ContentWhere China carbon study is?

1.What kinds of terrestrial carbon data we have

2.What we have done in evaluating carbon budget

3.What the situation of carbon budget is:uncertainty

4.What is essential to Chinese carbon study

1.What kinds of terrestrial carbon data we have

1.1 Ecosystem research data

1.2 IGBP-transect research data

1.3 Forest inventory data

1.4 Eddy flux data

♣ Time: May, 1998 – Present♣Typical ecosystems

•Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station

– Quercus mongolica forest ecosystem– Pinus Koraiensis forest ecosystem

•Changling Grassland Station

•Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station

Changbai Mountain Forest StatiChangling Grassland Stati

Inner Mongolia Grassland Stat

NEP synthetic observation inLeymus chinensis grassland

-meadow steppe & meadow steppe farmland

-Fenced & grazing Leymus chinensis grassland– Fenced & grazing Stipa gradis grassland– Dry steppe

1.1 Ecosystem research data

•Contents－Daily and seasonal soil CO2 fluxes－Plant community photosynthesis －Leaf ecophysiology－Dynamical biomass and NPP －C、N、P、S of dominant species－Soil property －Microclimate gradient observation

Soil property

Micro-climate gradient observation

Biomass measurement Leaf areaLeaf eco-physiology

Soil respiration/Plant community

photosynthesis

mid-latitude semi-arid areasLat. 42°∼46° NLong.112° ∼130.5° ELength: 1,600 kmWidth: 300 km

1.2 IGBP-transect research dataInvestigation time:

–1994–1997–1998–2001

• Land use database– Time: 1997 & 2001– Sampling plots:81(every 25 kilometers one spot)– contents:location, land use types

• Soil carbon database– Time: 1997 & 2001– Sampling plots:30– contents:Bulk density,C、 N、 P、 K and effective C、N、P、S, K、Na

、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn and effective K、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn, Cation exchange capacity, pH, Electronic conductivity, Soil water-holding capacity, Soil texture(International system)

• Soil CO2 flux– Time: 2001– Sampling plots:30– Contents:Soil CO2 emission, Soil temperature: 0, 5, 15, 20cm

• Plant community Photosynthesis– Time: 2001– Sampling plots:30– contents: Photosynthesis of plant community

• Plant leaf physiological database– Time: 1997– Sampling plots:100 plots, 252 species– contents: location,leaf photosynthesis, leaf conductance, leaf transpiration,

air temperature, air relative humidity, etc• Plant community investigation

– Time: 1997 & 2001– Sampling plots:51(1997)/30(2001)– Contents:

– tree：LAI, number and DBH of every species– Shrub：LAI, number,coverage and height of every species– grass in forest sampling: number,coverage and height of each species– grass in grass sampling:coverage,height and frequence

Up to now, national level forest inventory survey in China has been executed five consecutive times from 1973 to 1998

1973-1976

1977-1981

1984-1988

1989-1993

1994-1998

1.3 Forest inventory data

NECT NECT

Boreal Forest Station, Helongjiang

Typical steppe, Inn Mongolia(Stipa krylovii)

Agricultural station(Maize),Liaoning

Wetland station, Liaoning(Paddy rice, phragmites

communis )

CMA Flux Station(9)

Managed Korean pine Forest Station,

Helongjiang

ChinaFlux Station(8)

Agricultural station(Paddy rice),Anhui

Agricultural station,Hebei(Maizei)

Desert steppe station, Xinjiang

Agricultural station, Ganshu(highland barley)

1.4 Eddy flux data

1Wetland

42Agriculture

22Grassland

24Forest

CMA

CAS

Distribution of EC tower in China

2.What we have done in evaluating carbon budget

2.1 FID-based NPP model

2.2 Terrestrial ecosystem dynamic model

0. 00

0. 02

0. 04

0. 06

0. 08

0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 081/ V

1/B

0. 00

0. 01

0. 02

0. 03

0. 04

0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 031/ V

1/B

Natural larix forest Planting larix forest

B=V/(0.9365+0.0018V)R2 =0.96,n=17

B=V/(1.2728+0.0011V)R2 =0.92,n=17

0

5

10

15

20

0 2 4 6B/ A

NPP

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10B/ A

NPP

NPP=B/(0.2017A+0.0224B)R2=0.64,n=17

NPP=B/(0.1747A+0.0662B)R2=0.51,n=17

B＝aV （Brown & Lugo，1984）or B=aV+b(Fang et al., 1996)

NPP＝f(B),Linear,Exponential and Power functions(Fang et al.,1996）

Natural larix forest Planting larix forest

2.1 2.1 FIDFID--based NPP modelbased NPP model

y = 0. 91x + 0. 67, R2 = 0. 82

y = 0. 70x + 2. 34, R2 = 0. 65

0

4

8

12

16

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Measur ed NPP val ues( t · hm- 2· a- 1)

Simu

late

d NP

P(t·

hm-2

·a-1

)

Regarding the difference between natural and planting larix forest

Disregarding the difference between natural and planting larix forest

� � � � Type of forest stands

� � � 2� � � � � Parameters in Eq.2 a b n r2

� � Cuninghamia Lanceolata 0.808 0. 0067 29 0. 64 � � � � � � � Pinus Massoniana, P.yunanensis 1. 428 0. 0014 27 0. 79 � � � Larix spp. 0. 94 0. 0026 34 0. 94 � � � Picea, Abies 0. 56 0. 0035 26 0. 85 � � P.tabulaeformis 0. 32 0. 0085 32 0. 86 � � � P.armandii 0. 542 0. 0077 17 0. 73 � � � � Other pines and conifer forests 1. 393 0. 0008 15 0. 72 � � � Cypress 1. 125 0. 0002 21 0. 97 � � � � � Mixed conifer and deciduous forests 2. 558 - 0. 0038 11 0. 95 � � Populus 0. 587 0. 0071 21 0. 92 � � Betula 0. 975 0. 001 14 0. 91 � � Quercus 0. 824 0. 0007 48 0. 92 � � � � � Cinnamomum, Phoebe 0. 76 0. 0012 10 0. 87 � � � Casuarina 0. 807 - 0. 0001 14 0.88

� � � � � � � � � � � Sassafras� Eucalyptus and mixed broad-leaf forests 0. 727 - 0. 0012 21 0. 75 � � Nonmerchantable woods 0. 98 - 0. 0007 14 0. 95

Application of FID-based model in forest of China( ，B and V are biomass(Mg/ha) and volume(m3/ha)，a、b are constants)bVa

VB+

=

2.2 Terrestrial Ecosystem Dynamic Model(TEDM)

Atmosphere(Land surface model of GCMs)

Photosynthetic allocation(based on BIOME-BGC)

Human activities(based on CENTURY)

Multi-scale NEP model based on photosynthetic mechanism

Soil(based on GCMs)

water、heat and CO2 exchanges

Water and heat exchanges

Vegetation

Past climate and Past vegetation

validation

GCM

PFTs

Carbon balance

Ecosystem services

Evaluating the effects

Adapting and mitigating strategy

application

Changbai Forest Station

Changling Meadow Station

Inner Mongolia grassland station

Long-term ecosystem research observation

Experiments of simulating water stress on representative plant species in northern China

Scaling up

FeedbackFeedback

Feedback

NECT field survey and Remote sensing image

SpotLeaf

Indivi-dual

Ecosystem

Line

area

t ~ minutes to hours t ~ days to weeks

Land Surface Module

Belowground Carbon & Nitrogen Cycling Module

Vegetation Dynamics ModuleBiomass Production: GPP, total

respiration, NPP

Aboveground Carbon Cycling

Plant Physiology: photos. & leaf respiration, stomatal conductance

Soil Physics: energy and water balance

Canopy Physics: energy & water balance, aerodynamics

ATMOSPHERE(prescribed atmospheric datasets)

Vegetation Phenology Module:budburst & senescence

GPP, foliage respiration

Vegetation structure & biomass

Daily LAItemperature, photosynthesis

leaf nitrogen content

t ~ years

Weather Generator (sub daily) Hourly Meteorological Dataor

stresss

Carbon cycling: decomposition of littter & soil organic matter, soil respiration

Nitrogen cycling:nitrogen mineralization,

deposition, fixation, fertilizer, plant uptake, leaching

Γ+•++

=-Ci

O/Ko)](1KcRd)[Ci(Amax cmax15V

N360190

maxA+•

=N

0T I

I NN •=

)()]00831T205.9)/(0.-Trexp[(u1

)]/(0.00831Tu-exp[u Nr2

r31T rT TK•

•+=

]}16.273

116.288

1[3000exp{cmax15VcmaxV+

−••=lT

Effects of soil nutrient(Sc，Sn,g/m2) on An

1)(K16.288T/13000S

)10000/130001(}30/)]16.273(15[1{)(K16.288T/13000S

T

2T

2

=>=<=

−+•−−+=<>

r

rC

Crr

rC

TKmg

STTKmg

ʱ£¬»òµ±

ʱ£¬ÇÒµ±

21 )16.273(002.0)16.273(01.08.40u −−−•+= rr TT

)16.273(002.0738.0u 2 −−= rT

)ln(504.2412.97u 3 pN−=

)10*8exp(}1,600/{120 5 ScSnMinN p •−••= −

2;

)33.2(5.4)(;

)/1()( maxmax c

pi

ij

oci

icc

VWC

CJWKOKC

CVW =Γ+

Γ−=

++Γ−

=

Biochemical model： An=min{ Wc,Wj,Wp}-Rd= f (Ci ,Tl,PPFD)

Without soil nutrient effectWith soil nutrient effect

y = 1. 1082x - 9. 0204R2 = 0. 7254

0

100

200

300

400

100 150 200 250 300 350� � ANPP

��

ANPP

1981-1997年羊草草原生�力��

Scaling from leaf to canopy

¾»¹ ⺠ÏËÙÂÊ y = 0.9753xR2 = 0.5234

02468

101214

0 5 10 15

¾»¹ ⺠ÏËÙÂʹ Û² âÖµ (mol¡ ¤m-2s-1)Simulated net primary productivity rate

¾»¹

âºÏË

ÙÂ

ÊÄ

£ÄâÖ

(mol

¡¤m

-2s-1

) S

imul

ated

net

prim

ary

prod

uctiv

ity ra

te

496. 5404. 03

450. 54

0

150

300

450

600

ʵ ²â Öµ CENTURY Ä£ ÐÍ ¹â ºÏ Ä£ ÐÍ

¾»³õ

¼¶Éú

²úÁ¦

(gm-2

)

� 1: I BI S� � � � � � � � � � � ( � � : g/ m2)

050

100150200250300350400

1981 1986 1991 1996

� �� �

R=0. 568( n=14)

F: Changbai Forest Ecosystem Research StationM: Changling Grassland StationT: Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research StationP: precipitation (cm)NPP: 10gC•m-2•a-1

SC: total soil carbon(10gC•m-2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year

NPP(

10gC

m-2

yr-1

) or

SC(

10gC

m-2

)

F- P F- NPP F- SC M- P M- NPP M- SC T- P T- NPP T- SC

503.2

227.1175.8

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mixed coniferous- broadleaved forestMeadow steppe ecosystemTypical steppe ecosystem

gC m-2 yr-1

CENTURY model

Parameters

CR

OP.

100

GR

AZ.

100

FIX

.100

SITE

.100

FIR

E.1

00

OM

AD

.100

TREM

.100

TRE

E.10

0

Grassland Forest

FILE100 EVENT100 Climate data

Grassland/Forest

Gra

zing

��

TRE

M

��

OM

AD

��

FIRE

Mea

n m

onth

ly P

Mon

thly

Min

. T

Mon

thly

Max

. T

Annual NEP:4.03tC/hm2•a

Annual soil emission:1.91tC/hm2•a

Carbon budget:2.12tC/hm2•a

Boreal Forest is a carbon sink

3.What the situation of carbon budget is:uncertainty

Case studyCase study ⎯⎯ CCarbon budget of the arbon budget of the StipaStipa GrandisGrandissteppe(estimating area:400msteppe(estimating area:400m××400m) in Inner Mongolia400m) in Inner Mongolia

Atmosphere 24.9tC

Soil organ carbon 820.4tC

Pg 45.1tC/aA-Rs 5.3tC/a

Rs 18.0tC/aB-Rs 12.7tC/a

From A-biomass 2.9tC/aLitter 10.1tC/a

From B-biomass 7.2tC/a

Soil and Litter

respiration14.1tC/a

Above-biomass 7.4tCPlant 45.8tC

Below-biomass 38.4tC

Carbon flow Carbon storage Carbon sink 13.0tC/a or 81.2gC/m2•a

0

0. 05

0. 1

0. 15

0. 2

0. 25

0. 3

0. 35

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000� �

NEE(

kgC

m-2 y

r-1 )

NEE of Typical steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia by TEDM model

NEE=0.175, CENTURY model

NEE=0.114,Mean,TEDM

NEE=0.081, Observed estimation

NEE=0.077, Flux observation

How to obtain properly carbon flux? E.g. sampling time, data calibration, and EC in mountain region

How to evaluate regional carbon flux by EC? IGBP-transects, remote sensing method

Data fusion: how to integrate different carbon data?

How to mitigate carbon emission and enhance carbon sequestration? Wind energy, bio-fuel

4.What is essential to Chinese carbon study

Thanks!