Constructing Journal - Week 4 - 6

Isaac X. Mercado - 636535

Overview of Materials:

WEEK 4 - MATERIAL STRENGTH & COMPOSITE ACTION

Interactive Structures - Module: Structural Materials (Metals, Concrete, Timbre) - Steel is coated for rusting - Encased for fire resistant - I beams, Universal Columns, Chanel Sections - Steel used for reinforcement concrete - Hydration process - Unreinforced concrete and reinforced concrete - Carry tension loads and compression loads - Module: Strengths of Materials Module - Compression, Tension, Shear - Stress - Relationship between force and area

- Monolithic - Single material or materials combined so components are indistinguishable - Eg. Alloys- Composite - Two or more materials combined in such a way that the individual materials are easily distinguishable - 1. Combination of materials which differ in composition or form - 2. Remain bonded together - 3. Retain their identities and properties - 4. Act in concert to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting along. - Hard to distinguish - Types - Fibrous - Discontinuous or continuous fibres - Laminar - Sandwich panels - Particulate - Gravel and resins

Composite Actions:

- Hybrid - Mixture of two or more of the above - Fibre reinforced concrete - Cement sheeting - Fibre glass - Surf boards - Aluminium Composites - Resists tarnishing - Insulation - Bent, turned and fixed on exterior of buildings - Floor beams/trusses - Fibre reinforced plastic

Materials: Concrete- Takes shape of its mould- Guggenheim (Frank Lloyd Wright)- Concrete frames- Palazzetto dello Sport- Concrete - Cement - Fine aggregate (sand) - Course aggregate (crushed rocks) - Water- Laying Concrete - Formwork - Pour concrete - Screeding (spread and make even) - Smooth Finish with tools - Curved edges, reduces chipping - Finish (textures)- When concrete is first missed it is plastic before it hydrates and hardens into a solid mass- Hardened state - Strong durable - High density - Hard

- High compression strength - Weak tensile strength - High embodied energy - Low toxicity - High porosity in aerated concrete - Flammability (excellent fire resistance levels)- Reinforced concrete created from plant pots- Waffle slab- In situ - Poured on site- Reinforced columns- Precast panels- Different finishes- Water penetration, structural integrity was compromised

The Pantheon- Atypical building in Roman Architecture- Required different typology- Temple architecture, Hellenic influences- Influenced by Parthenon - Rectangular building - Singular room- Circular room- Niches and indentations in walls- 3 main elements - Portico - Courtyard - Deceive the viewer - Drum - Obscured view - Brick face concrete - 6.15m thick - Lateral forces - Brick face concrete - Hemispherical dome - 43.2m in diameter - Largest span concrete shell dome - Top half of the sphere - How constructed - Based on acuate

- Based on arch - Used only compressive forces - Vault - Colosseum, Rome - Lateral vaulting - Roman concrete - Large stones/rocks (aggregate) - Pattern on face defines type of concrete - Pots Alana, concrete set regardless of water evident - How they made the dome - Thickness at top of dome is 1.5m thick - Spread force down onto walls - Range of aggregate forms in concrete in various sections - Lighter rocks as the dome gets higher - Opening at peak - Symbol of power

Figure 1: Inside The PantheonSource: http://theproegers.com/wp-content/up-loads/2012/02/Pantheon-Rom.jpg

Figure 2: Sectional of The PantheonSource: http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/0/7/2970-the-pantheon-in-rome-antonio-lafreri.jpg

MSLE Extention to Building

WEEK 4 - STRUCTURAL DRAWING ANAYLSISMSLE Extension to Building:

soil

Brick

rendering

cement

Floor Truss

- cement

WEEK 5 - FLOORING SYSTEMS

Ching:- Depth of the floor system has a direct correlation of all the dead loads that will be constructed- Span, distance from one support to the other support- Beams and columns- Spacing and span- Floorboard - 19-25mm thick - Plywood- Span divide by 30 to figure out thickness of slab- One way slab- Two Way Slab- Waffle Slab- In Situ & prefrabricated- I Beams, C Beams, Rectangular Hollow Section (Structural Tubing)- Open Web Joist - Pass services through them- 422 – Steel decking and then concrete in poured over it- Joist and Bearers - 450mm-600mm- Single, double, continuous spans

Materials: Timber- Each type of timbre has different properties- Layers - Heartwood - Not used for structural purposes - Sapwood - Cambium Cell Layer - Inner Bark - Outer Bark- Finger Joints- Grains in timbre - Strong parallel to grain - Weak perpendicular to the grain- Knots - Weakness on timbre- Quarter Sawn - Make timbre strong, get rid of moisture- Back Sawn - Seasoning - Want to get moisture content same as inside building - Strengthens timbre - Air, Kiln, Solar (Types of drying) - Fully Seasons - Less than 15% of its original water content- Soft woods - Pines- Hard woods - Ash - Brown Box - JaraJara - Appearance- Utility- Structural

Figure 3: PosiStrut Floor Joists

- Downsizes - Decay - Weathering - Chemical - Fire - Fungi - Termites - Major enemy is water - Standard depths and breadths- Length 300mm – 600mm- Laminated Veneer Lumber - Deep and long sections that are very strong- Plywood - Laminating this veneers together in different directions - Expansion and contraction - Bracing of timbre frame- Cross Laminated Timbre - Cheaper footing - Solid structural wood

Figure 4: Timber Stud Wall

WEEK 5 - STRUCTURAL CONCEPTSMSLE Extension to Building:

Existing Steel Reinforced Concrete Slab

Pad Footing System- Brick Columns- Steel Reinforced Concrete Base

Flooring System Wall System Roofing System

Universal Beam PFC Steel Beam

Brick Wall

Cement Wall

Flooring System Wall System Roofing System

WEEK 5 - PRESENTATIONStructural System:

WEEK 5 - PRESENTATIONStructural Materials & Joints:

WEEK 5 - PRESENTATIONDifferent Fixings:

WEEK 5 - PRESENTATIONEconomic & Environmental Factors:

WEEK 6 - COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTEMS

Wall Systems:- Transfer down to foundations- High fire resistance - Masonry, concrete- Air sound and moisture- Where one material meets another- Walls maybe load bearing or non-load bearing- Needs to allow services- Lintels - Carry loads across into adjacent walls - Angle lintel (L – Shaped)- Concrete, Steel and Timbre frames - City column and slab(mostly uses concrete) - Most aussie houses uses stud walls - Brick veneer construction- Concrete Section- Grid used a lot- Waffle slab- Concrete - Precast or insitu- Formwork- Precast Concrete - Common in commercial - Masters & Bunning near South Morang - Craned into site- Mitre – 45 degree- Butt Joints – 90 degree- Expansion joints - Breaks in concrete and provides space for contraction - Stretcher Bond- Steel Grid system - W shaped or I beam - Columns and beams primary structure (Universal Columns) - Girts

Materials: Metals- Ironbridge - First cast iron bridge in UK- Australian Centre for Contemporary Art - Rust, decorative finish- Guggenheim Museum, Spain - Frank Gehry - Randomness of the curves used to capture light- What is metal? - Ductility, malleability, brittleness - Ferrous metals (contains irons) - Metallic lustre - Thermal Conductivity - Electrical conductivity - Very dense - Alloys - Mixture of metals - Different melting point- Iron - Predates steel - Wrought Iron - Horse shoes - Cast Iron - Melted and poured - Typically alloyed with carbon- Aluminium - 20th century - Frames - Window frames - Smooth walls and mirrored glass - Extruded, rolled or cast - Cladding panels, sandwich panals- Copper - Electrical, second to silver

Figure 6: Galvanised Steel Bracing

Figure 5: Concrete Process

Figure 7:Aluminium T-Runner

- Zinc - Surface cladding on steel - Galvanising - Alloy zinc and aluminium- Lead - Flashing - Roofing - Poisonous to humans- Tin - Historically used, now not so much anymore- Nickel - Used as an alloy - Component in stainless steel - Doesn’t corrode- Alloys - 1740 – iron combined with carbon - carbon changed, different types of steel made- Steel - Strong, high tensile - Composition - Iron Ore - Coke - Flux - Molten Iron - Scrap Steel - Reinforcement - Zincalume coated steel roofing - Galvanised steel purlins - Walling material - Hot rolled sections - Strong - For heavy loads - Heat strengthens the steal - Cold Formed Steel - Lighter construction - Secondary structure - Eg. Girts

Figure 8: Types of Reinforcement

- Stainless Steel - Hand rails - Nuts and bolts - Chrysler Building- Bronze - Older buildings - First copper alloy- Corrosion - Rust - Iron needs Air and Water to corrode - Galvanic Serise - Anodic End (more prone to corrosion) to Cathodic End - Rules of thumb - Select metal appropriate for environment - Avoid damp conditions - Insulate between metals to avoid conductivity - Further apart. Larger reacton - Different metals in flowing water, water can flow down the scale but not up - Serious corrosion if anode is small - Corrosion increases with heat and sulphates or chlorides - Galvanic Corrosion - Statue of Liberty - New Teflon covered steel - Coatings and Preservative Methods - Painting or laquering - Electroplating - Zincalume Coating - Galvanising - Joining methods - Mechanical - Nuts, bolts, metal screws, rivets - Soldiering and brazing - Welding

Figure 9: Steel Reinforced Pot

Figure 10: Types of Beams

WEEK 6 - UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMMSLE Extension to Building - Construction Process

We first started with the walling system. Using the cardboard we cre-ated the two external wall that the majority of the connect is built upon. The right side is a steel reinforced concrete wall and the left side is a load bearing brick wall.

The back end contains a lift/elevator and this utilises a combination of steel reinforced concrete as well as fixed glass panels

We used some cardboard sheeting to exemplify the Colorbond Kliplock Roof Sheeting.

Along the exterior, a conbination of fixed glass windows are located around the windows. Steel lintels were utilised to help support the loads above the windows.

For the flooring sys-tem, we used a com-bination of wooden strips to represent the various types of beams as well as cardboard sheeting to indicate the flooring used such as vinyl and timber decking. The front section also indicates the lower roof level.

For the roofing system we used carboard strips to rep-resent the different element. The sheeting contains a slit that represents the Box Gut-ter.

WEEK 6 - UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMMSLE Extension to Building:

Steel Reinforced Concrete Floor Slab

Load Bearing Brick Wall

Steel Reinforced Concrete Wall

Stud Wall

PFC Steel Beam

UB Steel BeamTimber Floor Joist

Steel Rafters

C Purlins

Colorbond Kilplock Roof-sheeting

Aluminium T-Runners*connected to C Purlins

Steel Angular Bars

Load Paths:

External LoadsLoad Paths

As the external walls are made of strong steel reinforced concrete, wind loads would be deflected off the building. A lot of the exter-nal loads would be carried down along the load bearing brick wall and steel reinforced concrete wall and ending at the foundation.

Vertical loads that fall along the roofing system would be carried down to the rafters and trans-ferred horizontally to the two wall-ing systems. The first floor system would utilise the PFC & UB beams to transfer the loads to the walls and down to the foundation.

To construct the strongest structure, with the materials and equipment pro-vided, that spans over 1m long. The structure would be tested under a point load.

WEEK 6 - TIMBER WORKSHOP

aim: materials:- 1200mm x 35mm x 35mm - Pine Wood- 1200mm x 3.5mm x 90mm - Plywood- nails

- screws

As we brain stormed some ideas, our initial thought was to utilise the high compressive strength that the plywood contains along it’s thinner face. However, we needed to stabilize the lateral movement of the plywood. The shape which presented itself represents that of an ‘I’ beam, which is quite commonly used as a support-ing element. We decided that it was much too dif-ficult to create a slit on the pinewood to stabilize the plywood.

Another structural concept, which we played around with involved creating a series of trusses that would help, spread the load across the whole structure. We felt that this was quite strong how-ever; having the precision necessary to construct this would be much too difficult with the lack of the materials and minimal time. Each truss would need to be the same length but also the same angle to ensure that the load would be spread evenly. We would then use plywood as a bracing, similar to that of a stud wall in a home.

With the three pieces of pinewood, we decided that the least amount of cutting and joinery on pieces would help sustain its structural strength. By stacking the pieces of pinewood together, it would increase its compression strength along the top of the structure as well as directly increas-ing its tensile strength along the base of the structure.

designing:

We chose to nail the three pieces together on either end, as the nails would only create a weakness in the wood. The point load would then not allow any splitting of the wood along these nailed points.

To help brace the three pieces of pinewood together in the centre, we chose to split the plywood in two and use it as bracings. We chose use screws as their provided a much more rigid connection due to the grooves in the screw.

We knew that the screws would create some point’s weak-ness in the structure and tried to focus them toward the top of the plywood to provide extra compressive strength to the plywood. However, we felt that by reducing the amount on the bottom face of the plywood we were not able to brace the three pinewood planks adequately together.

WEEK 6 - TIMBER WORKSHOPconstructing:

Other groups tried to utilise the truss structure but failed quite quickly as their joints were not secrue and the load did not spread evenly. Another structure utilised the plywoods vertical strenght, however, it failed as the plywood did not take the point load well.

Truss StructureOur main point of failure was along these screws that we used on the plywood. They created points of weakness, especially where the screw vertically lined up. The main crack along the centre had a couple of screws that lined up. We found that the exces-sive use of screws along the bottom of the plywood decreased the tensile strength and split the plywood and pinewood much more quickly.

WEEK 6 - TIMBER WORKSHOPtesting:

Start Point: Position 2: Position 3:

Position 4: Position 5: Position 6:

Position 7: Final Break:

Load: 0kgDeflection: 0mm

Load: 60kgDeflection: 0 - 5mm

Load: 100kg+Deflection: 5 - 10mm* First sounds of cracking

Load: 500kgDeflection: 10 - 20mm

Load: 650kgDeflection: 10 - 15mm

Load: 700kgDeflection: 15- 20mm

Load: 750 - 800kgDeflection: 20mm

* Indications of sections where failure is occur-ing and the load begins to decrease as the structure has altered from original state

* Clean break occured and it snaped through all three pieces of Pinewood. There was a clear vertical crack through all three indicating that one of the screws created a line of failure.

GLOSSARY WORDS:

WEEK 4

WEEK 4

WEEK 5

WEEK 5

WEEK 6

WEEK 6