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Contents

About This Manual.............................................................................................. iiiAudience ..................................................................................................... iiiRelated Documents ..................................................................................... iiiConventions................................................................................................. ivObtaining Customer Support....................................................................... viOther Sources of Information...................................................................... vi

Chapter 1 - Introducing Star-Hspice .............................................................. 1-1

Star-Hspice Applications ............................................................................... 1-2

Star-Hspice Features ...................................................................................... 1-3

Chapter 2 - Getting Started ............................................................................. 2-1

AC Analysis of an RC Network ..................................................................... 2-2

Transient Analysis of an RC Network ........................................................... 2-5

Transient Analysis of an Inverter ................................................................... 2-7

Chapter 3 - Specifying Simulation Input and Controls ................................ 3-1

Examining the Simulation Structure .............................................................. 3-2

Understanding the Data Flow ........................................................................ 3-4

Simulation Process Overview ................................................................... 3-6

Using the Star-Hspice Command ................................................................. 3-10

Prompting Script Mode........................................................................... 3-10Nonprompting Command Line Mode..................................................... 3-11

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Using Standard Input Files ........................................................................... 3-15

Design and File Naming Conventions .................................................... 3-15Configuration File (meta.cfg) .................................................................. 3-16Initialization File (hspice.ini) .................................................................. 3-16DC Operating Point Initial Conditions File (<design>.ic) ..................... 3-16Input Netlist File (<design>.sp).............................................................. 3-17

Using Input Control Statements ................................................................... 3-34

.ALTER Statement .................................................................................. 3-34

.DATA Statement.................................................................................... 3-37

.TEMP Statement .................................................................................... 3-43

Setting Control Options ............................................................................... 3-45

.OPTIONS Statement .............................................................................. 3-45Descriptions of General Control .OPTIONS Keywords ......................... 3-47

Understanding the Library Types ................................................................ 3-56

Discrete Device Library .......................................................................... 3-56DDL Library Access ............................................................................... 3-56Vendor Libraries ..................................................................................... 3-57Subcircuit Library Structure.................................................................... 3-58

Understanding the Library Input .................................................................. 3-59

Automatic Library Selection ................................................................... 3-59.OPTIONS SEARCH Statement ............................................................. 3-59.INCLUDE Statement ............................................................................. 3-60.LIB Call and Definition Statements ....................................................... 3-61Library Building Rules............................................................................ 3-64.MODEL Statement................................................................................. 3-65.PROTECT Statement ............................................................................. 3-67.UNPROTECT Statement ....................................................................... 3-67

Comparing the Control Options Default Values .......................................... 3-68

Chapter 4 - Specifying Simulation Output..................................................... 4-1

Using Output Statements ............................................................................... 4-2

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Output Files ............................................................................................... 4-2Output Variables ....................................................................................... 4-5.OPTION POST for High Resolution Graphics ........................................ 4-6.OPTION ACCT Summary of Job Statistics............................................. 4-6Changing the File Descriptor Limit .......................................................... 4-9

Selecting Simulation Parameters ................................................................. 4-10

DC and Transient Output Variables ........................................................ 4-10AC Analysis Output ................................................................................ 4-14.MEASURE Statement............................................................................ 4-19Element Template Output ....................................................................... 4-35

Displaying Simulation Results ..................................................................... 4-47

.PRINT Statement ................................................................................... 4-47

.WIDTH Statement.................................................................................. 4-51

.PLOT Statement..................................................................................... 4-52

.PROBE Statement .................................................................................. 4-54

.GRAPH Statement ................................................................................. 4-54

Chapter 5 - Using Sources and Stimuli........................................................... 5-1

Independent Source Elements ........................................................................ 5-2

Source Element Conventions .................................................................... 5-2Independent Source Element Statements .................................................. 5-2

Star-Hspice Independent Source Functions ................................................... 5-6

Pulse Source Function............................................................................... 5-6Sinusoidal Source Function....................................................................... 5-9Exponential Source Function .................................................................. 5-11Piecewise Linear Source Function .......................................................... 5-13Data Driven Piecewise Linear Source Function ..................................... 5-15Single-Frequency FM Source Function .................................................. 5-17Amplitude Modulation Source Function................................................. 5-18

Voltage and Current Controlled Elements ................................................... 5-20

Polynomial Functions.............................................................................. 5-20

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Piecewise Linear Function ...................................................................... 5-24

Voltage Dependent Current Sources — G Elements ................................... 5-25

Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)........................................... 5-25Behavioral Current Source ...................................................................... 5-25Voltage Controlled Resistor (VCR) ........................................................ 5-26Voltage Controlled Capacitor (VCCAP)................................................. 5-26

Current Dependent Current Sources — F Elements .................................... 5-33

Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) ........................................... 5-33

Voltage Dependent Voltage Sources — E Elements ................................... 5-37

Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) .......................................... 5-37Behavioral Voltage Source...................................................................... 5-37Ideal Op-Amp.......................................................................................... 5-37Ideal Transformer.................................................................................... 5-38

Dependent Voltage Sources — H Elements ................................................ 5-42

Current Controlled Voltage Source — CCVS ........................................ 5-42

Digital Files and Mixed Mode — U Elements ............................................ 5-46

Digital Input Element and Model............................................................ 5-47Two-Bit Adder with Digital I/O.............................................................. 5-51Specifying a Digital Vector File.............................................................. 5-55Defining Tabular Data............................................................................. 5-59Defining Vector Patterns......................................................................... 5-62Modifying Waveform Characteristics..................................................... 5-68

Chapter 6 - DC Initialization and Point Analysis .......................................... 6-1

Understanding the Simulation Flow .............................................................. 6-2

Performing Initialization and Analysis .......................................................... 6-3

Setting Initial Conditions for Transient Analysis...................................... 6-5

Using DC Initialization and Operating Point Statements .............................. 6-6

Element Statement IC Parameter .............................................................. 6-6

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.IC and .DCVOLT Initial Condition Statements....................................... 6-6

.NODESET Statement............................................................................... 6-7

.OP Statement — Operating Point ............................................................ 6-8Using .SAVE and .LOAD Statements .................................................... 6-10

Setting DC Initialization Control Options ................................................... 6-14

Option Descriptions................................................................................. 6-14

Specifying Accuracy and Convergence ....................................................... 6-21

Accuracy Tolerances ............................................................................... 6-21Accuracy Control Options....................................................................... 6-23Convergence Control Option Descriptions ............................................. 6-23Autoconverge Process ............................................................................. 6-28

Reducing DC Errors ..................................................................................... 6-31

Shorted Element Nodes........................................................................... 6-33Conductance Insertion Using DCSTEP .................................................. 6-33Floating Point Overflow.......................................................................... 6-34

Diagnosing Convergence ............................................................................. 6-35

Nonconvergence Diagnostic Table ......................................................... 6-35Traceback of Nonconvergence Source.................................................... 6-36Solutions for Nonconvergent Circuits..................................................... 6-37

Chapter 7 - Performing Transient Analysis................................................... 7-1

Understanding the Simulation Flow .............................................................. 7-2

Understanding Transient Analysis ................................................................. 7-3

Initial Conditions for Transient Analysis .................................................. 7-3

Using the .TRAN Statement .......................................................................... 7-4

Understanding the Control Options ............................................................... 7-8

Method Options......................................................................................... 7-8Tolerance Options ................................................................................... 7-11Limit Options .......................................................................................... 7-14Matrix Manipulation Options.................................................................. 7-17

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Testing for Speed, Accuracy and Convergence ........................................... 7-18

Simulation Speed..................................................................................... 7-18Simulation Accuracy ............................................................................... 7-18Numerical Integration Algorithm Controls ............................................. 7-21

Selecting Timestep Control Algorithms ...................................................... 7-24

Iteration Count Dynamic Timestep Algorithm ....................................... 7-25Local Truncation Error (LTE) Dynamic Timestep Algorithm................ 7-26DVDT Dynamic Timestep Algorithm..................................................... 7-26User Timestep Controls........................................................................... 7-27

Performing Fourier Analysis ........................................................................ 7-29

.FOUR Statement .................................................................................... 7-30

.FFT Statement ........................................................................................ 7-33FFT Analysis Output............................................................................... 7-36

Using Data Driven PWL Sources ................................................................ 7-38

Chapter 8 - Using the .DC Statement.............................................................. 8-1

Understanding the DC Sweep Flow ............................................................... 8-2

Performing DC Sweeps .................................................................................. 8-3

Using Other DC Analysis Statements ............................................................ 8-8

DC-Related Small-Signal Analyses .......................................................... 8-9

Setting the DC Analysis Control Option ...................................................... 8-12

Chapter 9 - AC Sweep and Signal Analysis.................................................... 9-1

Understanding AC Small Signal Analysis ..................................................... 9-2

Using the .AC Statement ................................................................................ 9-4

AC Control Options .................................................................................. 9-7AC Analysis Output Variables.................................................................. 9-8AC Nodal Voltage Output......................................................................... 9-9AC Current Output: Independent Voltage Sources................................. 9-11AC Current Output: Element Branches................................................... 9-11

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Group Time Delay Output....................................................................... 9-12AC Network Output ................................................................................ 9-12

Using Other AC Analysis Statements .......................................................... 9-14

.DISTO Statement — AC Small-Signal Distortion Analysis ................. 9-14

.NOISE Statement — AC Noise Analysis .............................................. 9-16

.SAMPLE Statement — Noise Folding Analysis ................................... 9-18

.NET Statement - AC Network Analysis ................................................ 9-19

Chapter 10 - Analyzing Electrical Yields ..................................................... 10-1

Specifying Analytical Model Types ............................................................ 10-2

Using Algebraic Expressions ....................................................................... 10-4

Using Built-In Functions .............................................................................. 10-6

User-Defined Functions .......................................................................... 10-8

Using Parameters in Simulation ................................................................... 10-9

Parameter Definition ............................................................................. 10-11Parameter Scoping and Passing............................................................. 10-18Hierarchical Circuits, Parameters, and Models..................................... 10-26

Varying Parameters and Libraries .............................................................. 10-30

Using the .ALTER Statement................................................................ 10-30.DEL LIB Statement.............................................................................. 10-31

Performing Worst Case Analysis ............................................................... 10-33

Model Skew Parameters........................................................................ 10-33

Performing Monte Carlo Analysis ............................................................. 10-39

Monte Carlo Setup ................................................................................ 10-39Monte Carlo Output .............................................................................. 10-40.PARAM Distribution Function Syntax ................................................ 10-41Monte Carlo Parameter Distribution Summary .................................... 10-43Monte Carlo Examples.......................................................................... 10-43

Worst Case and Monte Carlo Sweep Example .......................................... 10-51

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HSPICE Input File ................................................................................ 10-51Transient Sigma Sweep Results ............................................................ 10-53Monte Carlo Results.............................................................................. 10-55

Simulating Circuit and Model Temperatures ............................................. 10-60

Temperature Analysis ........................................................................... 10-61.TEMP Statement .................................................................................. 10-62

Chapter 11 - Optimizing Performance ......................................................... 11-1

Performing Optimization ............................................................................. 11-2

Optimization Control............................................................................... 11-2Simulation Accuracy ............................................................................... 11-2Curve Fit Optimization............................................................................ 11-3Goal Optimization ................................................................................... 11-3

Understanding the Statements Syntax .......................................................... 11-4

Analysis Statement Syntax (.DC, .TRAN, .AC) ..................................... 11-5.PARAM Statement Syntax..................................................................... 11-6.MODEL Statement Syntax..................................................................... 11-7

Examining Optimization Examples ........................................................... 11-10

MOS Level 3 Model DC Optimization ................................................. 11-10MOS Level 13 Model DC Optimization ............................................... 11-14RC Network Optimization .................................................................... 11-17CMOS Tristate Buffer Optimization..................................................... 11-22BJT S-Parameters Optimization............................................................ 11-27BJT Model DC Optimization ................................................................ 11-30GaAsFET Model DC Optimization....................................................... 11-34MOS Op-amp Optimization .................................................................. 11-37

Performing Timing Analysis ...................................................................... 11-41

Chapter 12 - Using Passive Devices............................................................... 12-1

Using the Element Statement ....................................................................... 12-2

Element Parameters................................................................................. 12-2

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Model Statement ..................................................................................... 12-4Model Parameters.................................................................................... 12-4

Using the Resistor Element .......................................................................... 12-6

Wire RC Model ....................................................................................... 12-9

Using the Capacitor Element ..................................................................... 12-16

Capacitance Model ................................................................................ 12-18Polynomial Capacitor Elements ............................................................ 12-21

Using the Linear Inductor Element ............................................................ 12-23

Mutual Inductor Element ...................................................................... 12-26Polynomial Inductor Element................................................................ 12-28

Using Magnetics ........................................................................................ 12-29

Magnetic Winding Element .................................................................. 12-29Mutual Core Statement.......................................................................... 12-30Magnetic Core Model............................................................................ 12-31Jiles-Atherton Ferromagnetic Core Model............................................ 12-33

Chapter 13 - Using Diodes ............................................................................. 13-1

Understanding the Diode Types ................................................................... 13-2

Using Model and Element Statements ......................................................... 13-3

Control Options ....................................................................................... 13-3

Specifying Junction Diodes ......................................................................... 13-5

Diode Element......................................................................................... 13-6Using the Junction Model Statement .................................................... 13-14Junction Model Parameters ................................................................... 13-15

Calculating Temperature Effects ............................................................... 13-22

Using Diode Equations .............................................................................. 13-25

Junction DC Equations.......................................................................... 13-26Diode Capacitance Equations................................................................ 13-28Noise Equations..................................................................................... 13-30

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Temperature Compensation Equations ................................................. 13-31

Using the Fowler-Nordheim Diode ............................................................ 13-35

Fowler-Nordheim Diode Element......................................................... 13-35

Converting National Semiconductor Models ............................................. 13-39

Chapter 14 - BJT Models ............................................................................... 14-1

Using the BJT Model ................................................................................... 14-2

Model Selection....................................................................................... 14-2

Using the BJT Element ................................................................................ 14-4

Scaling..................................................................................................... 14-5BJT Current Convention ......................................................................... 14-6BJT Equivalent Circuits .......................................................................... 14-7

Understanding the BJT Model Statement .................................................. 14-16

BJT Basic Model Parameters ................................................................ 14-17BJT Model Temperature Effects ........................................................... 14-27

Using the BJT Models (NPN and PNP) ..................................................... 14-33

Transistor Geometry — Substrate Diode .............................................. 14-33DC Model Equations............................................................................. 14-34Substrate Current Equations.................................................................. 14-36Base Charge Equations.......................................................................... 14-36Variable Base Resistance Equations ..................................................... 14-37

Understanding BJT Capacitances .............................................................. 14-38

Base-Emitter Capacitance Equations .................................................... 14-38Base Collector Capacitance................................................................... 14-40Substrate Capacitance ........................................................................... 14-43

Modeling Various Types of Noise ............................................................. 14-45

Using the BJT Quasi-Saturation Model ..................................................... 14-47

Epitaxial Current Source Iepi ................................................................ 14-50Epitaxial Charge Storage Elements Ci and Cx...................................... 14-50

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Using Temperature Compensation Equations ............................................ 14-53

Energy Gap Temperature Equations ..................................................... 14-53Saturation and Beta Temperature Equations, TLEV=0 or 2 ................. 14-53Saturation and Temperature Equations, TLEV=1................................. 14-55Saturation Temperature Equations, TLEV=3........................................ 14-56Capacitance Temperature Equations..................................................... 14-57Parasitic Resistor Temperature Equations............................................. 14-60BJT LEVEL=2 Temperature Equations................................................ 14-60

Converting National Semiconductor Models ............................................. 14-61

Chapter 15 - Using JFET and MESFET Models......................................... 15-1

Understanding JFETS .................................................................................. 15-2

Specifying a Model ...................................................................................... 15-3

Understanding the Capacitor Model ............................................................ 15-5

Model Applications ................................................................................. 15-5Control Options ....................................................................................... 15-5

Using JFET and MESFET Element Statements .......................................... 15-7

Scaling..................................................................................................... 15-9JFET Current Convention ....................................................................... 15-9JFET Equivalent Circuits ...................................................................... 15-10

Using JFET and MESFET Model Statements ........................................... 15-16

JFET and MESFET Model Parameters................................................. 15-16Gate Diode DC Parameters ................................................................... 15-18JFET and MESFET Capacitances ......................................................... 15-29Capacitance Comparison (CAPOP=1 and CAPOP=2) ......................... 15-33JFET and MESFET DC Equations........................................................ 15-35

Generating Noise Models ........................................................................... 15-39

Noise Parameters................................................................................... 15-39Noise Equations..................................................................................... 15-39Noise Summary Printout Definitions .................................................... 15-41

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Using the Temperature Effect Parameters ................................................. 15-42

Temperature Compensation Equations ................................................. 15-45

Understanding the TriQuint Model (TOM) Extensions to Level=3 .......... 15-50

TOM Model Parameters........................................................................ 15-52

Chapter 16 - Introducing MOSFET ............................................................. 16-1

Understanding MOSFET Models ................................................................ 16-2

Selecting Models .......................................................................................... 16-3

MOSFET Model Levels .......................................................................... 16-3MOSFET Capacitor Selection................................................................. 16-5MOS Diode Selection.............................................................................. 16-7MOSFET Control Options ...................................................................... 16-9MOSFET Element Syntax..................................................................... 16-12

Using Nonplanar and Planar Technologies ................................................ 16-22

Field Effect Transistor........................................................................... 16-22General MOSFET Model Statement ..................................................... 16-28

Using a MOSFET Diode Model ................................................................ 16-29

MOSFET Diode Model Selection ......................................................... 16-29Convergence.......................................................................................... 16-29MOSFET Diode Model Parameters ...................................................... 16-30Capacitance Model Parameters ............................................................. 16-30ACM=0 MOS Diode ............................................................................. 16-33ACM=1 MOS Diode ............................................................................. 16-37ACM=2 MOS Diode ............................................................................. 16-40ACM = 3 MOS Diode ........................................................................... 16-45

Using MOS Diode Equations ..................................................................... 16-48

DC Current ............................................................................................ 16-48MOS Diode Capacitance Equations...................................................... 16-49

Using Common Threshold Voltage Equations .......................................... 16-52

Common Threshold Voltage Parameters .............................................. 16-52

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Calculation of PHI, GAMMA, and VTO.............................................. 16-53

Performing MOSFET Impact Ionization ................................................... 16-55

Impact Ionization Model Parameters .................................................... 16-55Impact Ionization Equations.................................................................. 16-55Effective Output Conductance .............................................................. 16-56Cascode Example .................................................................................. 16-57Cascode Circuit ..................................................................................... 16-58Capacitor Model Selection .................................................................... 16-59Introduction to Transcapacitance .......................................................... 16-61Operating Point Capacitance Printout ................................................... 16-64Element Template Printout.................................................................... 16-65Example Gate Capacitance Calculation ................................................ 16-67MOS Gate Capacitance Model Parameters........................................... 16-72XQC & XPART Specification for CAPOP=4, 9, 11, 12 and 13........... 16-75Overlap Capacitance Equations ............................................................ 16-76CAPOP=0 — SPICE Meyer Gate Capacitances................................... 16-77CAPOP=1 — Modified Meyer Gate Capacitances............................... 16-80CAPOP=2 — Parameterized Modified Meyer Capacitances ............... 16-85CAPOP=3 — Gate Capacitances (Simpson Integration)...................... 16-90CAPOP=4 — Charge Conservation Capacitance Model...................... 16-91CAPOP=5 — Gate Capacitance.......................................................... 16-100CAPOP=6 — AMI Gate Capacitance Model ..................................... 16-100CAPOP=13 — BSIM 1-based Charge-Conserving Gate

Capacitance Model.................................................................... 16-103CAPOP=39 — BSIM2 Charge-Conserving Gate

Capacitance Model.................................................................... 16-103Effective Length and Width for AC Gate Capacitance Calculations.. 16-103

Using Noise Models ................................................................................. 16-104

Noise Parameters................................................................................. 16-104Noise Equations................................................................................... 16-104Noise Summary Printout Definitions .................................................. 16-106

Using Temperature Parameters and Equations ........................................ 16-107

Temperature Parameters...................................................................... 16-107

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Temperature Equations ....................................................................... 16-110

Chapter 17 - Selecting a MOSFET Model.................................................... 17-1

Level 1 IDS: Schichman-Hodges Model ..................................................... 17-2

Level 1 Model Parameters....................................................................... 17-2Level 1 Model Equations ........................................................................ 17-5

Level 2 IDS: Grove-Frohman Model ........................................................... 17-8

Level 2 Model Parameters....................................................................... 17-8Level 2 Model Equations ...................................................................... 17-12

Level 3 IDS: Empirical Model ................................................................... 17-20

Level 3 Model Parameters..................................................................... 17-20Level 3 Model Equations ...................................................................... 17-24Compatibility Notes .............................................................................. 17-30Example of Temperature Compensation............................................... 17-31

Level 4 IDS: MOS Model .......................................................................... 17-34

Level 5 IDS Model ..................................................................................... 17-35

Level 5 Model Parameters..................................................................... 17-35IDS Equations ....................................................................................... 17-38Depletion Mode DC Model ZENH=0................................................... 17-43IDS Equations, Depletion Model Level 5 ............................................. 17-45Example of Level 5 Model.................................................................... 17-52

Level 6 and Level 7 IDS: MOSFET Model ................................................ 17-53

Level 6 and Level 7 Model Parameters................................................. 17-53UPDATE Parameter for Level 6 and Level 7 ....................................... 17-59Level 6 Model Equations, UPDATE=0,2 ............................................. 17-62Level 6 IDS Equations, UPDATE=1 .................................................... 17-74ASPEC Compatibility ........................................................................... 17-88

Level 7 IDS Model ..................................................................................... 17-90

Level 8 IDS Model ..................................................................................... 17-91

Level 8 Model Parameters..................................................................... 17-91

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Level 8 Model Equations ...................................................................... 17-96

Level 13 BSIM Model ............................................................................. 17-104

BSIM Model Features ......................................................................... 17-104Level 13 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-105Sensitivity Factors of Model Parameters ............................................ 17-112.MODEL VERSION Changes to BSIM Models................................. 17-113Level 13 Equations.............................................................................. 17-114Charge-Based Capacitance Model ...................................................... 17-119Prevention of Negative Output Conductance...................................... 17-123Example Calculations Using Level 13 Equations ............................... 17-123Compatibility Notes ............................................................................ 17-125

Level 27 SOSFET Model ......................................................................... 17-140

Level 27 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-141Non-Fully Depleted SOI Model.......................................................... 17-146Obtaining Model Parameters............................................................... 17-147Fully Depleted SOI Model Considerations ......................................... 17-150

Level 28 Modified BSIM Model ............................................................. 17-151

Level 28 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-151Level 28 Model Equations .................................................................. 17-159

Level 38 IDS: Cypress Depletion Model ................................................. 17-166

Level 38 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-169Level 38 Model Equations .................................................................. 17-174Example Model File ............................................................................ 17-181

Level 39 BSIM2 Model ........................................................................... 17-183

Level 39 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-183Level 39 Model Equations .................................................................. 17-190Geometry and Bias Adjustment of Model Parameters........................ 17-194Compatibility Notes ............................................................................ 17-195Prevention of Negative Output Conductance...................................... 17-198Charge-based Gate Capacitance Model (CAPOP=39)........................ 17-198HSPICE Enhancements....................................................................... 17-200

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Modeling Example .............................................................................. 17-204Example of Typical BSIM2 Model Listing......................................... 17-207

Level 40 HP a-Si TFT Model .................................................................. 17-211

Model Parameters................................................................................ 17-211Using the HP a-Si TFT Model in HSPICE ......................................... 17-212Level 40 Model Equations .................................................................. 17-215Level 40 Model Topology................................................................... 17-221

Level 47 BSIM3 Version 2 MOS Model ................................................. 17-222

Level 47 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-222Notes.................................................................................................... 17-226Leff and Weff Equations for BSIM3 Version 2.0............................... 17-229Level 47 Model Equations .................................................................. 17-230Sample PMOS Model.......................................................................... 17-238

Level 49 BSIM3 Version 3 MOS Model ................................................. 17-239

Version ................................................................................................ 17-239Model Parameter Defaults................................................................... 17-239Star-Hspice Enhancements.................................................................. 17-240Level 49 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-241Level 49 Equations.............................................................................. 17-255Example .MODEL CARDS NMOS Model ........................................ 17-256Example PMOS Model ....................................................................... 17-257

Level 50 Philips MOS9 Model ................................................................ 17-258

Level 50 Model Parameters................................................................. 17-258Using the Philips MOS9 Model in HSPICE ....................................... 17-262Example HSPICE Model Statement ................................................... 17-263

Comparing MOS Models ......................................................................... 17-265

History and Motivation ....................................................................... 17-265Future for Model Developments ......................................................... 17-267Model Equation Evaluation Criteria ................................................... 17-268Potential for Good Fit to Data ............................................................. 17-268Ease of Fit to Data............................................................................... 17-269

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Robustness and Convergence Properties............................................. 17-270Behavior Follows Actual Devices In All Circuit Conditions.............. 17-271Ability to Simulate Process Variation................................................. 17-272Gate Capacitance Modeling ................................................................ 17-272Examples of Data Fitting..................................................................... 17-274

Chapter 18 - Using the Bipolar Transistor Model -VBIC........................... 18-1

Understanding the History of VBIC ............................................................ 18-2

Examining VBIC Equations ......................................................................... 18-3

Performing Noise Analysis .......................................................................... 18-4

Using VBIC ................................................................................................ 18-10

Chapter 19 - Finding Device Libraries ......................................................... 19-1

Selecting Models Automatically .................................................................. 19-2

Examining the Library Listings ................................................................... 19-5

Analog Device Models............................................................................ 19-5Behavioral Device Models ...................................................................... 19-8Bipolar Transistor Models....................................................................... 19-9Burr-Brown Devices ............................................................................... 19-9Comlinear Device Models..................................................................... 19-10Diode Models ........................................................................................ 19-10FET Models........................................................................................... 19-13Linear Technology Device Models ....................................................... 19-14Intel PCI Speedway Models.................................................................. 19-15Signetics Device Models....................................................................... 19-15Texas Instruments Device Models ........................................................ 19-16Transmission Line Models .................................................................... 19-17Xilinx Device Models ........................................................................... 19-17

Chapter 20 - Performing Cell Characterization .......................................... 20-1

Determining Typical Data Sheet Parameters ............................................... 20-2

Rise, Fall, and Delay Calculations .......................................................... 20-2

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Ripple Calculation................................................................................... 20-3Sigma Sweep versus Delay ..................................................................... 20-4Delay versus Fanout ................................................................................ 20-5Pin Capacitance Measurement ................................................................ 20-6Op-amp Characterization of ALM124 .................................................... 20-7

Performing Data Driven Analysis ................................................................ 20-9

Cell Characterization Example.............................................................. 20-10

Using Digital File Input Stimuli ................................................................. 20-18

Replacing Sources With Digital Inputs................................................. 20-19

Chapter 21 - Signal Integrity ......................................................................... 20-1

Preparing for Simulation .............................................................................. 20-2

Signal Integrity Problems........................................................................ 20-3Analog Side of Digital Logic .................................................................. 20-4

Optimizing TDR Packaging ......................................................................... 20-9

TDR Optimization Procedure................................................................ 20-11

Simulating Circuits with Signetics Drivers ................................................ 20-18

Example of Connecting I/O Chips With Tlines .................................... 20-19

Simulating Circuits with Xilinx FPGAs .................................................... 20-22

Syntax for IOB (xil_iob) and IOB4 (xil_iob4)...................................... 20-22Example of Ground Bounce Simulation ............................................... 20-23Example of Coupled Line Noise ........................................................... 20-26

PCI Modeling Using Star-Hspice .............................................................. 20-32

Importance of Star-Hspice Simulation to PCI Design .......................... 20-34The PCI Speedway Star-Hspice Model................................................. 20-34Using the Reference PCI Speedway Model, PCI_WC.SP.................... 20-37PCI Simulation Process......................................................................... 20-46

Analyzing Board Signal Integrity .............................................................. 20-55

Input Files for the Extraction Process ................................................... 20-56

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Output Files from the Extraction Process ............................................. 20-59Running PADS-LPE (The Extraction Program) ................................... 20-59Delay Analysis Template ...................................................................... 20-60Overshoot/Undershoot Analysis Template ........................................... 20-62

Chapter 22 - Using Transmission Lines........................................................ 22-1

Selecting Wire Models ................................................................................. 22-2

Ground and Reference Planes ................................................................. 22-5Selection of Ideal or Lossy Transmission Line Element......................... 22-6U Model Selection................................................................................... 22-7Transmission Line Usage Example......................................................... 22-8

Performing HSPICE Interconnect Simulation ........................................... 22-10

Ideal T Element Statement .................................................................... 22-10Lossy U Element Statement .................................................................. 22-12Lossy U Model Statement ..................................................................... 22-15Lossy U Model Parameters for Planar Geometric Models (PLEV=1,

ELEV=1)..................................................................................... 22-16Lossy U Model Parameters for Geometric Coax (PLEV=2, ELEV=1) 22-27Lossy U Model Parameters Geometric Twinlead (PLEV=3, ELEV=1) 22-29U Element Examples............................................................................. 22-40U Model Applications ........................................................................... 22-57Solving Ringing Problems with U Elements......................................... 22-63The W Element...................................................................................... 22-72Input ...................................................................................................... 22-74Features ................................................................................................. 22-74Technology............................................................................................ 22-76Element Card......................................................................................... 22-76RLGC File ............................................................................................. 22-80Using W-Element with the U Model..................................................... 22-85Units ...................................................................................................... 22-88ac Analysis ............................................................................................ 22-89Time-Step Control................................................................................. 22-89.option RISETIME ................................................................................ 22-90Computing Rs and Gd............................................................................ 22-90

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Computing RLGC Parameters from Cable Specifications.................... 22-91Future Enhancements ............................................................................ 22-92When to Use Transmission Line Models .............................................. 22-93A Note on Transmission Lines.............................................................. 22-93

Understanding the Transmission Line Theory ........................................... 22-99

Lossless Transmission Line Model ....................................................... 22-99Lossy Transmission Line Model ......................................................... 22-100Impedance ........................................................................................... 22-101Inductance ........................................................................................... 22-104Crosstalk in Transmission Lines ......................................................... 22-108Risetime, Bandwidth, and Clock Frequency....................................... 22-109Definitions of Transmission Line Terms ............................................ 22-111Relationships and Rules of Thumb ..................................................... 22-112Attenuation in Transmission Lines ..................................................... 22-118The Lossy Transmission Line Model.................................................. 22-121

References ................................................................................................ 22-125

Chapter 23 - Performing Behavioral Modeling ........................................... 23-1

Understanding the Behavioral Design Process ............................................ 23-2

Using Behavioral Elements .......................................................................... 23-3

Using Subcircuits ......................................................................................... 23-6

Hierarchical Parameters .......................................................................... 23-7.SUBCKT or .MACRO Statement .......................................................... 23-9.ENDS or .EOM Statement ................................................................... 23-10Subcircuit Call Statement...................................................................... 23-11Undefined Subcircuit Search................................................................. 23-12

Using Voltage and Current Controlled Elements ...................................... 23-13

Polynomial Functions............................................................................ 23-14Piecewise Linear Function .................................................................... 23-17

Dependent Current Sources — G Elements ............................................... 23-18

Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)......................................... 23-18

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Behavioral Current Source .................................................................... 23-19Voltage Controlled Resistor (VCR) ...................................................... 23-19Voltage Controlled Capacitor (VCCAP)............................................... 23-20

Dependent Voltage Sources — F Elements ............................................... 23-26

Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) ......................................... 23-26

Dependent Voltage Sources — E Elements ............................................... 23-30

Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) ........................................ 23-30Behavioral Voltage Source.................................................................... 23-30Ideal Op-Amp........................................................................................ 23-30Ideal Transformer.................................................................................. 23-31

Dependent Voltage Sources – H Elements ................................................ 23-35

Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)......................................... 23-35

Referencing Digital Files ........................................................................... 23-39

Digital Input Element and Model.......................................................... 23-40Analog to Digital Output....................................................................... 23-42Two Bit Adder with Digital I/O ............................................................ 23-43

Modeling with Digital Behavioral Components ........................................ 23-48

Behavioral AND and NAND Gates ...................................................... 23-48Behavioral D-Latch ............................................................................... 23-50Behavioral Double-Edge Triggered Flip-Flop ...................................... 23-54

Calibrating Digital Behavioral Components .............................................. 23-57

Building Behavioral Lookup Tables ..................................................... 23-57Optimizing Behavioral CMOS Inverter Performance........................... 23-63Optimizing Behavioral Ring Oscillator Performance ........................... 23-67

Using Analog Behavioral Elements ........................................................... 23-70

Behavioral Integrator............................................................................. 23-70Behavioral Differentiator ...................................................................... 23-72Ideal Transformer.................................................................................. 23-74Behavioral Tunnel Diode ...................................................................... 23-75Behavioral Silicon Controlled Rectifier ................................................ 23-76

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Behavioral Triode Vacuum Tube Subcircuit ........................................ 23-77Behavioral Amplitude Modulator ......................................................... 23-79Behavioral Data Sampler ...................................................................... 23-81

Using Op-Amps, Comparators, and Oscillators ......................................... 23-82

Star-Hspice Op-Amp Model Generator ................................................ 23-82Op-Amp Element Statement Format..................................................... 23-83Op-Amp .MODEL Statement Format................................................... 23-83Op-Amp Subcircuit Example ................................................................ 23-91741 Op-Amp from Controlled Sources ................................................. 23-93Inverting Comparator with Hysteresis .................................................. 23-96Voltage Controlled Oscillator ............................................................... 23-98LC Oscillator ....................................................................................... 23-100

Using a Phase Locked Loop Design ........................................................ 23-105

Phase Detector Using Multi-Input NAND Gates................................ 23-105PLL BJT Behavioral Modeling ........................................................... 23-109

References ................................................................................................ 23-117

Chapter 24 - Using Meta I/O ......................................................................... 24-1

Understanding the Design Flow ................................................................... 24-2

Getting Started with IBIS ............................................................................. 24-4

The Meta I/O Script................................................................................. 24-5Conversion Function Setup ..................................................................... 24-5Library Directory Setup .......................................................................... 24-5Template Selection.................................................................................. 24-6File Selection In Meta I/O....................................................................... 24-7Conversion .............................................................................................. 24-7IbisTest Script Listing ............................................................................. 24-8Running the Example .............................................................................. 24-8The Results.............................................................................................. 24-8

Using the Meta I/O Commands ................................................................. 24-10

General Form and Conventions............................................................. 24-10

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Directory Management Commands ...................................................... 24-11File Management Commands................................................................ 24-13Conversion Management Commands ................................................... 24-15Verification Management Commands .................................................. 24-17System Management Commands .......................................................... 24-18

Chapter 25 - Performing Pole/Zero Analysis............................................... 25-1

Understanding Pole/Zero Analysis .............................................................. 25-2

Using Pole/Zero Analysis ............................................................................ 25-3

.PZ (Pole/Zero) Statement....................................................................... 25-3 Pole/Zero Analysis Examples ................................................................ 25-5

Chapter 26 - Performing FFT Spectrum Analysis ...................................... 26-1

Using Windows In FFT Analysis ................................................................. 26-2

Using the .FFT Statement ............................................................................ 26-6

Examining the FFT Output .......................................................................... 26-9

Example 1 – AM Modulation .................................................................... 26-11

Example 2 – Balanced Modulator and Demodulator ................................. 26-14

Example 3 – Signal Detection Test Circuit ........................................... 26-21References ............................................................................................. 26-26

Chapter 27 - Modeling Filters and Networks............................................... 27-1

Understanding Transient Modeling ............................................................. 27-2

Using G and E Elements .............................................................................. 27-4

Laplace Transform Function Call ........................................................... 27-4Laplace Transform – LAPLACE Function ............................................. 27-6Laplace Transform – Pole-Zero Function ............................................... 27-7Laplace Transform- Frequency Response Table..................................... 27-8Element Statement Parameters................................................................ 27-9Laplace Band-Reject Filter.................................................................... 27-11Laplace Low-Pass Filter........................................................................ 27-13

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Modeling with Laplace and Pole-Zero ....................................................... 27-17

The Laplace Transform (LAPLACE) Function .................................... 27-17Laplace Transform POLE (Pole/Zero) Function................................... 27-25AWE Transfer Function Modeling ....................................................... 27-33Y-Parameter Line Modeling.................................................................. 27-36Comparison of Circuit and Pole/Zero Models ...................................... 27-40

Modeling Switched Capacitor Filters ........................................................ 27-45

Switched Capacitor Network ................................................................ 27-45Switched Capacitor Filter Example - Fifth Order ................................. 27-47References ............................................................................................. 27-53

Chapter 28 - Timing Analysis Using Bisection............................................. 28-1

Understanding Bisection .............................................................................. 28-2

Understanding the Bisection Methodology .................................................. 28-5

Measurement ........................................................................................... 28-5Optimization............................................................................................ 28-5

Using Bisection ............................................................................................ 28-6

Examining the Command Syntax............................................................ 28-7

Example 1 – Setup Time Analysis ............................................................... 28-9

Example 2 – Minimum Pulse Width Analysis ........................................... 28-15

Chapter 29 - Performing Library Encryption ............................................. 29-1

Understanding Library Encryption .............................................................. 29-2

Controlling the Encryption Process......................................................... 29-2Library Structure ..................................................................................... 29-2

Knowing the Encryption Guidelines ............................................................ 29-5

Installing and Running the Encryptor .......................................................... 29-7

Installing the Encryptor........................................................................... 29-7Running the Encryptor ............................................................................ 29-7

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Chapter 30 - Running Demos ........................................................................ 30-1

Using the Demo Directory Tree ................................................................... 30-2

Running the Two-Bit Adder Demo .............................................................. 30-3

Running the MOS I-V and C-V Plotting Demo ........................................... 30-6

Running the CMOS Output Driver Demo ................................................. 30-11

Running theTemperature Coefficients Demo ............................................ 30-17

Simulating Electrical Measurements ......................................................... 30-19

Modeling Wide Channel MOS Transistors ................................................ 30-23

Examining the Demonstration Input Files ................................................. 30-25

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