TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO.ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY

1.1.1 Moore’s Law

1.1.2 Gate Width

1.1.3 Why Spintronics

1

1

2

2

2 SPINTRONICS

2.1 DEFINITION 4

2.2 IDEA BEHIND SPINTRONICS 4

2.3 CONCEPT OF SPINTRONICS

2.3.1 Electron Charge Distribution

2.3.2 Photon Theory

2.3.3 Electron Spin Theory

2.3.4 Zeeman Effect

2.3.5 Spin-Statistics Theorem

2.3.6 Spin Polarization

2.3.7 Fundamentals of Spin

6

7

7

8

10

10

11

12

2.4 QUANTUM TUNNELING 13

2.5 WAVE –PARTICLE DUALITY 15

3 R&D ON SPINTRONICS

3.1 RESEARCH AREAS 16

3.2 REQUIREMENTS 18

3.3 SPIN MATERIALS

3.3.1 Ferromagnetic Semiconductors

3.3.2 Half-Magnetic Semiconductors

18

18

19

4 DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS

4.1 SPIN DEVICE

4.1.1 Giant Magneto Resistance

4.1.2 Magnetic Tunnel Junction

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21

22

4.2 SPIN APPLICATIONS

4.2.1 MRAM

4.2.2 Spin FET

4.2.3 Spin LED

4.2.4 GMR Sensors

22

23

24

25

25

5 PROS And CONS

5.1 ADVANTAGES

5.2 DISADVANTAGES

26

26

6 CONCLUSION

27

REFERENCES 28