For more information:

DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

www.worksafecenter.com 1.888.499.SAFE (7233)

Use this guide to help develop yourSlip, Trip and Fall Program.

CONSTRUCTION

Missouri Employers Mutual can help you protect your employees from

slip, trip and fall hazards.

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These advisory materials have been developed from national standards and sources believed to be reliable, however, no guarantee is made as to the sufficiency of the information contained in the material and Missouri Employers Mutual Insurance Company assumes no liability for its use. Advice about specific situations should be obtained from a safety professional.

TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1: HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

DEFINE RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

COMMUNICATE THE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

CREATE A POLICY STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

EMPOWER YOUR WORKFORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

CHAPTER 2: GET STARTED DEFINE SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SAME LEVEL FALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

ELEVATED FALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

PREVENT JOB SITE SLIPS AND TRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

CHAPTER 3: KEEP THE JOB SITE SAFE CREATE A JOB SITE SAFETY POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

CHAPTER 4: GENERAL HOUSEKEEPING FORMAL HOUSEKEEPING POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

CREATE A FOOTWEAR POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

CREATE AN INCLEMENT WEATHER POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

CHAPTER 5: AERIAL LIFT SAFETY BOOM LIFTS AND BUCKET TRUCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

FORKLIFTS AND SCISSOR LIFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

SCISSOR LIFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

CHAPTER 6: ROOFING SAFETY

CHAPTER 7: LADDER AND SCAFFOLDING SAFETYLADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

SCAFFOLDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

CHAPTER 8: WOOD FRAMING AND STEEL ERECTION

APPENDIXSAMPLE POLICY STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A

INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND TREND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . B

SLIP, TRIP AND FALL DETAIL REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C

JOB SITE INSPECTION CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D

WEEKLY SAFETY INSPECTION CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E

RESIDENTIAL ROOFING FALL PREVENTION CHECKLIST . . . . . . F

JOB SITE PRE-START SAFETY MEETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G

FALL PROTECTION GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H

RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Slips, trips and falls are the No. 1 cause of workplace injuries for the construction industry,

with lost-time claims costs averaging $110,000. Unfortunately, these injuries take place every day

and result in pain and suffering for employees, as well as significant workers compensation costs.

CHAPTER 1

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

SELF-ASSESSMENT One of the first steps in developing a comprehensive Slip, Trip and Fall Program is to compare and contrast your current policies, work practices and environment with your desired situation . Once these items are clearly defined, the obstacles between the two can be identified, removed and/or altered by way of an action plan .

Before you get started on your plan, take time to:

DEFINE YOUR CURRENT SITUATION. Every organization’s current situation will be different with both positive and negative attributes . Focus on behaviors, physical conditions, equipment, training and formal policies that currently exist . Do not place blame or make accusations . Simply state the facts of the current environment .

DEFINE YOUR DESIRED SITUATION. List the behaviors, physical conditions, equipment, training and formal policies that would be most effective in controlling slips, trips and falls in your workplace . Clearly define a measurable goal that may be used to clearly indicate when your desired situation is attained .

DEFINE THE OBSTACLES. Clearly list the obstacles to attaining your desired situation . Obstacles may include poorly defined responsibilities; funding of equipment, projects and activities; employee resistance and/or lack of interest; lack of accountability . Be careful to define your objectives as achievable .

CREATE AN ACTION PLAN. Once the current and desired situations, as well as, anticipated obstacles are clearly defined, an action plan must be developed . An effective action plan will state specific steps to attain your desired situation . Each action item must state:

• Action to be performed .• Who is assigned the action item .• When and/or how often the action item is to be completed .

Missouri Employers Mutual would like to help you implement control measures to minimize the potential risk for slip, trip and fall claims . We offer valuable resources and strategies specifically designed for the unique environments commonly found in the construction industry . Being proactive about these injuries will not only minimize the direct costs of workplace injuries, but also the indirect costs, which account for 80 percent of total losses—lost time of key personnel, hiring and training of temporary or permanent replacement staff, lowered morale and inefficiency .

Use this development guide to create a comprehensive Slip, Trip and Fall Program to help protect your employees and your bottom line .

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A well written safety program is of little value if the plan is developed but not implemented. This requires responsibilities to be assigned, clearly communicated and periodically measured at all levels of the organization. Each workplace has its own unique physical environment, as well as organizational structure, which will require tailoring to fit its needs. Below are sample responsibilities organized by department.

DEFINE RESPONSIBILITIES

Administration/Management• Provide employees the resources

required to support slip, trip and fall prevention efforts including time, funding, training and equipment .

• Conduct supervisor evaluations periodically (at least annually) to ensure the slip, trip and fall prevention efforts are being supported and enforced .

• Investigate slip, trip and fall incidents, both injury-producing and near misses, to determine root cause and corrective actions .

• Follow slip, trip and fall prevention best practices thus limiting the potential for injury and setting a good example for all employees .

Foreman/Superintendent• Ensure that each employee

under your direct supervision has received and understands the expectations regarding slip, trip and fall prevention, including safe work practices, hazard recognition and control .

• Support and enforce all slip, trip and fall prevention efforts, rules and established best practices .

• Provide prompt correction when unsafe behavior is observed .

• Provide prompt reinforcement when safe behavior is observed .

• Conduct daily walks with particular attention to slip, trip and fall hazards .

• Personally follow slip, trip and fall prevention best practices thus limiting the potential for injury and set a good example for all supervised employees .

• Support management efforts to thoroughly investigate all slip, trip and fall incidents to determine root cause and corrective actions .

• Encourage employee participation and safety suggestions .

• Provide suggestions to management regarding possible changes to facilities, equipment and/or work practices that may better control slip, trip and fall hazards .

• Remove from service and report equipment found to be in disrepair to your supervisor .

General Employee• Understand, support and follow all

slip, trip and fall prevention efforts .

• Support good housekeeping efforts by promptly cleaning up spills and picking up debris .

• Promptly report hazards and unsafe behavior to your supervisor .

• Promptly report all injuries and near misses to your supervisor .

• Provide suggestions to your supervisor regarding possible changes to facilities, equipment and/or work practices that may better control slip, trip and fall hazards .

• Remove from service and report equipment found to be in disrepair to your supervisor .

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NewslettersAdd a slip, trip and fall section to your current mode of mass communication to keep the safety message fresh in the mind of employees . You can find content on www .worksafecenter .com/ConstructionSTF .page .

EmailsEmails are an easy way to get out a consistent message to everyone, for no cost . The most effective message comes in the body of an email instead of an attachment . Put the important pieces right where they will be seen once opened .

Text blastsThere are various smart phone applications and websites available to set up mass texting to communicate with employees . Services vary from free to a small fee per text . This is an excellent choice when it comes to getting the most up-to-date reports on inclement weather, changes in office start times, or ground conditions . Text blasts are also a great way communicate weekly safety tips . If text messages are a part of your program communication plan, make sure your employees are in compliance with your texting and distracted driving policies .

Table tentsCommon areas, such as break rooms, are excellent locations to place information in the form of small signs, also known as table tents . Print some for free at www .worksafecenter .com/ConstructionSTF .page .

MeetingsMEM has presentations and safety handouts available for free at www .worksafecenter .com/ConstructionSTF .page . The presentation may be used as they are or you can customize them with details and pictures unique to your organization for a more tailored approach .

PostersPosters are a great way to communicate high level talking points while promoting hazard awareness to large groups of employees on a daily basis . MEM developed slip, trip and fall prevention posters that are readily available from www .worksafecenter .com/ConstructionSTF .page .

YourselfYou will be the walking example of safety practices in your workplace . Make sure you are modeling the behavior you want to see, and give positive reinforcement to employees who go the extra step toward eliminating slips, trips and falls .

The best safety program is meaningless if it lives on a shelf or in a three-ring binder. The key to an effective program is communication with your employees. There are several ways to share information, and you’ll need to determine the one that best fits the needs of your company. Some ideas include:

COMMUNICATE THE PROGRAM

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To be effective, a policy statement must: • Involve senior management

and representatives during development .

• Be consistent with corporate goals and values, as well as, maintaining efficient and productive work practices .

• Be tailored to your workplace’s unique environment .

• Be recognized as equal in standing to the organization’s other policies .

The policy statement should also provide a clear indication of the company’s objectives and plans for employee safety, and should include:

• Senior management’s commitment to establishing a safe workplace and integrating safety into all workplace activities .

• Responsibility of all personnel in maintaining a safe workplace and operating in a safe manner .

• Accountability of all levels of management for carrying out safety responsibilities .

• The importance of communication and cooperation between management and employees for effective implementation of policy .

• Commitment to regular reviews of the policy and to monitor its effectiveness .

• Management’s commitment to provide adequate resources in support of the policy .

See the “Sample Policy Statement” in Appendix A .

Creating a policy statement is a vital first step in developing a comprehensive safety program because it indicates the employer’s commitment to safety. Most important is clearly identifying functional responsibilities.

CREATE A POLICY STATEMENT

Model the behavior you want to see, and give positive reinforcement

to employees who go the extra step toward eliminating slips, trips and falls.

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• Encourage employees to take an active role in safety by joining committees, coordinating safety activities, or other responsibilities .

• Provide a method for bottom-up communication to management .

• Provide quality training that is real, and applicable to the specific needs of the employees .

• Communicate expectations clearly .

• Require employees to sign off and acknowledge safety rules, policies and guidelines .

• Employees will be safe if their supervisors and managers model safe behavior .

• Maintain equipment well, and respond to maintenance requests by employees .

• Perform surprise and scheduled inspections .

• Investigate incidents and make positive changes .

• Develop a fraud-resistant incentive plan .

• Thank employees for a job well done .

Employees who are actively engaged in your company’s safety efforts can become advocates who help maintain and enforce your safety policy. From hazard identification and problem resolution to wellness and health, your employees can play a critical role in keeping everyone safe. Here are some tips to help your workforce get behind your safety program.

EMPOWER YOUR WORKFORCE

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• Workplace safety concerns, especially fall prevention and protection

• New safety rules, procedures or regulations

• Safety milestones or accomplishments

• Upcoming safety training or education events

Meet regularly with employees and team members to discuss safety issues relevant to the construction industry. Below are some topics you could include.

HOLD REGULAR SAFETY MEETINGS

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NOTES

Understanding slips, trips and falls.

CHAPTER 2

GET STARTED

SLIPS TRIPS FALLSBad footwear Change in elevation by ¼” Unsafe area

A contaminated surface Pathway obstructions No safety equipmentWalking or running too fast Poorly lit areas Failure to follow safety rules

There are three major factors that contribute to these injuries.

Slips and trips also often lead to two different types of falls:• Same-level falls (high frequency--low severity)• Elevated falls (low frequency--high severity)

Same-level falls are generally slips or trips when the individual is injured when he or she hits a walking or working surface, or strikes some other object during the fall . More than 60 percent of elevated falls are of less than 10 feet .

Slips are primarily caused by a slippery surface and compounded by wearing the wrong footwear.

SAME-LEVEL SLIPS AND FALLS

In normal walking, two types of slips occur:

• The forward foot contacts the walking surface at an angle near the rear edge of the heel . With this type of slip the front foot slips forward and the person falls backward .

• The rear foot slips backward . The force to move forward is on the sole of the rear foot . As the rear heel is lifted and the force moves forward to the front of the sole, the foot slips back and the person falls .

To prevent such slips and falls, a high Coefficient of Friction between the shoe and walking surface is needed . On ice, wet and oily surfaces this COF can be as low as 0 .10 with shoes that are not slip-resistant . A COF of 0 .40 to 0 .50 or more is needed for excellent traction . To put this figure in perspective, a brushed concrete surface and a rubber heel will often show a COF greater than 1 .0 . Leather soles on a wet smooth surface, such as ceramic tile or ice, may have a COF as low as 0 .10 .

Providing dry walking and working surfaces and slip-resistant footwear is the answer to slips and their resultant falls and injuries . High heels and shoes with leather or other hard, smooth-surfaced soles lead to slips, falls and injuries . Shoes with cleated soft rubber soles and heels provide a high COF and are recommended .

In work areas where the walking and working surface is likely to be slippery, non-skid strips or floor coatings should be used . Since a COF of 0 .40 to 0 .50 is preferred for walking and working surfaces, we should strive for a surface which provides a minimum of 50 percent of this friction . If the working surface is very slippery, no footwear will provide a safe COF .

Trip and FallTrips occur when the front foot strikes an object and is suddenly stopped . The upper body is then thrown forward and a fall occurs . As little as a 1/4” rise in a walkway can cause a person to “stub” his or her toe, resulting in a trip and fall . The same thing can happen going up a flight of stairs; only a slight difference in the height of the steps and a person can trip and fall .

Step and FallAnother type of working and walking surface fall is the step and fall . This occurs when our front foot lands on a surface lower than expected, such as unexpectedly stepping off a curb . In this type of fall, we normally fall forward . A second type of step and fall occurs when we step forward or down, and either the inside or outside of our foot lands on an object higher than the other side . The ankle turns and we tend to fall forward and sideways .

Proper housekeeping in work and walking areas can contribute to safety and the prevention of falls . Not only is it important to maintain a safe working environment and walking surface, these areas must also be kept free of obstacles which can cause slips and trips . One method which promotes good housekeeping in work environments is the painting of yellow lines to identify working and walking areas . These areas should never be obstructed by objects of any kind .

Adequate lighting to ensure proper vision is also important in the prevention of slips and falls . Moving from light to dark areas, or vice versa, can cause temporary vision problems that just might be enough to cause a person to slip on an oil spill or trip over a misplaced object .

Carrying an oversized object can also obstruct one’s vision and result in a slip or a trip . This is a particularly serious problem on stairs .

Behaviors that Lead to FallsIn addition to wearing the wrong footwear, there are specific behaviors which can lead to slips, trips and falls . Walking too fast, or running, is a major problem . We land harder on the heel of our front foot and push harder off the sole of our rear foot; thus, a greater COF is required to prevent slips and falls . Rapid changes in direction create a similar problem .

Shoes with soft rubber soles and heels with rubber cleats

provide a high Coefficient of Friction.

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Falls from LaddersLadders may be fixed or portable . They may be straight-extension or step ladders, and may be manufactured from wood, metal, plastic or fiberglass . They may be light, medium, heavy or extra-heavy duty .

They can be as short as two feet (step stools), 18 feet for extra heavy duty step ladders and 40 feet or longer for extension-type ladders .

The materials from which ladders are constructed have advantages and disadvantages in weight, durability, flexibility, conductivity and strength . The intended use of the ladder should determine the type purchased, and only American National Standard Institute approved ladders should be used . One major caution is that metal ladders should never be used in locations in which the ladder or its user could come into contact with electricity .

A ladder should be long enough so that when it rests against the upper support, the user can perform work without their waist being higher than the top rung of the ladder or above the rung at which the side rails are resting against the upper support . This means that the top three rungs of a straight ladder, or the top two steps of a step ladder, should never be stood on .

The lower ends of the side rails should be equipped with slip-resistant pads, particularly if the ladder is to be used on hard surfaces . The same is true for the

Elevated falls are less frequent, but more severe than same-level falls in the workplace.

ELEVATED FALLS

upper ends of the side rails if they are to rest against a surface .

Ladders should be set at, or as near to, a 4:1 angle . For each three- or four-feet of rise from the base to the upper resting edge of the ladder, the base should be one foot out from a vertical line from the upper resting edge of the ladder to the working surface . The base of the ladder must be firmly set so that there is no possibility of slippage or settling into soft ground . The resting edge of the ladder should have both side rails in contact with the object (building or tree) it is against . When setting a ladder against a tree, set the ladder in the crotch of two limbs so that it cannot slide in either direction . Whenever there is any question as to the stability of the ladder, additional effort should be made to stabilize the ladder as it is being climbed . Tying the top of the ladder to the supporting structure can also keep the ladder from slipping or sliding .

Another frequent cause of ladder incidents is attempting to reach too far left or right . When working on a ladder, the person’s belt buckle should never extend beyond the side rails . Reaching further can cause the ladder to slide in the opposite direction . Tying the ladder to the structure supporting it can prevent this and is a recommended practice . Employees should have both hands free to hold the ladder’s side rails, not the rungs, when climbing or descending . Small tools may be carried in a tool belt, not in the hands; but a better choice is to raise tools and supplies with a rope .

Never raise or lower power tools by the cord or while they are plugged into an electrical source .

Inspect Ladders Before UseLadders should be inspected before use: check for cracks, loose rungs, slivers and sharp edges . Never paint ladders, as the paint can hide potentially dangerous conditions .

The rungs and side rails of ladders must be kept free of oil, grease and mud; they should be kept dry . Since the shoe has limited contact with the rung or step of a ladder, it is very important that these and the shoes have a high COF . Only shoes with heels should be worn when climbing ladders; users should be taught that the rung or step of the ladder should be just in front of the heel, under the arch of the foot . Stepping or standing on a ladder with the front part of the shoe is inviting a slip and fall . Always face the ladder when climbing or descending .

Make-shift ladders, chairs, boxes and barrels should never be used as a substitute for a ladder . The risk is far too great .

Use a 4:1 ratio for setting ladders.

5’

20’

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Falls from Vehicles and EquipmentDeath or serious injury is a frequent result of extra riders falling from equipment or the bed of a truck . Unless the operation requires riders, extra riders should never be permitted . Riding on the bed of a truck is an invitation for an accident . The safe way is “NO RIDERS” . Far too many injuries occur in the simple process of getting in and out of trucks, on or off tractors, machinery, wagons, trailers or truck beds . When the steps are metal, there is a low COF which becomes even lower if they are wet, muddy or oily . Keep the steps clean and dry . Whenever mounting or climbing on a vehicle or machine, have a good hand-hold before stepping up . Pulling yourself up reduces the force between your shoe and the step and reduces the danger of a slip . As with a ladder, the foot should be placed on the step or rung just in front of your heel, under the arch . Always face the vehicle or equipment when mounting and dismounting . When you step down backward, you step down on the ball of your foot; when you step down forward, you land on your heel, increasing your chances of falling, twisting your ankle or knees or suffering some other injury .

Falls from Loading DocksLoading docks and ramps are dangerous areas . They are frequently congested, heavy-traffic areas, and working and walking surfaces are often wet . Metal dock plates can wear smooth and become very slippery; in particular, the edge of dock plates invites trips and falls . Accidental backward steps can result in

a fall from the dock . Portable railings, which can be easily removed from the edge of the dock, could prevent many dangerous falls . They are removed when a truck or tractor is at the dock, and replaced as soon as the truck or trailer leaves .

Proper housekeeping, well-designed traffic patterns and the use of abrasive, skid-resistant surface coatings will reduce the risk of slips, trips and falls . Ramps and gang-planks have hazards similar to loading docks . The slopes should be as gradual as possible, as wide as possible, and as dry as possible . They should also have skid-resistant surfaces .

Falls on StairsStairwells should be well lit, with sturdy handrails on both sides . Employees using the stairwell should have one hand free to be able to use the handrail . All steps should have the same rise and depth, with visible edges . They must be kept free of grease, oil and obstacles which could cause slips and trips . Whenever possible, avoid carrying heavy or bulky objects which obscure your vision and/or require the use of both hands . Carry smaller, lighter loads and make more trips, or obtain help with the load .

Fixed LaddersFixed ladders are mounted on buildings, bins and other tall structures which require employees to climb to high levels to perform some functions . Such ladders should be securely attached to the structure and be capable of supporting a minimum of 250 pounds of concentrated live weight . The rungs

should be a minimum of 16 inches wide and a maximum of 12 inches apart . There should be seven inches of toe space between the rung and the structure to which it is attached . Fixed ladders extending more than 20 feet above the ground or floor level should be surrounded by a cage, beginning at 7 to 8 feet above the ground .

If a catwalk or working area is provided at the top of the ladder, it should have a protective railing at least 42 inches high . A toe board, four-inches high, around the edge of the work area should be provided . This reduces the risk of a person stepping off the edge or having tools fall from the work area .

Employees climbing or descending a fixed ladder should have both hands free . Small tools can be carried in a tool belt; other tools and materials should be raised by rope and pulleys or some other mechanical system .

Fall Protection DevicesEmployees at high elevations, such as aerial lifts, platforms, or catwalks, should be protected from falling by some kind of fall protection device . This can be a lifeline, lanyard or harness; there are numerous devices on the market . The system should provide maximum protection, but it also should be reasonably comfortable and not restrict an employee’s necessary work activity . Suppliers of safety equipment can provide information on the correct system for your workplace and should provide instruction on its safe use .

Humorous warnings are more effective than simple warning signs.

“WET FLOOR: SKATE, DON’T SLIP” is more effective than

“CAUTION: WET FLOOR.”

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Slip-Resistant MaterialsAbrasive coatings can be applied to concrete, metal and wood surfaces to increase the COF and reduce the risks of slips and falls . Many of these products can be applied like paint; others can be troweled on in a thin coat . These coatings are formulated to resist grease, oil, water and a wide range of chemicals . Most paint and building supply companies handle these materials . It is important, however, to purchase the correct product for your particular problem, since some are enamels or epoxies which contain a rough, hard, gritty material with a high COF .

There are also a number of skid-resistant products that can be purchased in strips or rolls . These may have a pressure-sensitive backing or be applied with a special glue . They are designed for easy application to stair treads, ramps and other hazardous walking and working surfaces .

Another effective skid-resistant material is rubber or rubber-like mats . This material is long wearing and skid-resistant on both the top and bottom sides . Hard rubber or hard rubber-like mats are ineffective because they have a low COF when wet .

Signs and StripingSafety signs to remind employees of slip, trip and fall hazards are always helpful, particularly where hazards cannot be removed or corrected . Such signs should be changed frequently . Recent evidence indicates that “humorous” warnings are more effective than simple warning signs . “WET FLOOR: SKATE, DON’T SLIP” is more effective than “CAUTION: WET FLOOR . ”

Yellow striping to identify walking and working areas is most effective if their meaning is enforced . Striped areas should mean that no object should be placed in these areas .

Common InjuriesSlips, trips and falls, whether on or off the job, are expensive, disruptive and painful .

The back is the most frequently injured part of the body in falls: 37 percent of the injuries are from elevated falls, 29 percent are from same-level falls . The joints—wrist, elbow and shoulder, or the ankle, knee and hip—account for 47 percent of same-level falls and 32 percent of elevated falls .

Most injuries are sprains and strains: 46 percent from same-level falls, 52 percent from elevated falls . Fractures are the result of 19 percent of elevated falls, 10 percent of same-level falls . Bruises and contusions account for most of the remaining injuries .

Learning How to FallNaturally, the goal is not to slip, trip or fall; however, the possibility still exists .

Follow these recommendations to help reduce injuries:

• Tuck in your chin, turn your head, and throw an arm up . It is better to land on your arm than on your head .

• Twist or roll your body to the side while falling . It is better to land on your buttocks and side than on your back .

• Bend your wrists, elbows and knees . Do not try to break the fall with your hands or elbows .

The objective when falling is to have as many square inches of your body contact the surface as possible, thus, spreading out the impact of the fall .

RecommendationsEstablished policies and practices can be implemented to significantly reduce the number of injuries and deaths due to slips, trips and falls . Take these recommendations into consideration:

• Commit to preventing accidental slips, trips and falls .

• Report all slips, trips and falls, with or without injury, immediately .

• Conduct frequent inspections of work and walk areas to identify environmental and equipment hazards which could cause slips, trips and falls . Special attention should be given to the working and walking surfaces, housekeeping, lighting, vision, stairways and ladders . Immediate corrective action should be taken .

• Train all employees on the prevention of slips, trips and falls . Special attention should be given to proper walking, carrying, climbing and descending stairways, ladders, vehicles and equipment . Unsafe practices should be corrected immediately .

Slips, trips and falls, whether on or off the job,

are expensive, disruptive and painful.

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• Create pathways for employees to use when job site terrain is very rough .

• Create pathways through the mud when workers must cross job sites to do work .

• Do not run on construction job sites .

• Wear proper footwear with an aggressive-tread slip-resistant sole .

• Tennis shoes, sandals or leisure footwear are not acceptable forms of construction footwear .

• Move all extension cords and hoses out of walkways .

• Pick up scrap and supplies regularly . If scrap is found in the walkway, clean it up to prevent an injury .

• Clear snow and put down ice melt during winter weather .

Many crews don’t realize that slips and trips account for many injuries within construction companies. Job sites are very dynamic—each and every day something changes, but remember the small things that get employees hurt. Job site slips and trips can be dangerous because victims will strike their head on the way down, or land on rebar or sharp edges.

PREVENT JOB SITE SLIPS AND TRIPS

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Today’s job site presents a number of potential hazards.

CHAPTER 3

KEEP THE JOB SITE SAFE

It comes as no surprise that the greatest safety hazard to those in the construction industry is the risk of falling. While most are well aware of the risk, the steps and procedures to prevent falling should be regularly communicated and reinforced with everyone involved in your job site.

CREATE A JOB SITE SAFETY POLICY

Simple Steps to Get StartedA safety program can help protect your employees, your business and your bottom line . Consider the following in creating and implement a safety program:

• Provide sufficient staffing, funds, time and equipment so employees can work safely and efficiently .

• Appoint a safety coordinator if you don’t have one on staff .

• Demonstrate safe attitudes and lead by example .

• Strive to involve every employee with safety .

• Hold every employee accountable for safety and evaluate performance accordingly .

• Comply with all governmental agencies, insurance carriers and internal procedures .

• Ensure industry best practices are followed .

• Observe job sites, machines, tools and work activities to detect and correct unsafe actions .

• Brief employees on new hazards before they start work .

• Assist Human Resources in reviewing employment applications, post-offer employment physical reports and personnel files to determine physical qualifications for specified job classifications .

• Make transitional duty options available for injured employees .

• Consistently enforce safety rules and regulations, programs and protective measures .

• Create and enforce a company drug and alcohol policy .

• Work with the safety coordinator, safety committee and employees to implement new and maintain ongoing safety programs and comply with recommendations from outside consultants, OSHA inspectors and insurance companies .

• Acknowledge and reward employees who work safely and set a good example to others .

• Review safety policies and obtain employee signatures annually .

Educating and empowering your employees creates an ongoing awareness and dedication to workplace safety .

Adopting best practices is key to reducing the likelihood of accidents and the devastating impacts they can have on your workforce and your business .

Create and Communicate Safety RulesEstablish a general set of guidelines or rules that your employees are expected to follow at all times . Make sure to go over the rules with current employees and new hires and confirm they understand the rules . Ask employees to sign off on the rules and encourage them to set a good example to their peers .

Perform Routine Safety InspectionsMake safety inspections a regular part of your safety routine . Observe employees at work and test equipment to ensure proper performance . If you see an unsafe practice, intervene . Be sure to date and document your findings, communicate next steps for correcting any deficiencies, and follow up to ensure appropriate measures are taken to maintain a safe and productive job site .

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Good housekeeping is essential to preventing slips, trips and falls in the workplace,

including installation of slip-resistant flooring, specialty footwear and training.

Developing a clear and concise housekeeping policy will keep safety practices consistent across multiple facilities.

CHAPTER 4

GENERAL HOUSEKEEPING

FORMAL HOUSEKEEPING POLICY• Ensure all employees have housekeeping responsibilities within their work

area .

• Report and/or clean up spills, leaks and other lubricated surfaces immediately .

• Use signage to call attention to wet or slippery areas .

• Do not store items on stairs .

• Report and/or remove tripping hazards from walkways .

• Keep electrical cords and air hoses out of walkways and always properly stored when not in use .

• Return tools and other equipment to their proper storage place after use .

22

Footwear should be designed for the environmental conditions, as well as activities performed by the employees . Proper footwear selection is a function of two components; tread design and material . MATERIAL No hard plastic or leather soles and/or heels .

• Plastic or PVC soles do not provide adequate slip resistance .

• Leather sole traction is inconsistent as it wears and becomes saturated with water, oil, dirt or grease .

• Softer soled, non-leather shoes are more slip-resistant because they grab the surface more effectively and maintain this characteristic over time .

TREADNo smooth-soled shoes .

• Require footwear with adequate tread patterns designed for slippery and wet conditions . Tread patterns should be random and/or perpendicular to the direction of travel . Tread patterns that run parallel to the direction of travel tend to accentuate the forward motion thus increasing the probability of a slip and fall .

• Employees tasked with snow and ice removal and/or working in uncontrolled conditions should be provided and required to wear shoes with additional built in traction aid or a strap-on traction aid device . The additional traction aid will dig into the walking surface thus greatly increasing traction .

Caution is advised as these devices may create additional hazards if worn on non-icy surfaces such as concrete and tile as they ride on top of the surface rather than dig in .

• Require periodic inspection of footwear to ensure that they are maintained, cleaned and replaced as needed .

Once an employer decides to implement a footwear policy, they must consider purchasing options . There are four purchasing strategies to be considered:

1. COMPANY PURCHASE• Pros—provides consistent

protection, look and style and is enforced . The age of the shoe can be tracked to ensure a consistent replacement schedule .

• Cons—the employer absorbs the entire purchase price . High employee turnover rates accentuates the cost . The employer absorbs the administrative cost of the program .

2. EMPLOYEE PURCHASE• Pros—the employee absorbs

the entire purchase price . A purchase program may be made through payroll deduction . A full or partial reimbursement may be implemented once an employee’s tenure meets a given threshold (ex: 90 days) .

• Cons—the employer will need to ensure the correct shoes are purchased . This is problematic to enforce . It is more difficult to track and ensure a consistent replacement schedule . It may be unaffordable for the employee .

3. SHARE COST• Pros—both parties have an

invested interest in the purchase . The employer can maintain considerable control of shoe selection and replacement schedule . Payroll deduction may be used for the employee contribution .

• Cons—it may be unaffordable for the employee .

4. LOAN PROGRAM• Pros—employers with high turnover

rates will incur less cost .

• Cons—administration of a loaner program includes maintaining an inventory of multiple sizes, sanitation protocols, storage, as well as dealing with lost shoes .

Employers who implement a footwear policy significantly reduce the frequency of slips, trips and falls. When developing a footwear policy, consider including these guidelines:

CREATE A FOOTWEAR POLICY

23

Employers who implement a footwear policy significantly reduce the frequency

of slip and fall incidents.

Environmental conditions, resulting from inclement weather, are known to significantly contribute to slips, trips and falls in the workplace. This policy is designed to minimize the potential for future injuries, related to inclement weather, through the implementation of targeted controls. Controls to be utilized include engineering, administrative, as well as, the use of personal protective equipment.

CREATE AN INCLEMENT WEATHER POLICY

JOB SITESConsider the following strategies when inclement weather is forecast .

• Canceling work activities .

• Modifying work hours .

Regardless of which strategy is used, a formal plan should be developed prior to the arrival of inclement weather . When developing a snow and ice removal plan, keep the following guidelines in mind:

• Snow and ice removal should be used in conjunction with the application of sand, salt or ice melt . This will help mitigate the daily freeze-thaw-freeze cycles .

» Sand, salt or ice melt should be strategically placed around the job site . Designated employees will be tasked with initial and follow up applications but all employees may be encouraged to apply this treatment as needed .

» Once inclement weather has passed, remove sand, salt and ice melt . These materials create a slip hazard .

Each job site has its own needs and will require a tailored approach to removal processes, such as:

• The identification of plowed snow pile locations . Poorly located snow piles may create additional hazards during the freeze-thaw-freeze cycles .

» Locate piles in areas where runoff is not crossing pedestrian traffic .

» Locate piles in areas where they are not obstructing the view of traffic .

» Ensure that culverts and drains are free of obstruction so that runoff can flow freely .

» Locate piles so that fire protection equipment, hydrants, control valves and lanes are not obstructed .

• Establish and clearly communicate snow routes for employees to safely walk to and from parking lots and job sites . Communicate that no other routes are to be used during inclement weather . Established walkways should be

well maintained throughout the daily freeze-thaw-freeze cycles in particularly troublesome areas such as shortcuts and steep grades .

INCLEMENT WEATHER FOOTWEAREmployers who implement a footwear policy significantly reduce the frequency of slip and fall incidents . Guidelines to consider when developing a policy include:

• Footwear should be designed for the activities performed by the employees, including walking and working on snow and ice and complicated by uneven surfaces .

• No hard plastic or leather soles or heels . Softer soled shoes are more slip-resistant because they grab the surface more effectively .

• No smooth soled shoes .

• Require footwear with adequate tread patterns designed for inclement weather .

• Require periodic inspection of footwear to ensure that they are maintained, cleaned and replaced as needed .

24

• Employees tasked with snow and ice removal, and/or working in uncontrolled conditions, should be provided and required to wear shoes with additional built-in traction aid or a strap-on traction aid device . The additional traction aid will dig into the walking surface thus greatly increasing traction . Caution is advised as these devices may create additional hazards if worn on non-icy surfaces such as concrete and tile as they ride on top of the surface rather than dig in .

Establish and clearly communicate snow routes for employees to safely walk

to and from parking lots and job sites.

SAFETY TIPSProvide employees with general guidelines on how to walk safely on slippery surfaces including but not limited to:

• Slightly bending the knees thus lowering their center of gravity .

• Turn feet outward to increase their base .

• Take short, slow and deliberate steps .

• Uses of arms for balance .

• Scan ahead for obstacles and/or cleared walking surfaces .

25

NOTES

Falls from aerial lifts are a common cause of construction employee injuries and fatalities.

Lifts come in many shapes and sizes for various uses and each has their own unique safety concerns.

CHAPTER 5

AERIAL LIFT SAFETY

Proper training is essential to safely operating aerial lifts prior to use.

TRAINING

Discuss the following with all aerial lift operators:

• General equipment operation and inspection .

• Emergency descent controls .

• How to report maintenance or safety concerns .

• Proper footwear .

• Fall and tip-over hazards .

• Fall protection requirements . Go above and beyond and wear fall protection in any lift, even if not required by OSHA .

• Pre-use inspections by a competent person .

• Always remain at least 10 feet from electrical hazards .

• Use insulated lifts when working near electrical lines .

• Establish and clearly mark a danger zone around aerial lift support vehicles .

• Assess your work area, including:

» Overhead electrical lines .

» Underground voids or septic tanks .

» Drop offs, holes, bumps or curbs .

» Unstable ground or footings .

» Clear the area of nonessential personnel around or beneath lifts .

» Overhead obstructions, canopies and beams .

Reminder: Do not perform maintenance on lifts unless properly equipped, trained and authorized.

BOOM LIFTS AND BUCKET TRUCKSBucket trucks expose employees to the best of both worlds when it comes to workplace fatalities: vehicle accidents and employee falls . Vehicle accidents are the number one way to die on the job . Then, at a close second, falls . Employees are also exposed to electrical hazards . Employees must wear seat belts, get training, use fall protection and stay aware of electrical hazards . Boom lifts consist of boom-supported platforms or buckets that are used in the construction, utilities and tree trimming industries .

Boom lifts can extend up to and over one hundred feet . Principal hazards experienced by boom lift operators are electric shock from contact with electrical wires, employees caught in between, lift tip-over or falls from the lift . Boom lifts are more popular than ever, and are extremely cost effective, allowing employees to access and complete their work in a safe manner .

Regardless of which piece of equipment your employees use, accidents can still happen, and all users must be trained to operate this equipment properly . Share these safety tips with boom lift operators and bucket truck drivers:

• Use a lanyard short enough to keep the employee in the basket with feet on the floor at all times .

• Connect fall restraint equipment to the anchorage provided on the lift platform .

• Never connect fall protection equipment to a structure outside of the lift .

• Wear a hard hat to prevent head injuries .

• Do not wear loose-fitting clothing .

• Never operate an unsafe boom lift or bucket truck .

• Check operating and emergency controls to ensure lift is functioning correctly .

• Secure the top of the ladder to prevent kick out .

• Never use a boom lift as a crane .

• Never drive a bucket truck with anyone in the bucket .

• Keep your feet on the floor, and never stand on the railing or sides .

• Use safety cones and protective devices to properly set up in traffic .

FORKLIFT SAFETYEach year, tens of thousands of injuries related to forklifts occur in US workplaces . Many employees are injured when lift trucks are inadvertently driven off loading docks, lifts fall between docks and an unsecured trailer, they are struck by a lift truck, or when they fallwhile on elevated pallets . Most incidents also involve property damage, including damage to overhead sprinklers, racking, pipes, walls and machinery .

Review these safety tips with your forklift operators:

• Never lift anyone on the forks or pallets .

• Make sure the work platform does not exceed lifting or load limits of the forklift .

• Buy or use a platform that is designed specifically for the forklift you are using:

28

Never exceed lift load capacity. Never jump from a lift.

Never stand on guardrails or sides.

» Fork-mounted work platforms must be constructed to meet OSHA, ANSI and ASME standards . Do not build your own .

• Secure the platform to the forklift backrest to prevent sliding or slide off .

• Platforms should have a guardrail on all four sides to include a top rail (39-45 inches in height), mid rail and toe board .

• Never stand on guardrails .

• Employees lifted on work platforms shall be protected with a personal fall arrest harness and lanyard .

• When working on platforms, employees must not use ladders, buckets or other unsafe means to gain additional reach .

• The forklift operator must stay in the seat and belted when employees are on work platforms .

SCISSOR LIFTS• Use a Personal Fall Restraint

System to prevent you from leaving the floor of the lift .

• Wear a hard hat to prevent head injuries .

• Never reach, work or place tools inside the pantograph (scissor action) of the lift .

• Use outriggers when extending the scissor .

• Never operate without gate or safety chain .

• Close doors or hook guardrail chains .

• Never stand on guardrails .

• Never use a scissor lift as a crane .

• Retract floor extensions before moving the lift .

Disclaimer: This guide is not designed to necessarily comply with OSHA requirements but to provide a reference to the basic elements of resident roofing safety. To develop an OSHA compliant aerial lift policy please refer to the following:

» Overview of OSHA standards & resources (https://www .osha .gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp .show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10754);

» Aerial lift OSHA fact sheet (https://www .osha .gov/Publications/aerial-lifts-factsheet .pdf) .

» OSHA aerial lift etool (https://www .osha .gov/SLTC/etools/hurricane/aerial-lifts .html) .

29

NOTES

Understanding the need for safety in your roofing operation is not only critical to the well-being of your employees,

it’s also crucial for your business. Helping to ensure your employees’ safety also helps keep your business profitable.

CHAPTER 6

ROOFING SAFETY

Roofing work exposes employees to many different types of fall hazards. Falls from elevations are a leading cause of fatal injuries in the construction industry. Falling from rooftops, lifts, scaffolds and ladders are the primary locations from which fatal falls occur in the residential roofing industry. When developing a roofing safety policy, keep these safety concepts in mind:

ANCHORAGE POINTS AND CONNECTING DEVICESProviding multiple anchorage points allows employees to move their lanyards more often, allowing for more maneuverability . In most cases, only one employee can use a single anchorage . Connecting devices constitute one component of a three component fall arrest system . Connecting devices affix the employee to the anchorage point . There is a diverse selection of connecting devices . Select a connecting device based on the work to be done and the work environment .

Shock-Absorbing LanyardsShock-absorbing lanyards are designed to absorb the fall arrest forces that are experienced during a fall . Shock-absorbing lanyards will expand when elongated, slowing the fall speed down . When using a shock-absorbing lanyard, each anchorage must be able to support 5,000 pounds .

Self-Retracting LanyardsSelf-retracting lanyards and lifelines offer more freedom to move than shock-absorbing lanyards . Each has a drum-wound line that unwinds and retracts as the employee moves . If the employee falls, the drum immediately locks, which reduces free-fall distance to about two feet—if the anchorage point is directly above the employee . Some self-retracting lanyards will reduce free-fall distance to less than one foot . Self-retracting lanyards are available in lengths up to 20 feet .

Self-retracting lifelines, which offer more freedom, are available in lengths up to 250 feet . Self-retracting lanyards and lifelines that limit free-fall distance to two feet or less must be able to hold

at least 3,000 pounds with the lanyard or lifeline fully extended . Self-retracting lanyards that don’t limit free-fall distance to two feet must be able to hold at least 5,000 pounds with the lanyard or lifeline fully extended .

BODY HARNESSESThere are a variety of harnesses available on the market today . When choosing a harness, consider the following:

• The fit should be snug to the body .

• The D-ring must be located between the shoulders .

• All harnesses should be inspected for damage, holes, cuts and excessive wear before each use .

• After each use a harness should be cleaned and stored in a dry location out of sunlight .

• It should be stressed to the employees that a harness not connected is useless and unacceptable .

Before using any connecting device, ask yourself the following:

• Did I read the directions before using my fall arrest device?

• Did I inspect my equipment before use?

» Document each inspection . Many have inspection tags printed on the equipment .

» Use only ANSI or OSHA-compliant fall arrest equipment .

• Am I using the appropriate lanyard length for the job?

» Ensure the lanyard does not have too much slack to create a tripping hazard .

» Ensure the lanyard will not create a swing-fall hazard . The anchorage must be directly above the employee .

» Adjust the equipment so it will not let you near the edge of the roof .

SKYLIGHTS AND ROOF TOP HOLES• Skylights and holes 2 inches or

larger must be protected .

• Hole covers must be secured to prevent accidental displacement or replacement .

• Covers must be clearly marked “HOLE” or “COVER” and color coded .

• Covers must be able to support at least twice the expected weight of employees, equipment and materials that may cross over the cover at any time .

• Wooden boxes can be built and used as covers or guardrails .

• Manufactured covers are available .

LADDERSFalls from ladders can result in injuries like strains, sprains, fractures and death . Since ladders are simple to use and are common and available for purchase, many users think the simplicity of ladders means no safety training is needed . Remember to:

• Inspect all ladders before each use .

• Remove damaged ladders from service immediately .

• Use ladders as they were intended by the manufacturer . Do not use a step ladder as a straight ladder .

32

• Use ropes to hoist equipment and tools .

• Select the ladder that is the correct height for the job at hand .

• Extend straight ladders 3 feet above the support edge .

• Secure straight ladders to prevent tip over and kick out .

• Never use a ladder within 10 feet of overhead power lines .

• Always maintain three point contact when ascending and descending ladders .

COMMERCIAL AND FLAT ROOFSFlat roofs are most commonly found in commercial roofing projects, and expose workers to falls off edges, ladders, lifts, through skylights and holes . Many employees think flat roofs are not as dangerous as residential pitched roofs . This complacency can be dangerous and fatal . Flat roofs often expose workers to greater fall heights, heavy equipment hazards, and electrical equipment and natural gas lines .

Common ways to protect rooftop employees:

• Parapets of at least 39 inches

• Warning line systems

• Guardrails

• Personal fall arrest systems (i .e ., body harness, lanyard and anchorage)

• Catch platforms

0.33 sec.2 feet

0.67 sec.7 feet

1 sec.16 feet

2 sec.64 feet

ANATOMY OF A FALL

The average cost of a fall

from a roof is $63,733.

33

WARNING LINE SYSTEMSDo everything possible to keep employees from falling from a rooftop .

The DOs and DON’Ts of Warning Lines• Do use a warning line on roofs

wider than 50 feet, and with a slope of 4:12 or less .

• Do install warning lines 34-39 inches in height .

• Don’t use a warning line as a guard rail . They do not stop employees from falling .

• Do install a warning line around all sides of the work area .

• Do support warning lines on stanchion posts that can withstand 16 pounds of tipping force .

• Do use warning lines as close as 6 feet from the edge if NO mechanical equipment is being used .

• Don’t use warning lines closer than 10 feet from the edge if mechanical equipment is being used .

• Do use ropes, wires or chains as warning lines . Flags should be highly visible and placed every 6 feet .

• Do guard rooftop access points when not in use .

• Do use warning lines with at least 500 pounds of tensile strength .

RESIDENTIAL ROOFSRoof Jacks (aka Slide Guards or Toe Boards):

• It is important to note that roof jacks not considered a stand-alone fall protection option .

• Roof jacks can still be used along with one or more of the accepted fall protection options (i .e ., personal fall arrest systems, guardrails or catch platforms) .

• Roof jacks should be constructed of 2” X 6” lumber .

• Roof jacks should be installed on the edge of the roof .

• Roof jacks should never be stood upon .

REMEMBER• The BEST fall protection systems

include

» Guardrails

» Personal Fall Arrest Devices .

• Never turn your back to the roof edge .

• Never take shortcuts .

• Always watch out for the safety of your coworkers .

NOTES:• Each job site is unique and should have a specific plan in place based on pitch, height, overhead hazards and type of roof .

• This guide is not designed to comply with OSHA requirements but to provide a reference to the basic elements of residential roofing safety .

• To develop an OSHA-compliant fall protection program please refer to:

» Overview of OSHA regulations, presentations, compliance assistance & other resources (https://www .osha .gov/doc/topics/residentialprotection/index .html);

» Sample fall protection plan for residential construction (https://www .osha .gov/doc/residential_fall_protection/sample_fall_protection .html) .

34

Falls from ladders and scaffolding are a common cause of construction employee injuries and fatalities.

Ladders and scaffolding come in many shapes and sizes for various uses and each has their own unique safety concerns.

CHAPTER 7

LADDER AND SCAFFOLDING SAFETY

Use a 4:1 ratio for setting ladders.

5’

20’

The construction site of today presents a number of potential hazards. When it comes to ladder and scaffolding safety, develop and follow manufacture safety messages to help avoid painful injuries.

Developing and implementing a Ladder and Scaffolding slip, trip and fall safety policy will greatly reduce the probability of injuries . When developing this safety policy, keep the following in mind:

• Keep the work area around ladders and scaffolding orderly .

» Keep travel pathways free of obstructions such as debris, tools and materials .

» Promptly clean up grease, oil or other materials from walking surfaces .

• Establish footwear requirements for personnel .

» Footwear must protect the wearer from nails and tools that could fall .

» Footwear soles should be slip resistant .

• Identify hazardous work areas . Evaluate the job site for the slip, trip and fall hazards, and implement appropriate protective control measures:

» Inadequate planking that is not overlapped correctly . Scaffold planks should overlap on a support at least 6 inches, but not more than 12 inches .

» Gaps between the scaffold and the building . Working platforms/decks must be fully planked and no more than a 14 inch gap from the building/wall .

» Unprotected elevated walking/working surfaces 10 feet or more above a lower level . Elevated surfaces should be protected .

» Inadequate scaffolds securement . Scaffolds with a height-to-base of more than 4:1 should be restrained from tipping by guying, tying, bracing, or the equivalent .

» Planking with knots, holes, cracks or rot should not be used . Inspect planking regularly .

» Footings must not settle or move . Scaffold legs must be on a firm foundation .

• Personnel involved in scaffolding activities should be provided training covering appropriate safety rules for accessing scaffolding .

» Prohibit climbing x-braces or end frames . Although frames may look like ladders, they are not considered ladders nor a safe means for access .

» Require employees to secure or tie-off ladders to prevent tipping or kick-out .

• Injuries and near misses are investigated and their causes corrected to help prevent recurrence .

• Employees learn safe work practices through classroom training, appropriate certification completion and on the job instruction .

36

• Inspect all ladders before each use .

• Remove damaged ladders from service immediately .

• Use ladders as they were intended by the manufacturer . Do not use a step ladder as a straight ladder .

• Use ropes to hoist equipment and tools .

• Select the ladder that is the correct height for the job at hand .

• Extend straight ladders 3 feet above the support edge .

• Secure straight ladders to prevent tip over and kick out .

• Never use a ladder within 10 feet of overhead power lines .

• Always maintain three point contact when ascending and descending ladders .

EXTENSION LADDERS• Using straps or rope, secure the

base of the ladder to a stable and secure object to prevent kick out .

• When securing the base of the ladder is not otherwise possible use a helper to hold the ladder .

• Use a 1:4 ladder pitch rule . For every four feet of ladder height to the support edge, set the base of the ladder out 1 foot .

• Secure the top of the ladder to prevent kick out .

• Extend straight ladders 3 feet above the support edge .

• Climb the ladder slowly to prevent ladder bounce and kick out .

• Watch for overhead power lines and power entrances, maintaining at least 10 feet distance .

• Never separate one extension ladder into two straight ladders .

LADDER JACKS• Never exceed ladder jack load

capacity .

• Never use a ladder jack when working at heights exceeding 20 feet .

• When working from a ladder jack at heights exceeding 10 feet a personal fall arrest system should be used .

• Ladder jack platforms must be within 14 inches from the structure .

• Safe access to the ladder jack over 2 feet in height must be provided .

• Platforms shall not be bridged to one another .

• Ladders must be used on stable and level surfaces and secured to prevent displacement .

• Tie off the top of the ladder and block the feet to prevent kick out or tip over .

• Unstable objects must not be used to support ladder jack members .

STEP LADDERS• Use the size of step ladder needed

to not step on the top two steps .

• Never over-reach . Keep your belt buckle between the rails .

• Ensure all four feet have a stable base .

• Never ladder hop .

• Lock spreader bars fully .

GENERAL TIPS• The cost of replacing a ladder

costs far less than the average fall from a ladder .

• Attempt to use alternative methods for reaching elevated work, such as boom lifts, scissor lifts or bucket trucks .

• Employees must be trained in proper ladder usage and inspection .

• Select and use the correct ladder for the job .

• Only use ladders as intended by the manufacturer .

• Climb ladders slowly .

• Ladders can be conductive . An insulated ladder can be conductive when wet .

• Store ladders properly to prevent damage .

Falls from ladders can result in injuries like strains, sprains, fractures and death. Since ladders are simple to use and are common and available for purchase, many users think the simplicity of ladders means no safety training is needed. Remember to:

LADDERS

37

OSHA requires a competent person to oversee erecting, altering, moving and

dismantling of scaffolding.

Scaffolding present four major hazards for employees: falling objects, employee falls, scaffold collapse and electric shock. Scaffold safety must go beyond OSHA compliance in order to prevent employee injury, lost work days and fatalities. Employees must be trained how to control these hazards.

SCAFFOLDING

Gather employees together and review these scaffold planking safety tips:

• Fall protection is required at heights of 10 feet or greater (equipped with guardrails, mid-rails and toe boards) .

• Any employee who performs work while on a scaffold should be trained regarding the nature of the hazards and controls .

• Proper attention to electrical hazards, fall hazards and object hazards in the work area .

• Proper use of the scaffold and handling materials on the scaffold .

• Maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacity of the scaffold .

• Prior to scaffold erection, a pre-job site inspection should be performed .

• Scaffolds should be erected, moved, dismantled or altered only by experienced and trained employees selected for that work by the competent person .

• Employees must be provided a safe access on or off the walk planks, work platform and/or scaffolding . Such access should be provided by a ladder or equivalent safe access .

• Be aware of electrocution hazard when assembling, using or dismantling scaffolds near power lines .

If it is difficult to determine if a power line is insulated or what its exact voltage is, maintain a minimum 10 foot clearance from all power lines . .

FRAME SCAFFOLDING• Poles, legs, post frames and

uprights should be on base plates and mud sills or other adequate firm foundations .

• Footings must be capable of

supporting the loaded scaffold without settling or displacement . Unstable objects may not be used to support scaffolds or platform units .

• Scaffold platforms and walkways should be fully planked or decked, at least 18 inches wide, using only scaffold-grade plank material, microlam or aluminum .

• To prevent slippage, platforms should be cleated or otherwise restrained at each end and overlap the centerline support at least 6 feet .

• Each end of the platform must not extend over its support more than 12 inches (platforms < 10 feet long or shorter) or more than 18 inches (for platforms > 10 feet long) .

38

PUMP JACK SCAFFOLDING• Erect and maintain according to

manufacturer’s recommendations . Secure poles to house with rigid triangular bracing at the top, bottom and other points as necessary .

• Intermediate bracing is to be used on wood poles at 10 foot intervals .

• Pump jack brackets, braces and accessories should be fabricated from metal plates and angles .

• All upright poles should be secured to mud sills on firm foundations .

• Poles made of straight-grain wood must be free of shakes, large loose or dead knots, and other defects, and should be nailed 12 inches on center on both sides, with 30-foot maximum height .

• Install guardrails (workbench may serve as top guardrail) . Platform brackets should be fully planked and secured .

LADDER JACK SCAFFOLDING• Ladders used to support ladder

jacks shall be placed, fastened or equipped with devices to prevent slipping . Access should be provided by an additional ladder .

• Plank bracket must be at least 12 inches wide on each rung .

• Platform should not exceed 20 feet in height and should be a minimum of 12 inches wide .

• Do not bridge platforms to each other .

• A personal fall protection system is required where heights exceed 10 feet .

WINDOW JACK SCAFFOLDING• Scaffolds should be securely

attached to the window opening .

• Scaffolds shall be used only for the purpose of working at the window opening through which the jack is placed .

• Window jacks shall not be used to support planks placed between one window jack and another, or for other elements of scaffolding .

• A personal fall protection system is required where heights exceed 10 feet .

NOTES:This guide is not designed to necessarily comply with OSHA requirements but to provide a reference to the basic elements of residential roofing safety .

• To develop an OSHA compliant ladder program please refer to:

» Overview of OSHA standards & resources (https://www .osha .gov/SLTC/fallprotection/construction .html);

» Ladder specific OSHA standards (https://www .osha .gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp .show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10839) .

39

NOTES

Developing and implementing a safety policy earlier rather than later

will greatly reduce the probability of injuries.

CHAPTER 8

WOOD FRAMING AND STEEL ERECTION SAFETY

Scaffolds should be erected, moved, dismantled or altered

only by experienced and trained employees.

When developing a wood framing or steel erection safety policy, keep the following in mind:

• Keep the work area well maintained and orderly .

» Keep travel pathways free of obstructions such as debris, tools and materials .

» Promptly clean up grease, oil or other materials from walking surfaces .

• Establish footwear requirements for personnel .

» Footwear must protect the wearer from nails and tools that could fall .

» Footwear soles should be slip resistant .

• Identify hazardous work areas . Evaluate the job site for slip, trip and fall hazards, and implement appropriate protective control measures:

» Protect employees from falling through floor holes or wall openings .

» Stairway or elevator shaft openings that are large enough for an employee to fall through to a lower level must be guarded by either a cover or guardrails .

» Small holes that employees could step into or that objects could fall through must have covers, regardless of their height above a lower level .

» Wall openings six or more feet above ground or to an outside lower level or ground should be protected .

» Employees performing sheathing/decking work and constructing exterior walls must not be exposed to falls from 6 feet or more above a lower level .

» Hoist areas where guardrails have been removed to receive materials

• Personnel involved in framing activities should be provided appropriate safety training and fall prevention .

• Injuries and near misses are investigated to determine root causes and prevent recurrences .

• Employees learn safe work practices through classroom training, appropriate certification completion and on the job instruction .

With a written and communicated policy, your company can clearly establish its expectations regarding slip, trip and fall prevention safety .

42

APPENDIX

SAMPLE POLICY STATEMENT .........................................A

INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND TREND ANALYSIS .......... B

SLIP, TRIP AND FALL DETAIL REPORT ............................ C

JOB SITE INSPECTION CHECKLIST ................................ D

WEEKLY SAFETY INSPECTION CHECKLIST ......................E

RESIDENTIAL ROOFING FALL PREVENTION CHECKLIST ...F

JOB SITE PRE-START SAFETY MEETING ......................... G

FALL PROTECTION GUIDELINES ..................................... H

RESOURCES ...................................................................I

NOTES

APPENDIX A

(Insert Company Name) is committed to creating a workplace that is safe, healthy and injury-free . Our employees are our most valuable assets, and their safety and health is our top priority .

Slips, trips and falls are all too common sources of workplace injuries . (Insert Company Name) has recognized this and taken actions to ensure the safety of our employees . We will provide support to our Safety Committee by providing them the time, employees and management commitment needed to reach our common goal of an injury-free workplace . We will provide training, review our procedures, review incidents and maintain the equipment . In the event of an injury, we will actively work to return the employee back to work when medically possible . Our Drug and Alcohol policy will be strictly enforced with no exceptions .

Safety is essential to all business functions and is never compromised under any circumstance . Every employee has a responsibility to maintain our work environment including reporting hazards and working toward preventing injuries .

I appreciate your full cooperation to follow our safety program and make our workplace safe, healthy and injury-free .

Sincerely,

(Insert Signature)

(Insert name)(Insert title)

* A message from your company’s President, CEO or other senior leader might have more of an impact on your employees. Consider this when creating policy statements.

NOTES

APPENDIX B

INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND TREND ANALYSIS

Contrary to popular belief, a first report of injury is not necessarily an incident investigation . MEM often uses the first report of injury to determine compensability of the claim . Unfortunately many employers stop here . An internal incident investigation can help you foster a culture of caring, deter fraudulent claims, determine root cause(s) and corrective actions .

Documentation• Seek at least three different perspectives on the incident (injured employee, witness and supervisor/management) .

Each should document their account of the incident in writing on separate sheets of paper to minimize influencing each other .

• Use the Incident Investigation and Trend Analysis Forms to standardize the process and insure consistency of information gathered .

• Obtain statements as soon as possible following the incident .

• Take pictures when appropriate .

Supervisor and/or Management Investigation and Questioning• Conduct interviews in neutral areas . The incident site is often best .

• Familiarize yourself with the details available .

• Avoid creating an atmosphere of retaliation .

• Concentrate on gathering facts without looking for fault . Communicate this to the parties involved .

• Interview involved parties individually .

• Ask simple, direct and open-ended questions .

• Avoid leading and accusatory questions .

• Stress your appreciation for the cooperation of all parties involved .

• Gather physical details and evidence form the incident scene as soon as possible .

• Maintain a courteous disposition if there is suspicion that a claim may be fraudulent . Communicate your suspicions and supporting information to your workers compensation carrier .

• Never recreate the injury .

• Complex incident investigations may benefit from outside guidance such as your workers compensation Loss Prevention Consultant .

When slips, trips and falls have an overwhelming presence in a workplace, then an incident investigation supplemental form may be warranted . A supplemental form should be used in addition to your regular investigative forms in an attempt to gather detailed information relative to the hazard . The details provided by using a supplemental form will aid in determining trending and consequently more effective corrective actions . Review the sample Slip, Trip and Fall supplemental form found in Appendix C . You may use this form as it is written or tailor it to fit your unique needs .

Trend AnalysisConsistently using a Slip, Trip and Fall incident investigation supplemental form will eventually provide you with a database that can be analyzed to determine trending . This type of in-depth analysis will address deficiencies in management commitment, preventative maintenance, employee behavior, awareness training, proper planning, physical and environmental conditions . Corrective actions resulting from such an analysis often address: hiring practices, new employee training, employee health and fitness, job dissatisfaction, work schedules, workloads, floor maintenance practices, footwear needs and requirements and near miss or close call reporting .

NOTES

APPENDIX C

SLIP, TRIP AND FALL DETAIL REPORT

Injured or Incident Employee Name:

Date of Incident: Day of Incident: o M o T o W o Th o F o Sat o Sun Time of Incident: o a .m . o p .m .

Was there an injury? o Yes o No

What was the injury?

Date Reported:

Name of Witnesses:

Did the person fall: o Yes o No Was this result of a slip or trip? o Slip o Trip

Explain what happened:

Where did the incident occur?

o Parking Lot o Sidewalk o Indoor Area o Ramp o Stairs o Customer Site Other:

What was the surface of the walkway?

o Asphalt o Concrete o Tile o Vinyl o Marble o Wood o Carpet o Dirt/Gravel o Transitioning surface

Were surface hazards present? o Yes o No If yes, please describe hazard(s) below: Examples: crack, hole, lop, non-stationary object, stationary object, gravel, poor housekeeping, ice, wet, oily

Was the hazard identified through some form of communication? o Yes o No If yes, name identification means:

INCIDENT DETAILS

o Walking forward o Walking backward o Changing Direction o Pushing o Turning a corner o Carrying

o Talking o Listening o Ascending o Descending o Rushing o Jumping

ACTIVITY DETAILS

Did the person fall? o forward o backward Did the person slip? o forward o backward

Which body part did the person fall on?

Is there pain in other areas as a result of this fall?

Where is the pain?

Was medical personnel called to the scene? o Yes o No

If the incident was on stairs, list number of steps present ______ and which step contributed to the incident (count from bottom) ______ .

INJURY DETAILS

What type of footwear was worn?

o Flats o Pumps o Slings o Oxford/Loafer o Clog o Flip Flop o Work Boot o Fashion Boot o Cowboy Boot

o Open Toe o Open Heel o Platform o Tennis Shoe o Ankle Supported o Hard Material o Smooth Surface

o Other:

What was the sole material? o Soft/ Rubberized o Treaded o Felt

What was the heel design? o Continuum of sole o Separate from sole o Squared edges o Round Edges o Pointy

What was the heel height? o 0-1” o 1 .1-2” o 2 .1-3” o 3”+

Was footwear in good condition before the incident? (broken straps, loose sole, broken heel, etc .) o Yes o No

Was footwear damaged in the incident? (broken straps, loose sole, broken heel, etc .) o Yes o No

FOOTWEAR DETAILS (CHOOSE ALL THAT ARE APPLICABLE)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Completed by: _________________________________

Date: ___________________________

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX D

JOB SITE INSPECTION CHECKLISTInstructions: This is a guideline only . Any recognized hazard shall be corrected as soon as possible and interim protection provided for any serious hazards not readily corrected . Issue “Safety Violation Notices” to subcontractors as appropriate . Note corrective actions taken on the back of this form, and keep completed forms on file .

Project Name: Date:

Inspected by:

Yes No Description of Items to be checked:First-aid kit fully stocked and accessible (protective gloves provided)

MODOL Poster and “911” posted .

Fire extinguisher(s) present, > “2A,” inspected monthly and yearly

Haz-Com Program, SDSs and inventory list on site

Rebar capped, no excess debris, nails in scrap boards, trip hazards .

GFCI protection provided and tested weekly .

PPE: Hard-hats, safety glasses, ear protection worn when needed .

Work boots worn—with steel toes when needed (e .g ., masons)

Industrial trucks/forklifts: Operator licensed . Daily inspections . Seat belts provided and worn .

Power/hand tools: With proper guards and no broken handles .

Cords: no cuts; no black tape repairs; three-wire type, rated HD .

Power tools: three-wire grounded OR double-insulated .

Ladders: Extend 3 feet past landing; good condition, used properly .

Temporary Lights: Bulbs installed; plastic guards, hung by loop

Scaffolds: Guardrails/toe boards at 10 feet, ladder access, fully planked, “X” braces in place, base-plate plus mud-sill, guyed/tied as required

Excavations: At 5 feet, is sloped or shielded? Ladder < 25 feet away, spoil >

2 feet away, competent person on site, utilities located, traffic control .

Fall Protection: Provided for work over 6 feet . Floor holes protected .

Powder-actuated tools: Eye/ear protection? Documented training

Stairs: Pan stair treads filled for temporary use

Stairs with > four risers: At least one handrail, and stair rail (top and mid rail) on each unprotected open side . Landing at door openings .

Cranes: Swing radius protected; daily inspections; fire extinguisher; load and hand-signal charts posted; annual service; trained driver .

Vehicles: Back-up alarms, horns and lights working . Seat belts used .

Concrete/block sawing: Wet methods/dust mask/earplugs used .

Masonry walls adequately braced .

Flammable liquids properly stored in metal cans & labeled .

Other:

“No” responses indicate potential problem areas that should receive further investigation.

APPENDIX E

WEEKLY SAFETY INSPECTION REPORTInstructions: This is a guideline only . Any recognized hazard shall be corrected as soon as possible and interim protection provided for any serious hazards not readily corrected . Issue “Safety Violation Notices” to subcontractors as appropriate . Note corrective actions taken on the back of this form, and keep completed forms on file .

Project Name: Date:

Inspected by:

Yes No Description of Items to be checked:1. Housekeeping

General neatness of work area

Projecting nails removed or bent over

Waste containers provided and used

Passageways and walkways clear

Staging areas clear of obstruction

Stairs free from trip and fall hazards .

Adequate lighting provided .

2. Fall Protection

Safety rails and cables are secured properly

Employees exposed to fall hazards are tied off

Employees below protected from falling objects

Employees using body belts for positioning devices only

Are employees working more than 6 feet above a lower level protected by guardrails, safety nets, personal fall arrest system

Does the job have a pre-planned job specific fall protection plan in place

3. Ladders

Ladders extend at least 36 inches above the landing

Ladders are secured to prevent slipping, sliding, or falling

Ladders with split or missing rungs taken out of service

Stepladders used in fully open position

No using top two rungs of stepladder

Are the appropriate ladders on site for employees

4. Scaffolding

All scaffolding inspected daily

Erected on sound rigid footing

Tied to structure as required

Guardrails, intermediate rails, toeboards and screens in place

Planking is sound and sturdy

Proper access provided

Employees below protected from falling objects

Yes No Description of Items to be checked:5. Floor and Wall Openings

All floor or deck openings are planked over or barricaded

Perimeter protection is in place

Deck planks are secured

Materials are stored away from edge

Floor opening covers have “hole” written on them

Stair, window and door openings guarded

Skylights property guarded

6. Stairs

Are flights of stairs with four or more risers equipped with standard stair railings or handrails

Stair pans have materials

7. Unsafe Acts or Practices Observed (list below):

Completed by: _________________________________

Date: ___________________________

APPENDIX F

RESIDENTIAL ROOFING FALL PREVENTION CHECKLISTProject start date: Project location:

Projected completion date: Superintendent/Foreman:

Estimator: Square footage/squares:

r Residential r Commercial r Patch repair r Total roof replacement

Number of stories: Roof Pitch: : Roof type:

r Composite r Metal r Shake or tile r Other: ____________________

Decking/substrate inspected by: Date:Skylights protected: r Yes r Not Applicable

Fall protection—check all that will be applied for this job:

r Guard rails r Rope grabs r Fall restraint r Lanyards r Horizontal line

r Roof jacks (not permitted as sole source of fall prevention on >4:12 pitch)

Other fall prevention method: List specifics on back of form with management pre-approved signature

Ladders: must be inspected and in good condition prior to use:

r Appropriate height r Top secured r Base secured

APPENDIX G

JOB SITE PRE-START SAFETY MEETINGDate:

Superintendent/Foreman leading meeting :Safety topics:

r Housekeeping requirements

r Ladder safety rules

r Hand tool safety rules

r Air nail gun safety rules

Employees: By signing this form, you are in agreement that you attended this meeting, understood the contents that were discussed and will comply with the safety requirements.

Employee Name Signature Employee Name Signature

APPENDIX H

FALL PROTECTION GUIDELINES

Project name and address:

RESIDENTIAL

Pitch <4/12 ______5/12-8-12_______>9/12________

Tear-off ___________New construction___________

Roof material:________________________________

Type of roof:_________________________________

Minimum eave height:__________________________

Maximum eave height:__________________________

Maximum height:______________________________

Roof access:__________________________________

Job site conditions:_____________________________

COMMERCIAL

Roof pitch or slope:__________________________

Tear-off_________New___________Repair______

Roof material______________________________

Leading edge work_________________________

Type of roof adhesion_______________________

Minimum height:___________________________

Maximum height:___________________________

Roof access:_______________________________

Aerial lifts:________________________________

Job site conditions:__________________________

JOB SPECIFIC FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURES

This guideline is to be used to determine fall protection procedures and equipment for each specific roofing project . The information must be communicated to the crew leader before project begins .

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APPENDIX I

RESOURCES

• Accident Facts, 1988 Edition, National Safety Council, pp . 32-45 .

• Dutton, Cheryl . “Make Foot Protection a Hit,” Safety and Health, Vol . 138, No . 5, November, 1988 . pp . 30-33 .

• Ellis, J . Nigel and Howard B . Lewis . Introduction to Fall Protection . American Society of Safety Engineers, 1988 .

• Goldsmith, Aaron . “Natural Walking, Unnatural Falls,” Safety and Health, Vol . 138, No . 5, December, 1988 . pp . 44-47 .

• McElroy, Frank (ed .) . Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, 7th ed . National Safety Council, 1980 .

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