construction techniques of traditional malay house: … · 2020. 9. 28. · use of kelarai wall to...
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CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF TRADITIONAL
MALAY HOUSE: A CASE STUDY OF RUMAH KUTAI
PERAK
BY
KHAIRUL FIKRI BIN KHAIRUDIN
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the
degree of Master of Science (Built Environment)
Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
International Islamic University Malaysia
NOVEMBER 2019
i
ABSTRACT
The uniqueness of Rumah Kutai in terms of the fineness of the carvings on the doors,
windows openings, walls and the wide use of its ceilings. It is also reinforced by the
long-standing history of the building and its occupants. In view of the uniqueness of the
architecture, it appears to be inseparable from some of the influences of the exterior
architecture, especially the architectural influences of the Rumah Aceh and Rumah Adat
Bugis from Sumatra. However, certain features of the architecture and its structural
materials remain with its own identity, namely the architecture of the local people of
Perak. These special features are especially noticeable in the lebah bergantung and the
use of kelarai wall to glaze over the screen. The Kutai House consists of two types,
namely the tiang 12 and the tiang 16. The roof structure with a unique technology
system, the sliding doors and the windows of its own could never be seen on other
traditional Malay house architectural elements both in Malaysia and other regions.
Due to rapid modern development, traditional Malay houses seem to disappear from
the landscape of Malaysia. The advancement of technology has deteriorated the
construction of traditional Malay houses, making people choose a modern house over a
traditional Malay house because of its efficiency and effectiveness. Such action has
made these traditional houses less practised in Malaysia and made it difficult to preserve
these structures. The research aims are to study the specific construction techniques
applied for Rumah Kutai and identify the jointing system type used by the house based
on its type. Its objectives include understanding the sequence and chronological process
of erecting Rumah Kutai; to identify the method of construction applied for Rumah
Kutai, and to document the selected construction method applied for Rumah Kutai for
future reference and preservation. Rumah Kutai is a type of indigenous Perak traditional
house which was selected for detailed observation. Five (5) houses which comprised of
two (2) Kutai Asli and three (3) Kutai Anjung Beranda were analyzed and compared on
their construction techniques and tanggam system that was applied to the house. The
houses were investigated using graphical documentation and measured drawing which
is done during the site visit and via semi-structured interview. A semi-structured
interview was conducted with the surrounding neighbourhood and the caretaker of the
houses to collect information pertaining to the house especially on the alteration that
has been made to the house. Also, a semi-structured interview was conducted with six
(6) experts in Rumah Kutai and traditional Malay construction techniques. The results
revealed that the construction of Rumah Kutai between Kutai Asli and Kutai Anjung
Beranda has depicted similarity on the sequence of constructing the house, which starts
with the erection of structural components followed by the non-structural components.
The findings indicated that the construction of traditional Rumah Kutai was mainly
influenced by the knowledge of the tukang of the house especially on the use of tanggam
system. By having this data, it was possible to document the techniques of the
construction applied for Rumah Kutai. It is expected that the documentation of the
construction method of Rumah Kutai could give insight and reference to the generation
in inquiring knowledge of traditional Malay construction, and could benefit heritage
body, society and those concerned with traditional buildings in Malaysia.
ii
البحث خلاصة
وقد زادت أصالته بتاريخه الأبواب والنوافذ والجدران والأسقف الواسعة، يتميز البيت الملايوي التقليدي بدقة النحت علىة المعمارية الخارجية، ولا الطويل ومكانته من حيث الطابع المعماري الفريد داخل المبنى الذي لا يتجزأ؛ بتأثير من الهندس
ات العمارة والمواد الأساس سم سيما تأثير البيوت التقليدية في آتشيه وأدات بوجس في سومطرة، ولكن؛ تحتفظ بعضالخشبية المنحوتة على بهويتها الخاصة، ولا سيما عمارة السكان الأصليين لولاية بيراك التي تُلاحَظ بخاصة في القطعٍ، واستعمال جدارية )كلاري( لتزجيج فتحات النوافذ، وللبيت الملايوي التقليدي ن ، ١٢وعان؛ هما: تيانج شكلِ مُعينن
لاقية والنوافذ مماثلة وتتميز هيكلية الأسقف بنظام تقاني مميز، ولا يمكن رؤية عناصر معمارية للأبواب الانز ،١٦وتيانج نارر الطبيعية في ماليزيا، ما في سائر ماليزيا وما حولها، ونتيجة سرعة التطور الحديث تكاد تخلو البيوت التقليدية من الم
كفاءتها، ومن ثم؛ قلن ا، مما جعل الناس تختار المنازل الحديثة عليها؛ بسببفقد أدى التقدم التقاني إلى تراجع بنائهلخاصة المطبقة في البيت استعمال البيوت الملايوية التقليدية والحفاظ عليها، ويهدف البحث إلى بيان أساليب البناء ا
جعلها مرجعًا، وللحفاظ على يقها، و الملايوي التقليدي، وتحديد نوع نظام توصيل القطع الخشبية حسب نوع البيت؛ لتوثرنة خمسة بيوت من حيث تاريخها؛ إذ تعدُّ البيوت الملايوية التقليدية ميزة للسكان الأصليين في بيراك، وقد جرت مقا
أثناء الزيارات الميدانية تقنيات البناء ونظام التوصيل المعتمد، مع فحصها باستخدام الرسوم التصويرية والقياسات فييما التعديلات التي ابلات مع سكان المنطقة المحيطة بالبيوت والقائمين على رعايتها؛ لجمع معلومات عنها، ولا سوالمق
لتقليدي، وبينت النتائج أن أجريت عليها، وكانت هذه اللقاءات الميدانية مع ستة خبراء مختصين بتقنيات البناء الملايوي ا المكونات يير الهيكلية، وأن من حيث تسلسل بنائها بنصب الأسس الهيكلية ثم أنواع البيوت الملايوية التقليدية تتشابه
وصيل القطع الخشبية بعضها لخبرة الحرفيين تأثيراً على بناء البيوت الملايوية التقليدية، ولا سيما في استعمال نظام تلتقليدي، ومن المتوقع البيت الملايوي اببعض عند الزوايا، ومن خلال هذه المعلومات كان من الممكن توثيق تقنيات بناء
وأن يفيد هيئة التراث أن يكون هذا التوثيق نظرة متمعنة مرجعية للأجيال للاستفسار عن البيت الملايوي التقليدي ،والمجتمع والمعنيين والمهتمين بالمباني التقليدية في ماليزيا.
iii
APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms
to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and
quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Built Environment).
…………………………………..
Nurul Hamiruddin Salleh
Supervisor
…………………………………..
Srazali Aripin
Co-Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable
standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis
for the degree of Master of Science (Built Environment).
…………………………………..
Sufian Hamat
Internal Examiner
…………………………………..
Mohd Sabrizaa Abdul
Rashid
External Examiner
This thesis was submitted to the Department of Architecture and is accepted as a
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Built Environment)
…………………………………..
Srazali Aripin
Head, Department of Architecture
This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
(Built Environment).
…………………………………..
Abdul Razak Sapian
Dean, Kulliyyah of Architecture
and Environmental Design
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where
otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted
as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Khairul Fikri Bin Khairudin
Signature ........................................................... Date .........................................
v
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF
FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF TRADITIONAL MALAY
HOUSE: A CASE STUDY RUMAH KUTAI PERAK
I declare that the copyright holders of this thesis are jointly owned by student and
IIUM.
Copyright © 2019 Khairul Fikri Bin Khairudin and International Islamic University Malaysia. All
rights reserved.
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder
except as provided below
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research
may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print
or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system
and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM
Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Khairul Fikri Bin Khairudin
……..…………………….. ………………………..
Signature Date
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“Bismillahirrahmanirrahim: In the name of God, the Most Gracious and the Most
Merciful”
Alhamdulillah and I praised Allah the Almighty for His help throughout the completion
of this thesis.
Firstly, it is my utmost pleasure to dedicate this work to my dearest parents,
Khairudin Jaafar, Norzila Mohd Zain and my family, who granted me the gift of their
unwavering belief in my ability to accomplish this goal: thank you for your support
and patience. My gratitude can never be enough.
I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to those who provided their time,
effort and support for this project. To the members of my research thesis, thank you for
sticking with me.
Finally, a special thanks to Asst. Prof. Dr. Nurul Hamiruddin bin Salleh as the
main supervisor for his continuous support, encouragement and leadership. He provided
valuable advice, ideas, recommendations, guidance and knowledge throughout the
research process and for that, I will forever be grateful. I would also take this
opportunity to record my appreciation to my co-supervisor Asst. Prof. Ar. Dr. Srazali
Aripin for the support and motivation in assisting the research journey.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................... i
Abstract in Arabic .................................................................................................... ii
Approval page .......................................................................................................... iii
Declaration ............................................................................................................... iv
Copyright Page ......................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... x
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xvii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research Gap .......................................................................................... 5
1.4 Research Aim.......................................................................................... 5
1.5 Research Objectives................................................................................ 6
1.6 Research Questions ................................................................................. 6
1.7 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 6
1.8 Organization of Thesis ............................................................................ 7
1.9 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................... 11
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 11 2.2 Traditional Malay Houses ....................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Tukang as a Traditional House Builder ........................................ 14
2.2.2 Human Proportions as Medium of Measurement ......................... 15
2.2.3 Construction Process – Step By Step of Erecting Traditional
Malay House ................................................................................. 18
2.3 Timber Jointing System .......................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Tanggam System ........................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Tetupai, Baji, and Pasak ................................................................ 28
2.4 Construction of the Building Components ............................................. 30
2.4.1 Structural Components .................................................................. 31
2.4.2 Non-Structural Components ......................................................... 39
2.5 Rumah Kutai (Kutai House) ................................................................... 45
2.5.1 Type of Rumah Kutai .................................................................... 49
2.6 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................... 54
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 54 3.2 Reviews on Related Methodology .......................................................... 54
3.3 Methodologies Adopted for this Study ................................................... 60
3.3.1 Reviewing the Available Related Literature ................................. 64
3.3.2 Case Study ..................................................................................... 65
viii
3.3.3 Graphical Documentation and Measured Drawings ..................... 65
3.3.4 Semi-Structured Interview ............................................................ 68
3.4 Cross Analysis ........................................................................................ 74
3.5 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 77
CHAPTER FOUR: CASE STUDY ...................................................................... 78
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 78 4.2 Selection of the Rumah Kutai ................................................................. 78
4.2.1 Rumah Perak Pendekar Uda Noh, UPM – RK 1 .......................... 80
4.2.2 Rumah Kutai Mat Isa, Pasir Salak – RK 2 .................................... 84
4.2.3 Rumah Kutai Hajjah Alamiah Luakang, Kulliyyah of
Architecture and Environmental Design (KAED), IIUM – RK
3 ....................................................................................................88
4.2.4 Rumah Kutai Tok Pelita, Pasir Salak – RK 4 ............................... 93
4.2.5 Rumah Kutai Puan Wok Haji Kulup Mat Hassan, Kompleks
Sejarah Pasir Salak, Perak – RK 5 ................................................ 97
4.3 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 102
CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .................................. 103
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 103 5.2 Collection of Data ................................................................................... 103
5.3 Analysis and Result of Semi-Structured Interview................................. 104
5.4 Construction Order of Erecting Rumah Kutai ........................................ 112
5.5 Structure of the Selected Rumah Kutai ................................................... 121
5.5.1 Column Arrangement (House Grid).............................................. 121
5.5.2 Height from Ground to Floor ........................................................ 126
5.5.3 Connection between the Sections of the House ............................ 130
5.6 Connection of the Selected Components of Rumah Kutai ..................... 136
5.6.1 Column to Stump .......................................................................... 137
5.6.2 Beam to Column ........................................................................... 140
5.6.3 Floor to Bendul to Wall ................................................................ 144
5.6.4 Roof Component ........................................................................... 150
5.6.5 Wall Component ........................................................................... 162
5.7 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 167
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 168
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 168 6.2 Discussion of Findings ........................................................................... 168
6.2.1 Sequence and Chronological Process of Erecting Rumah Kutai .. 169
6.2.2 Method of Construction Applied to Rumah Kutai ........................ 170
6.2.3 Documentation of Selected Construction Method Applied to
Rumah Kutai ................................................................................. 172
6.3 Limitation of Research ........................................................................... 173
6.3.1 Financial Constraint ...................................................................... 173
6.3.2 House Condition Constraint .......................................................... 174
6.3.3 Components Measurement Constraint .......................................... 174
6.3.4 Detail Information Pertaining to the House .................................. 174
6.3.5 Material Determination ................................................................. 175
6.3.6 Time Constraint ............................................................................. 175
ix
6.4 Implication of Research .......................................................................... 175
6.5 Recommendations................................................................................... 176
6.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 178
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 180
APPENDIX I: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS- RESIDENT ................................ 183
APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS- EXPERTS ................................. 186
APPENDIX III: PUBLICATION ........................................................................ 192
APPENDIX IV: LETTER OF PROOFREADING CERTIFICATION .......... 193
GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................... 194
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Number of Rumah Kutai which still exists in Perak 4
Table 2.1 Shows the example of Islamic months and their
consequences if people erect a house in a particular month
19
Table 2.2 Types of wood used in the Traditional Malay house by
Mohd Firrdhaus (2003) extracted from Yuan (2002)
31
Table 3.1 Distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data 55
Table 3.2 An overview of the research methodology by previous
researchers
57
Table 3.3 Techniques adopted to measure the research questions 60
Table 3.4 Checklist of the selected components during the fieldwork 67
Table 3.5 Section of the interview question and the expected outcome 69
Table 3.6 Type of respondents based on the selected Rumah Kutai 70
Table 3.7 List of selected expert/academician for a semi-structured
interview
73
Table 4.1 Justifications of the selected traditional Rumah Kutai. 79
Table 5.1 Results of the semi-structured interview with experts 105
Table 5.2 Arrangement of tiang for the five (5) selected Rumah Kutai
(cont)
122
Table 5.3 Drawings of the five (5) selected Rumah Kutai with its height
of space from the ground
127
Table 5.4 Connections of the sections for the five (5) chosen Rumah
Kutai
131
Table 5.5 Connection from column to stump 138
Table 5.6 The jointing system of the beam to a column of the five (5)
selected Rumah Kutai
141
Table 5.7 Shows the arrangement of floor and bendul to wall 145
xi
Table 5.8 Jointing system of alang panjang and alang pendek column
to the
152
Table 5.9 Connection of tunjuk langit to alang pendek and
panjang
alang 157
Table 5.10 Type of wall of the chosen Rumah Kutai. 163
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Organization of the thesis 9
Figure 2.1 Traditional Malay houses of some states in Malaysia (a)
Rumah Melaka, (b) Rumah Negeri Sembilan, (c) Rumah
Kelantan and (d) Rumah Terengganu
12
Figure 2.2 Reasoning of design applied for traditional Malay house
which served as a sustainable house
13
Figure 2.3 Building elements according to the human body 16
Figure 2.4 Size of the window in proportion to human scale. 17
Figure 2.5 The system measurement based on human proportions. 18
Figure 2.6 The tiang seri of traditional Malay house which is wrapped
with a white cloth.
20
Figure 2.7 The erection of columns. 20
Figure 2.8 The installation of gelegar, pelancar, rasuk and also the
papan lantai.
21
Figure 2.9 The installation of alang panjang, alang pendek, and tunjuk
langit.
22
Figure 2.10 The installation of tulang perabung, kasau lintang and kasau
jantan.
22
Figure 2.11 The type of connections (a) Connection using bond and (b)
Connection using tanggam.
24
Figure 2.12 Tanggam temu 25
xiii
Figure 2.13 Tanggam lekap 26
Figure 2.14 Different types of Tanggam Parit (a) Tanggam parit tepat,
(b) Tanggam bajang berparit and (c) Tanggam parit
bertakuk
27
Figure 2.15 Application of tanggam tebuk 27
Figure 2.16 Several applications of tanggam lubang dan puting (a) alang
pendek to kayu tumpu kasau and (b) column and stump
28
Figure 2.17 Types of tetupai; tetupai pendek and tetupai panjang. 29
Figure 2.18 Figure of (a) baji and (b) pasak that function to support the
components in traditional Malay house and woodworking.
30
Figure 2.19 The function of the base for columns is which to prevent the
columns from sinking into the ground/soil.
32
Figure 2.20 The figure shows the different type of column bases. 32
Figure 2.21 The picture shown is for a connection between the column
and the base using tanggam puting dan tebuk system.
33
Figure 2.22 Tanggam Tebuk connection between (a) floor beam and (b)
column.
34
Figure 2.23 The connection between long-tie and short-tie beam with the
columns using tanggam puting dan tebuk, tanggam parit,
and tanggam lekap.
34
Figure 2.24 The illustrations and components involved in constructing
the floor.
35
Figure 2.25 The connection between bendul and the other part of it. The
connection is secured using pasak.
36
Figure 2.26 Floor and Bendul components 36
Figure 2.27 The basic roof types and additional roof types in Malaysia. 38
Figure 2.28 Roof components. 39
Figure 2.29 Types of walls for Rumah Kutai. (a) Normal Timber Wall (b)
Bamboo Matting Wall (kelarai)
40
Figure 2.30 Slot in timber wall 40
xiv
Figure 2.31 Staircases components and connections using tanggam
puting dan tebuk
41
Figure 2.32 The example of (a) Lebah bergantung and (b) Buah buton 42
Figure 2.33 Papan serong which located high at the roof part of the
house.
43
Figure 2.34 Shows the position of (a) Bendul luar and (b) Bendul dalam
in Rumah Kutai that plays a different role in the system of
the house.
44
Figure 2.35 Example of Papan cantik with floral pattern that carved
within it to gives a beautiful touvch to the Rumah Kutai.
(Source: Retrived from Google)
45
Figure 2.36 The evolution of Rumah Kutai 46
Figure 2.37 Rumah Kutai which preserved by Historical Complex Pasir
Salak that constructed on the year 1900.
47
Figure 2.38 The bamboo matting with Kelarai pattern installed on the
wall of Rumah Kutai.
48
Figure 2.39 Kutai Asli 50
Figure 2.40 Kutai Anjung 51
Figure 2.41 Kutai Anjung Beranda 52
Figure 3.1 Phases for data collection of the research. 62
Figure 3.2 Steps of collecting data for graphic documenting and
measured drawings
66
Figure 3.3 Process of content analysis 76
Figure 4.1 The original shape of the Rumah Perak Uda Noh Kanda
Jaafar which is found in Kampung Pendiat, Bota Kanan
Perak.
80
Figure 4.2 The shape of Rumah Perak Uda Noh Kanda Jaafar (a) front
view and, (b) the side view, after it has been rebuilt at
Muzium Warisan Melayu, UPM which consisted only rumah
ibu.
81
xiv
Figure 4.3 The interior arrangement of Rumah Perak Uda Noh Kanda
Jaafar (a) living room, (b) two rooms inside the house. 81
Figure 4.4 The current floor plan of Rumah Perak Pendekar Uda Noh
Kanda Jaafar, part of rumah ibu. 82
Figure 4.5 Elevations of Rumah Perak Pendekar Uda Noh; (a) Front
elevation and (b) Right elevation. 83
Figure 4.6 Shows the Rumah Kutai Mat Isa (a) frontage and, (b) side
elevation, in Pasir Salak, Perak Tengah. 84
Figure 4.7 The addition of spaces at the house (a) storage underneath
the house and, (b) toilet. 85
Figure 4.8 A review of the floor plan of Rumah Kutai Mat Isa. 86
Figure 4.9 (a) Front elevation and (b) Right elevation of Rumah Kutai
Mat Isa. 87
Figure 4.10 Rumah Kutai Anjung Beranda (a) front view and, (b) the side
of the house, in Parit, Perak. 88
Figure 4.11 The destroyed rumah dapur at the back of the house. 89
Figure 4.12 Construction process at the site (a) erection of column, (b)
installing the roof part, (c) assembling the wall to the
structure and, (d) touch up with finishes. 90
Figure 4.13 Rumah Kutai that has been transferred in front of Kulliyyah
of Architecture and Environmental Design, IIUM. 90
Figure 4.14 Shows the (a) current floor drawing of Rumah Kutai and, (b)
the front elevation of the house, (c) the addition of beranda
at the back of the house. 92
Figure 4.15 The picture taken shows the Rumah Kutai Tok Pelita (a) the
frontage of the house, (b) side view, (c) the destroyed rumah
dapur area and, (d) stumps for the rumah dapur (as
indicated). 93
Figure 4.16 The condition inside of the house (a) anjung area, (b) room
in the house and, (c) view facing to destroyed rumah dapur
from anjung space. 94
Figure 4.17 Floor plan of Rumah Kutai Tok Pelita located in Pasir Salak.
95
xv
Figure 4.18 (a) Front elevation and (b) Right elevation of the house. 96
Figure 4.19 Rumah Kutai Puan Wok Haji Kulup Mat Hassan (a) front
view and, (b) rear view, which relocated at Kompleks
Sejarah Pasir Salak during the year 1989.
97
Figure 4.20 Rumah Kutai Puan Wok Haji Kulup Mat Hassan which
situated along the riverbank at Sungai Perak.
97
Figure 4.21 (a) The current roof of the house – clay type material and, (b)
kelarai patterned wall from tepas material.
98
Figure 4.22 Shows the (a) physical model, (b) addition of wet area with
roofing and, (c) layout of the house.
100
Figure 4.23 Elevations of Rumah Kutai Puan Wok Haji Kulup Mat Isa;
(a) Front elevation and (b) Right elevation.
101
Figure 5.1 Tiang seri found at one of the selected Rumah Kutai, RK 4,
located at the Rumah Ibu space.
113
Figure 5.2 Illustration of the sequence of column erection in the
construction of Rumah Kutai (a) Kutai Asli and (b) Kutai
Anjung Beranda.
115
Figure 5.3 Exploded diagram of (RK 1) – Rumah Perak Pendekar Uda
Noh, UPM
116
Figure 5.4 Exploded diagram of (RK 2) – Rumah Kutai Mat Isa, Pasir
Salak
117
Figure 5.5 Exploded diagram of (RK 3) – Rumah Kutai Hajjah
Alamiyah Luakang, KAED, IIUM
118
Figure 5.6 Exploded diagram of (RK4) – Rumah Kutai Tok Pelita, Pasir
Salak
119
Figure 5.7 Exploded diagram of (RK 5) – Rumah Kutai Puan Wok Haji
Kulup Mat Hassan Kompleks Sejarah Pasir Salak.
120
Figure 5.8 The different tiang size at rumah ibu. 124
Figure 5.9 The position of tiang separuh and tiang penuh with the
difference in height that occupying rumah ibu.
125
Figure 5.10 Tiang Kaki Gajah of Rumah Kutai Tok Pelita. 128
xvi
Figure 5.12
Figure 5.13
The position of tetupai at the column to place the beam for
Rumah Kutai Tok Pelita (RK 4).
The application of tanggam lekap at the beam of the beranda
space of RK 3
143
143
Figure 5.14 The different type of wall used by the houses; normal timber
wall (a) RK 1 (b) RK 3 and, tepas wall (c) RK 5.
147
Figure 5.15 The installation of bendul using gelegar and extended floor
for RK 4.
148
Figure 5.16 Dinding tindih kasih that used to replace the previous tepas
wall of RK 2.
149
Figure 5.17 Papan serong located at Rumah Kutai; (a) RK 1, (b) RK 3,
(c) RK 4 and (d) RK 5.
155
Figure 5.18 (a) Connection of kasau (b) Tanggam tebuk and tanggam
parit bertakuk.
160
Figure 5.19 (a) Connection of kasau, (b) Close up view of the connection
between papan serong, kasau and alang and (c) Exploded
view of the connection.
161
Figure 5.20 Wall assembling process (a) Paneled wall, (b) Wall panel to
be pulled to the structure and (c) Wall panel is nailed to the
house structure.
165
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FAPS Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Surveying
IBS Industrialized Building System
IIUM International Islamic University Malaysia
ISTAC International Institute of Islamic Civilization and English World
KAED Kuliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
RK 1 Rumah Kutai 1
RK 2 Rumah Kutai 2
RK 3 Rumah Kutai 3
RK 4 Rumah Kutai 4
RK 5 Rumah Kutai 5
UiTM Universiti Teknologi MARA
UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Malaysia consists of 14 states which vary in religions, races, and cultures. Every state
has its own cultural practices and religious ritual. The different kinds of cultural
practices have resulted in various types of architectural style, which has its own meaning
and symbolism behind every element. From among the largest 14 states, the research
intended to look into the architecture element of Perak.
Local people of Perak have their own identity especially in expressing
architecture. They legitimately devise their vast knowledge in building traditional
Malay house and cultural influences hence Rumah Kutai came into existence. Rumah
Kutai or Kutai House is a traditional type of Malay house that is indigenous to Perak
and has been in use since 1800. These houses can be found mainly along the Perak river
in three districts; Kuala Kangsar, Perak Tengah, and Pasir Salak.
Basically, the study explores how Rumah Kutai is being constructed in details.
Also, construction techniques of several components in Rumah Kutai will be analyzed
and documented. This is the way to sustain the used or acknowledge the existence of
tanggam probably for future reference as indicated by (Azmal & Nangkula, 2011).
Kutai House or the so-called Rumah Kutai is a traditional type of Malay house
that is indigenous to Perak. The existence of Kutai House is since the 1800s, and
therefore, it is given the name ‘Kutai’ which means old or ancient. As time passed by,
the application of traditional Malay house or Kutai house is no longer practised by the
younger generation. The term “traditional” seems no longer valid in the current era. A
study on Rumah Kutai is basically to explore in details the history and origin of Rumah
2
Kutai itself and precisely identify the technique used in the construction of Rumah
Kutai. By exploring construction methods, especially the mortise technique, it will be
possible to give a detailed view to the next generation about the uniqueness of Rumah
Kutai construction method.
Rumah Kutai has many special features which are really interesting. These
features contribute to sustainable architecture such as bamboo matting wall and raised
floor. It shows how Perak traditional house embraces and interacts with nature. In
today’s building design, sustainability is an important characteristic that should be taken
into account in order to give minimal impact on the environment. With the study of the
arrangement of the interior space, it will be possible to clearly see the arrangement of
space based on the priority of space.
With over hundred years of age, Rumah Kutai has uniqueness in terms of
fineness carved on openings of windows, doors, and walls as well as its use of a range
of mortise (tanggam). The younger generations need to be exposed to such traditional
Malay house characteristics so that the knowledge can be transferred to future
generations. As younger generations lack the knowledge and sense of appreciation of
traditional Malay house, such house may eventually disappear in the next few years. It
stands for a reason that Malay traditional house especially Rumah Kutai needs to be
explored and conserved.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
It is difficult for today’s generation to enjoy the privileges of Kutai house architecture
as it continues to disappear. The main factor that led to the extinction of the Rumah
Kutai is probably the insensitivity of the public about the richness of the heritage,
whether in terms of history or architectural heritage of the house itself (Hassan & Harun,
3
2013). With the advancement of technology and modernization, the application of
construction techniques of traditional Malay houses has slowly been forgotten. That
stands for a reason the unique construction of Rumah Kutai has not been thoroughly
identified, measured and studied in depth.
As the tanggam system has a similarity with the current technology that has
vastly employed by the massive building which is Industrialized Building System (IBS).
Tunku (2016) mentioned that the technique of assembling the whereby the material is
prefabricated and precast offsite and then assembled on the site in which the same
technique applied by the traditional construction technique, tanggam system. IBS
system has become more popular of its easiness in handling and fast in building a
structure. Likewise, tanggam is one of the traditional technique used by past people
where the technology was not as advanced as today. As the similarity has made the
tanggam is something to explore as it may be as useful as IBS system especially by
using local material.
Moreover, the erection of Rumah Kutai is no longer practised. The Rumah Limas
Potong Perak style has become more popular during the early 20th century, thus,
resulted in the number of traditional Rumah Kutai houses shrank (Mohd Sabrizaa,
2017). According to a research done by Kamarul Syahril, Lilawati and Mohd Fareh
(2013), the number of Rumah Kutai left in Perak is really at a crucial level as shown in
Table 1 as it is nearly disappearing. Preservation and conservation of Rumah Kutai
should be done to allow the future generation to view a tradition so that it will not
vanish. Time has changed as modern-style architecture is very different and dominates
the life of the community today. Indeed, this has drowned the traditional residence
which should be respected. Yuan (2002) and Çelik (2009) share the same perspectives
that the extinction of vernacular architecture (local) is because it is influenced by the
4
differing lifestyles and has endured transformations due to the changing social and
cultural structure. Therefore, the documentation of the characteristics of these
traditional dwellings becomes a necessity for their preservation.
Besides that, the traditional method is seemingly no longer valid and practised
by today’s generation. The decreasing number of rural tukang contributes to the factors
that cause the extinction of the traditional Malay house (Yuan, 2002). Abdul Razak
(1999) indicated that the tukang has knowledge attributes that a tukang needs to possess,
and with which he makes the understanding of traditional Malay architecture a holistic
concept. Considering the few numbers of tukang, the traditional construction technique
could not be recognized by the generations. However, many traditional houses are yet
to explore the construction techniques.
Table 1.1 Number of Rumah Kutai which still exists in Perak
Name of Kampung Number of Rumah
Kutai
Kampung Kota 1
Kampung Selat Pulau 5
Kampung Pisang (Atas Jeti) 2
Kampung Bawah Banggul 3
Kampung Takir Pecah 4
Kampung Pasir Salak 4
Kampung Biak Hulu 10
Kampung Bandar Tua 1
Kampung Pasir Panjang 1
Kampung Air Mati 2
Kampung Ciina 1
Kampung Bandar 2
Kampung Tabian (Bayan) 1
Total 37
(Source: A.H. Nasir (1988) as cited by Kamarul Syahril et al. (2013))
5
1.3 RESEARCH GAP
In Malaysia, traditional Malay houses have been thoroughly researched by the
researchers ranging from Rumah Johor, Rumah Negeri Sembilan, and Rumah Kutai as
well. Various researchers such as (Ariffin & Talib, 2004; Kamarul Syahril et al., 2013;
Mat, Monir, Rashid, & Hanafi, 2012; Talib, 2004; Zakaria, Rashid, & Ahmad, 2016)
highlighted the architecture of Rumah Kutai and the types of Rumah Kutai. (Mat et al.,
2012; Rohaizat et al., 2014; Zakaria et al., 2016) are among researchers who explained
the design, elements, components, and features of Rumah Kutai. Also, a book entitled
Pembinaan Bangunan Tradisional Melayu and Lukisan Perincian Pembinaan
Bangunan Tradisional Melayu by (Zulkifli, 1996) has indicated generally the
construction techniques of traditional Malay houses but did not specifically focus on
Rumah Kutai as a whole. In addition, a study of tanggam conducted by (Utaberta &
Spalie, 2011) focused on the strength and the area of application of tanggam generally
in Malay building.
Based on this, it shows that many types of research done by various researchers
have only highlighted the architecture and types of Rumah Kutai, the elements and
special features of the Rumah Kutai and the general construction technique of traditional
Malay houses. However, the deep focus on the construction techniques applied to
Rumah Kutai has not yet been thoroughly discovered and specified.
1.4 RESEARCH AIM
The research aims are to study the specific construction techniques applied to Rumah
Kutai and to identify the jointing system type used by the house based on its type.