Rs. 1.40 Lakh / m
Total = Rs. 8.32 Lakh / m
Total Cost for 600 m = Rs 49.9 Crore
Wide Toe Berm
1) Tetrapod = 12 T ( 46 Cum / m)@ Rs. 4475/ Cum = Rs. 2.05 Lakh / m
2) 20 m toe berm ( 3-5 t stones)= 275 T/m
@ Rs. 340/ T = Rs. 0.94 Lakh/ Rmt
3) Secondary ( 0.75- 2t stones) = 566 T/m
@ Rs. 340/ T = Rs. 1.92 Lakh / Rmt
4) Core Stones ( 5-500 kg) = 600 T/m
@ Rs. 250/ T = Rs. 1.40 Lakh / m
Total = Rs.6.31 Lakh / m
Rs 37.9 Crore
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Various types of natural rock are
normally used. However, when
sufficiently large blocks are not available
from the quarry or the wave conditions
are very severe at the breakwater
locations, the concrete artificial armour
unitsare used.
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About 40 different types of artificial
armour units have been developed.The important among them are
shown in Figure.
ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR BREAKWATERS
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ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR BREAKWATERS
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BREAKWATER DESIGN FORMULAE
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RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER SLOPES
The stability of the Breakwater is
dependent on its slope.
The weight of the armour unit increases
with the steepness in slope.
Generally adopted slopes are 1:1.5 to 1:3
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STABILITY TESTS
Though the cross section of the
breakwater are evolved based on the
Empirical Formulae, it is essential to carry
out a Flume Test with Random Waves.
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MODEL TESTS
Mathematical Model
Physical Model
Wave Basin and
Wave Flume
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OPTIMISATION OF DESIGN OFRUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATERS
Hydraulic Model Studies in Wave Flumes / Basins
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MODES OF FAILURES OF CONVENTIONAL
RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATER
Slip FailureScour
Berm & Toe
Erosion Filter
InstabilityCore Settlement
Sub Soil Settlement
Erosion, Breakage
of Armour
Overtopping
Breaking, Sliding,
Tilting of CoppingWall
VentingSlip FailureSlip Failure
RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS
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RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERSRecommended three layer section
(Shore Protection Manual1984)
VERTICAL BREAKWATERS
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Conventional Caisson Type Breakwater
Conventional Block Type Breakwater
Sloping Top Type Breakwater
VERTICAL BREAKWATERS
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Perforated Wall Type Breakwater
Japanese Type Breakwater
Composite Type Breakwater
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RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATER
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
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Land or Marine Haul of Material
Land or Marine Placing of Materials
Construction from Shore outwards and
Construction from offshore towards shore
One or all the above combination may be
required in a particular project.
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Land Based Equipment
Direct Dumping of Material
Dump Trucks
Loaders and
Cranes
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Land Based Equipment
Controlled Placing
Cranes
BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION
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LAND BASED EQUIPMENT
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DIGITAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BLAST FACEBEFORE BLASTING.
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SORTING OF STONES IN QUARRY
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Q
LOADING OF STONES INTO DUMPERS
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TRANSPORT OF STONES FROM
QUARRY TO BREAKWATER
CASTING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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CASTING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
STACKING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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STACKING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKSSTACKYARD
HANDLING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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HANDLING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
HANDLING ATTACHMENT FOR ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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HANDLING ATTACHMENT FOR ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
HANDLING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS IN STACKYARD
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HANDLING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS IN STACKYARD
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PLACING OF ARMOUR STONES
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PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
PLACING OF ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE BLOCKS
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BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION - LAND BASED TECHNIQUES
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Floating Equipment
Direct Dumping of Material
Split Barges
Bottom Door Barges
Tilting Barges
Floating Equipment
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Floating Equipment
Controlled Placing Side Stone Dumping Vessel
Fall Pipe Vessel
Flat Deck Barges with Bull Dozer
Pontoon with a Crane
BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTIONFLOATING EQUIPMENT
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Q
Split Hopper Barge Dumping through a pipeSide Stone DumpingVessel
CONSTRUCTION - GEOTEXTILE
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CONSTRUCTION - CORE
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CONSTRUCTION CORE
CONSTRUCTION - TOE
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CONSTRUCTION - CORELOC
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VERTICAL BREAKWATER
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
CAISSON UNDER CONSTRUCTION
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CAISSON BEING TOWED TO POSITION
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CAISSON BEING TOWED TO POSITION
CAISSON IN POSITION
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BREAKWATER CASE STUDIES
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PARADIP PORT
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PARADIP PORT
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PORT OF VISAKHAPATNAM LAYOUT OF OUTER HARBOUR
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CHENNAI PORT
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TUTICORIN PORT
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MORMUGAO PORT
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NEW MANGALORE PORT
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NEW MANGALORE PORT
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KAKINADA PORT BREAKWATER
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MOPLABAY CANNANORE
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FISHERIES HARBOUR
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REHABILITATION OF BREAKWATERS
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CONSTRAINTS IN REHABILITATION OFBREAKWATER
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BREAKWATER
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
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Freak waves of 4 m to 8 m height attackedbreakwater on 10 April 1987
Breakwater was in construction stage. Breakwater was designed for 4.0 m waves.
Higher waves overtopped the breakwater.
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DAMAGED BREAKWATER AT PORBANDAR
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Causes of damage
Severe cycloneof June 1998caused total damage to 600 mlength of breakwater from the
roundhead.
Higher waves than designwave lead to overtopping oflower crest
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