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Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango and develop nonpesticides measures for their control in Pakistan CONTENTS Page Title 2 Progress summary 3 Detailed progress report 3 Experimental procedures 4 Results 7 Midges 7 Parasitoids 14 Conclusion 22 Future plan of work 22 Publications 22 Graduate students/degree 22 List of scientists involved in this project 23 National/International linkages developed 23 Endorsement 23 1

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Page 1: CONTENTS Page Progress summary 3 - CABI.org · CONTENTS Page Title 2 Progress summary 3 Detailed progress report 3 Experimental procedures 4 ... Progress Summary: This report summarizes

Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango and develop nonpesticides measures for their control in Pakistan

CONTENTS Page Title 2 Progress summary 3 Detailed progress report 3 Experimental procedures 4 Results 7 Midges 7 Parasitoids 14 Conclusion 22 Future plan of work 22 Publications 22 Graduate students/degree 22 List of scientists involved in this project 23 National/International linkages developed 23 Endorsement 23

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ALP PROFORMA-II- B

PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AGRICULTURAL LINKAGES PROGRAMME

Annual Progress Report Proposal identification No

Reporting period

From To

Day Month Year Day Month Year

01 07 07 30 06 08

1. Project Title: Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated

with mango and develop non pesticides measures for their control in Pakistan 2. Name of Principal Investigator: Riaz Mahmood Institution/Organization CABI SA , Pakistan Postal address CABI South Asia Pakistan Data Gunj Bakhsh Road, Opposite 1-A Satellite Town, P..O. Box 8, Rawalpindi Tel: 92-051-9290332 Fax: 92-051-9290131 Email: [email protected] 3. Overseas Cooperating Scientist/Organization: Name Dr. Alan Kirk Qualification Ph. D. Institution USDA/ARS Postal address Campus international de baillarguet 34988 Monteferrier sur Lez Cedex France Tel: 33499623001 Fax: 33499623049 4. Project Duration (Months) 36 Month 5. Project Status: On going _________ Completed:___________ 6. Total Costs: (Rs million) 4.715 Releases Rs 882500; Expenditure: Rs 1210,918 7. Expenditure During Reporting Period: Detailed financial report submitted

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8. Objectives:

1. Identification of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango in Pakistan.

2. Study biology and ecology of important midges pests and their natural enemies. 3. Assessment of yield losses incurred by midges to mango. 4. Testing of biocontrol agents and biopesticides to develop short term and long term

strategies for management of midges and develop capabilities in farmer communities.

9. Progress Summary: This report summarizes the investigations on a group of the insects, the mango midges, which due to their multifarious mode of feeding have become a serious threat to mango production in Pakistan. More than 20 species of midges cause damage to various parts of mango plant including bark, shoots, leaves (14 types of galls have been reported on the leaves), pre-flowering shoot buds, inflorescence buds, axis of inflorescence panicles, flowers, newly formed mustard sized fruit and post flowering shoot buds in various parts of the world. In spite of wide range of their damage, unfortunately, the research work on their management strategies is not equivalent and parallel to their significance. Even the basic knowledge about their taxonomy, biology and ecology is not known in Pakistan. The present investigation is actually the first step for coping with issues due to midges on mango. A temporary laboratory at Rahim Yar Khan was established for studies on midges and their natural enemies. The midges and parasitoids reared during the report period were sent to Natural History Museum, U K, for identification. Two each of the midges (Procontarinia mangiferae and Dasineura amaramanjarae) and parasitoids ( Synopeas mangiferae and Synopeas procon) have been identified while identification of two other species of midges and their parasitoids is awaited. Other studies initiated on midges and their parasitoids included their vertical distribution on a tree, distribution on different parts of a branch, biology, phenology, population trends and losses incurred by the midges in sprayed and unsprayed orchards at Rahim Yar khan and Multan. A nursery was raised in the backyard of the laboratory at Rahim Yar Khan to ensure the continuous supply of fresh newly formed leaves for the oviposition and further breeding of midges in controlled conditions. A planning meeting of the coordinating units of the project was held and the work plan for each unit was decided.

10. Detailed Progress Report 10.1 Statement of Problem From Pakistan about 200 species of insects have been reported attacking mango (Mahmood et al,1980; Qureshi & Mohiuddin, 1982; Mahmood & Mohyuddin,1986; Soomro et al, 1987; IIBC (now CABI), 1991; Mohyuddin & Mahmood, 1993 ) but there exists no information on identification of midges associated with mango. Pena & Mohyuddin (1997), however, listed the midges known from India as common with Pakistan. Soomro et.al. (Final report on mango pests in Sindh. 1989, personal communication) reported midges on mango from Sindh but did not provide their identifications.

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At world level more than twenty species of Ceccidomyiid midges on mango have been reported and eleven of these are known from the neighboring country India. The important of these are Dasineura amaramanjae, Procontarinia metteiana, Erosomyia mangiferae (indica), E. mangicola and Procystiphora mangiferae ( Mani,1935, 1952; Dasan, 1980). Not much is known on biology and ecology of ceccidomyiids associated with mango, however, Prasad (1966) and Grover (1986) reported that Erosomyia indica and Dasineura amaramanjae become active in late January and attack the flower buds and newly set fruits and the young newly formed leaves at Allahabad in India. Grover (1979) studied the biology of Erosomyia indica in India. According to him, it attacks vegetative shoots in late November and early December and then attacks newly forming inflorescence buds and flowers. Oviposition takes place in open flowers and the newly hatched larvae enter the ovules. Mature larvae drop in soil where they pupate. Practically every flower may be infested and losses can reach 100%. The reproductive potential is such that one pair of adults emerging in late November or early December could give rise to over 6 million females in March each laying eggs in flowers. For controlling midges on mango insecticides cover sprays on trees have been used in India (Srivastava & Tandon, 1983). Cultural practices like cleaning, manuring and irrigating the soil under the trees have been reported useful in combination with use of pesticides on trees for controlling midges (Grover, 1986a, b). Light traps (Kashyap, 1986) and repellents and attractants have also been used in controlling Ceccidomyiids. In 2007-08 survey of mango midges and associated natural enemies was initiated at Rahim Yar Khan and Multan. Mango orchards were selected for regular observations on population development of midges and parasitoids, their distribution on trees and losses in mango yield due to midges infestation. Different methods were tried for rearing of midges. The results of these studies are reported here. 10.2 Experimental procedures 10.2 .1 Study orchards Two orchards each sprayed and unsprayed were selected at Rahim Yar Khan and Multan to study the status of midges and their natural enemies. Prior to studies on midges and their natural enemies, the plant protection and agronomic practices, mapping of trees in the whole orchard, total number of trees and varieties affected by midges, age of trees of each variety in the orchard were recorded. A brief description of these orchards is given below. At Rahim Yar Khan Sprayed orchard This orchard is situated at Tranda Sway Khan, a small town at district Rahim Yar Khan. It consisted of about 302 mango trees of different varieties including Chounsa (222), Sindhri (20), Fajri (15), Dosehri(21), Anwar Ratol(4), Late Chounsa(1), Sarooli(6), Surrakh Sarooli (4), Tota Pari(2), Langra(2), Lahotia(2) and Desi(3). Most of the trees were about 30-40 years old while a few of 5-15 years. Throughout the study period, it was given 13 irrigations, 2 ploughings, 2 hoeing, 2 times manuring, no pruning of twigs was done and no crop was sown in the orchard. In January 08, a mixture of Mg and borax sulphate @ 1-2 kg/400L of water was sprayed. Unsprayed orchard It was difficult to find unsprayed orchard. An orchard at Taranda Sway Khan, comprising 12 mango trees of Chounsa variety of about 15-25 years age was located. It was given 12 irrigations, 6 ploughing and one hoeing during the reporting period. Fertilizer SSP @ 3

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bags / acre was used in November, 2007. No pesticides were applied on mango trees throughout the reporting period. Cotton and wheat were grown in between the trees. At Multan Sprayed orchard This orchard is situated at Gulgasht, near the Bosan Road. There are about 66 trees of mango varieties Chounsa (20), Sindhri (1), Fajri (2), Dosehri(7), Anwar Ratol (7), Sarooli(6), Langra (6), Lahotia(1), No. 12 (10), Toba vali (2), Shan-e-Khuda(3), Saglasi(1), Katha (1), Gure wali (1) and Mahmood Khan(1). Trees were of 9-30 years age. There were given 7 irrigations, once pruning was done and one time ploughing was done, and no hoeing done. In March, Imidacloprid and Betan were sprayed. Unsprayed orchard This orchard is situated near Shujabad Road. There are 71 mango trees of varieties Chounsa and Fajri of 1-58 years age. This orchard was irrigated 6 times and ploughed 4 times. No pruning was done and no crops were sown in the orchard. Fertilizer urea and DAP were used in March and April, 08. No pesticides were applied in this orchard throughout the study period. 10.2. 2 Vertical distribution of midges on a tree To study vertical distribution of midges and associated parasitoids on mango trees funnel rings of 1 meter diameter, with plastic jars fixed below, as shown in the picture below ( Fig 1.) , were suspended on each side of the four quadrants east, west, north and south of the tree (variety Chounsa) at the heights of 1.5, 3 and 6 meters from ground. It was replicated thrice. Every week jars were examined and data on the number of larvae of the midges trapped in these funnel rings were recorded. These studies were started from March 08. 10.2 .3 Distribution of midges on different parts of the a branch Three trees of mango variety Chounsa were selected, tagged as R1 R2 R3.. Each of them was divided into four quadrants east, west, south and north where four branches each having one meter length, were selected at about 1.5 m height. Furthermore, each branch was divided into three portions top , middle and basal . Monthly data of total leaves and leaves bearing midges attack was taken. This study was started from February 08.

Fig. 1 Funnel rings tied on tree at different heights

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10.2 .4 Phenology and population development of midges and their parasitoids. 10.2 .4.1 Midges on leaves To study the phenology and population development of midges associated with mango 50 leaves 10 each from five twigs from top end of the branch at about 1.5 m height were collected at fortnightly intervals from November 07. They were kept in jars with the lower end of the shoots dipped in water as shown in the picture below (Fig 2). Leaves infested with the midges were examined for the study of life stages of the midges. The reared larvae of midges were counted. Fig. 2 The twigs with leaves kept in jars with the bottom end of the twigs dipped in water 10.2 .4.1 Midges on flowers From March 08, four inflorescences from a quadrant were selected and tagged. Data on the number of healthy and attacked axillary branches, symptoms of infestation by midges at monthly interval was recorded. 10.2 .5 Loss assessment of mango by midges infestation 10.2.5.1 Experiment 1 To assess loss in mango yield due to infestation of midges on inflorescences 48 of them on three trees of variety Kala Chounsa (16 each on a tree) were tagged in April 1st week both in sprayed and unsprayed orchards at Rahim Yar Khan and Multan. The symptoms of midges presence/absence on each marked inflorescence, numbers of fruits set in the beginning of the observations and those at harvest in June were recorded. Besides, the overall yield of these marked trees was also recorded. 10.2 .5.2 Experiment 2 To study fruit losses due to midges attack in different mango varieties, three trees each of Sindhri, Anwar ratol, Saroli, Chounsa and Fajri in sprayed orchard at Rahim Yar Khan were marked in 2nd week of April. From each variety 16 inflorescences taken at random were examined. On these the total number of fruits set and the ones damaged by midges were recorded.

10.2 .6. Mass collection of midges and their natural enemies Three trees of mango variety Fajri were selected, tagged as R1 R2 R3. A plastic sheet was spread under the each of them such that surface area of whole canopy of the plant was

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covered (Fig 3). At borders, it was fixed with 25 cm wooden sticks which raised it a little bit from the ground level. Data on numbers of larvae of various species of midges and their natural enemies collected from these sheets was taken at weekly intervals. Fig. 3 Polythene sheets spread under the canopy of the mango 10.2 .7. Mango nursery at Rahim Yar Khan Laboratory

Initially, a nursery of about four hundred young seedlings of mango was maintained at Rahim Yar Khan Laboratory (Fig 4 ). A sort of green house was designed for growth of mango plants in small pots so that the availability of soft tender leaves for maintaining midges culture in laboratory could be ensured. Fig. 4. Mango nursery raised at Rahim Yar Khan laboratory 10.3 Results and benefits 10.3.1 Midges on Leaves Following midges were reared from leaves: i) Procotarinia mangiferae (Felt) Its adults are light brown (Fig 5). It forms galls on the leaves relatively flat so named as blister gall (Figs 6 & 7).

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Fig. 5 P. mangiferae adult reared in laboratory from larval collection from field

Fig 6. Blister galls formed by P. mangiferae Fig. 7 Close up view of the blister galls Phenology Observations on the phenology were started from November 07 at Rahim Yar Khan. No live stage of the midges was recorded in November and December 07, however, light green larvae of this species began emerging from the galls on leaves from the middle of January 08 to first week of April 08. No larvae of this species were recorded from second week of April 08 and after wards during the report period. Population trends Observations on population development of midges were started from November 07 at Rahim Yar Khan. P.mangiferae was first reared from galls on leaves in January 08. Its numbers increased in February and were at peak in second week of February. Its density decreased afterwards and was not reared from second week of April 08 onwards during the report period (Fig 8).

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Population trends of Procontarinia mangiferae on mango at Rahim Yar Khan

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Fig 8. Population trends of Procontarinia mangiferae on mango at Rahim Yar Khan Vertical Distribution Observations were started from March 08 onwards. P. mangiferae was recorded on mango trees up to 3m height from ground. It was not recorded at 6 m and above. At height of 1.5 meters, the numbers of larvae recorded were relatively higher followed by 3 m height. Maximum numbers were recorded in March, and they decreased in April (Fig 9).

Vertical distribution of Procontarinia mangiferae on a mango tree

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Fig 9. Vertical Distribution of P. mangiferae at 1.5 and 3 m

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Distribution of P. mangiferae on the branches of the mango tree Observations on distribution of midges on leaves on different parts of the twigs were started from February 08 onwards. The numbers of galls formed by P. mangiferae on leaves were found maximum on leaves in the apical part of the twigs followed by leaves at the middle part and the those at basal part of the twigs (Fig 10). P. mangiferae was reared from the leaves on apical portion of the twigs only until second week of April. Increase in numbers of leaves attacked in April and May was due to attack of other species of midges as described below .

Numbers of mango leaves attacked by midges on top, middle and basal parts of the twigs at Rahim Yar Khan

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Fig 10. Numbers of mango leaves attacked by midges on top, middle, and basal part of the twigs at Rahim Yar Khan Biology Studies on biology were initiated. The larvae, after completing development in leaves come out from galls and fall on ground. As they fall they jump here and there and then undergo pupation entering in/or on soil. Adult emergence took place in 6-8 days. They had two brown grey wings, pair of halters, and light green abdomen (Fig11).

Fig 11. Pupae and adult of Procontarania mangiferae

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ii) Unidentified midge species 1 It formed globular galls on leaves. (Fig 12) Fig. 12 Globular galls formed by unidentified midge species 1 Phenology It has almost the same phenology as P. mangiferae. It became active at Rahim Yar Khan in the middle of January 08 and was reared from galls on leaves from January 08 to last week of April 08. Population trends At Rahim Yar Khan during the report period larvae of midges started emerging from the galls on leaves. Their population developed from last week of January 08, increased in February and was at peak in last week of March 08. Numbers decreased in April. It was not found in May (Fig13).

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Population trends of unidentified midges sp 1 on mango at Rahim Yar Khan

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Fig. 13. Population trends of unidentified midge species 1on mango at Rahim Yar Khan

iii) Unidentified midge species 2 It also forms globular galls resembling with unidentified species 1 described above on leaves. However, unlike unidentified species 1, its larvae did not come out from the galls and pupated within the galls. The adults came out from the galls after completing development. Adults had brown wings and light greenish abdomen (Fig 14). This has been sent to NHM UK for identification. Phenology In the middle of April, 2008 it became active at Rahim Yar Khan and started attacking newly formed soft mango leaves. Its all stages in galls were recorded from April to June during the report period.

Fig. 14 Unidentified species 2

Population trends The numbers of galls on leaves were maximum in 2nd fortnight of April, started decreasing from last week of April through May and June (Fig15).

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Population trends of unidentified sp 2

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Fig. 15 Population trends of Unidentified species 2 on mango at Rahim Yar Khan 10.3.2Midges on flower iv) Dasineura amaramanjarae (Grover) It was reared from infested inflorescence. Its adults were reddish and smaller in size compared with P.mangiferae (Fig16). Fig. 16 Dasineura amaramanjarae Phenology The larvae of this species were recorded in axillaries of inflorescences in beginning of March up to 3rd week of April, 2008 during the report period. Population trends At Rahim Yar Khan, light pink larvae of this midge were collected from plastic sheets spread under the mango canopy for mass collection. Their larvae were first time collected in March 08, which increased and reached at peak in the last of week this month. The numbers started decreasing in April first week and no larvae were found after 3rd week of April onwards (Fig. 17).

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Population trends of Desineura amaramanjarae at Rahim Yar Khan

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Fig. 17. Population trends of Dasineura amaramanjarae Grover at Rahim Yar Khan

Biology On completion of development in inflorescence axillaries its larvae fall down on ground, jump here and there and enter soil for pupation. These larvae (Fig 18) brought to the laboratory and kept on soil in small jars of 9 mm height and 9 mm diameter started pupating in 1-2 days. Adults emerged after 5-7 days. Fig 18. Larva of D. amaramanjarae 10.3.3 Parasitoids i). Synopeas mangiferae. Phenology At Rahim Yar Khan larvae of this parasitoid started coming out from galls of P. mangiferae at the beginning of December, 2007. They fall on ground and pupate there(Fig19). Before December its only larvae were found in P. mangiferae galls in old green leaves in October-November 07 when studies on midges were started. This

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indicates that probably it was in aestivation as larva between May and November and became active at the time when its host P. mangiferae started breeding from January.

Fig. 19 Development stages of Synopeas mangiferae larva and cocoon

Population trends Cream colored larvae of Synopeas mangiferae started emerging from the blister galls on leaves from first week of December 2007, increased to peak level in January, 2008. Its density decreased afterwards and was not reared from second week of May, 2008 (Fig 20). Based on weekly sampling of larvae collected from sheets spread under mango trees maximum population was in January, 2008, gradually decreased to zero at the end of April, 2008 (Fig 21).

Parasitism of S. mangiferae in galls of P. mangiferae on 50 leaves

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Fig 20. Parasitism of Synopeas mangiferae on Procontarinia mangiferae galls on 50 leaves at Rahim Yar Khan

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Numbers of S. mangiferae reared from P. mangiferae

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Fig. 21. Number of Synopeas mangiferae reared from Procontarinia mangifera on a tree in Rahim

Yar Khan ii) Synopeas procon This species was reared together with S, mangiferae occasionally. Its phenology and populations is not clear. iii) Unidentified Parasitoid sp 1 This black colored parasitoid (Fig 22) was reared from globular galls formed by Unidentified midge sp 2. Phenology It was reared from globular galls from April, 2008 onwards till June during the report period and looks as if it will continue its breeding on the midges onwards also..

Fig. 22. Unidentified parasitoid species -1

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Population trends The adults of this parasitoid emerged from globular galls in the third week of April 08. Their population went on increasing and was maximum at end of June 08 (Fig 23).

Population trends of unidentified parasitoid species 1 & 2 reraed from galls of unidentified midge species 2 on 50 leaves

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Fig. 23. Population trends of unidentified parasitoids species 1 &2

iv) Unidentified species - 2 This brown colored parasitoid also emerged from globular galls at Rahim Yar Khan (Fig 24) Phenology It was reared from third week of April, 08 to the first week of June, 08. Fig. 24 Unidentified parasitoid species 2

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Population trends The numbers of this parasitoid emerged from globular galls were higher in the 2nd fortnight of April, 08, slightly increased in 1st fortnight of May and then started decreasing onwards through June. (Fig 23) . 10.3.4 Assessment of fruit losses due to midges attack on inflorescences At Rahim Yar Khan the midges attack was recorded on inflorescences in sprayed orchard only whereas midges attack in unsprayed orchard was not detected on inflorescences (Table 1). At harvest in June of 48 inflorescences more of these were lost whereas in unsprayed orchards higher number of the tagged inflorescences survived. In sprayed orchards the tagged inflorescences had lesser number of fruits reaching maturity whereas in unsprayed orchards the tagged inflorescences had higher number of maturing fruits (Table 1). The overall yield of mango of three marked trees was higher in Unsprayed orchard than in sprayed orchard. Table 1. Numbers of mango fruits of kala Chounsa variety produced/matured at harvest on 48 inflorescences tagged in 1st week of April each in sprayed and unsprayed orchard at Rahim Yar khan

Item Sprayed orchard Unsprayed sprayed No of inflorescences tagged in April 48 48 Number of fruit set on tagged inflorescences at start 657 1128 Inflorescence with symptoms of midges attack 6 0

No of inflorescences which persisted on trees up to June at harvest with or without fruit

14 38

No of fruits matured at harvest 18 99

Overall mango yield of 3 tagged trees 440 kg 560 Kg

At Multan for one or the other reason the midges attack was higher on inflorescences in unsprayed orchard than in sprayed orchard (Table 2) At harvest in June of 48 inflorescences more of these survived in sprayed orchards and were lesser in unsprayed orchard. In sprayed orchards the tagged inflorescences had more number of fruits reaching maturity whereas in unsprayed orchards the tagged inflorescences had lesser number of maturing fruits (Table 2). The overall yield of mango of three marked trees was higher in sprayed orchard than in unsprayed orchard. Though it is difficult to assign alone the relation of loss in yield of mango due to midges it appears that besides other factors they do play direct role in loss of mango yield in orchards where their attack was higher on inflorescences the yield was lesser and where their was no attack of midges on inflorescences the mango yield was higher (Tables 1&2).

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Table 2 Numbers of mango fruits of kala Chounsa variety produced/matured at harvest on 48 inflorescences tagged in 1st week of April each in sprayed and unsprayed orchard at Multan

Item Sprayed orchard Unsprayed sprayed No of inflorescences tagged in April 48 48 Number of fruit set at starting 369 585 Inflorescence with symptoms of midges attack 3 11

No of inflorescences persisted on trees up to June at harvest with or without fruit

35 28

No of fruits matured on tagged inflorescences at harvest

33 21

Overall mango yield of 3 tagged trees 570 459

10.3.5 Assessment of mango losses incurred by midges feeding on fruits

Fig. 25 Midges attack on small mustard sized mango fruits

Midges cause direct damage to mango fruit as well besides feeding on other parts of the plant. At its mustard sized stage, fruit was attacked by the midges that made circular holes because of its feeding. This resulted in drying up of the fruit. The percentage fruit damaged was higher on Sindhari, followed by Anwar ratol, Saroli, Chounsa, and Fajri. All the infested fruits dropped prematurely.

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Infestation of midges on the fruits of different mango varieties at Rahim Yar Khan in April 08

39

31

25

21

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45%

age

of in

fest

ed fr

uits

SindhriAnwar ratolSarooliChounsaFajri

Fig. 26 Percentage of midges attack on newly formed mango fruits at Rahim Yar Khan

10.3.6 Planning meeting of the coordinating units of the project Planning meeting was held on 24th January at Rahim Yar Khan. The participants of the meeting had a round of the laboratory to see the activities going on at the substation of the CABI SA. The participants were shown the development stages of the midges and methodologies for their rearing, design of cages, nursery of mango seedlings being maintained for ready availability of the right stage of leaves for cultures of midges. Training was given to the participants on handling of the midges in laboratory for their rearing. All coordinating units (NARC, CABI SA and ARI Tandojam) gave presentation on the activities and observations they had made since inception of the project. Work plan for each unit was decided in the light of observations made so far (details attached). On 25th January the participants visited mango orchard at Taranda Sawai Khan to see on site studies initiated by CABI SA on midges. Practical demonstration was given to participants on method of collection of midges fallen larvae on the plastic sheets spread under trees and from the mango trees. The issues were discussed on site for standardizing the sampling techniques for midges on leaves and inflorescences. The suggestions by the participants were incorporated in the steps towards standardizing the sampling techniques for midges on leaves and inflorescences.

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References Dasan, S. (1980). (A new species of gall midge affecting young leaf of mango (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Entomotaxonomia, 2: 131-134.( Rev. Appl. Ent. 70: 2152.). Grover, P. (1979). (The biology of Erosomyia indica with special reference to the intensity of damage). Proceedings, Congress on the Control of Insects in the Tropical environment, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Marsilles 13-16 March 1979, Part I Tropical Crops Part II Human and Animal Health, 411-412 (Review Applied Entomology, 69:3978) Grover, P. (1986). Population fluctuation of Erosomyia indica Grover and Dasineura amaramanjarae and co-related extent of damage. Cecidologia indica, 7: 43-57. (RAE, 47: 3364). Grover, P. (1986a). Integrated control of midge pests. Cecidologia Internationale, 7: 1-28. Grover, P. (1986b). Population fluctuation of Erosomyia indica and Dasineura amaramanjarae and co-related extent of damage. Cecidologia Internationale, 7: 43- 57. IIBC (1991). To develop integrated pest management of mango hoppers in Pakistan. International Institute of Biological Control, Pakistan Station, Final Report, 1988-91: 58pp. Kashyap, V. (1986). Collection of gall midges at light.. Cecidologia Internationale, 7: 59-80 (RAE 76: 3672). Mahmood, R., Mohyuddin, A. I.& Kazimi, S. (1980). Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and its natural enemies in Pakistan. Proceedings 1st Pakistan Congress of Zoology Islamabad, 291-294. Mahmood, R. & Mohyuddin, A. I. (1986). Integrated control of mango pests. Bulletin, Directorate Publications, PARC, Islamabad, 11pp. Mani, M. S. (1935). Studies on Indian Itonidiae (Ceccidomyiidae: Diptera) II Description of new midges and galls. Rec.Indian Mus. 37: 424-454. Mani M. S. (1952). Some gall midges (Itonidiae:Diptera) associated with Mangifera indica Linn. in India and their galls. Agra Univ. J. Res. 1: 47-54. Mohyudin A. I. & Mahmood R. (1993). Integrated control of mango pests in Pakistan. Acta Horticulturae, 341, 467-483. Pena J.E. & Mohyuddin A.I. (1997). Insect Pests in The Mango (ed. R. Litz), CABI 327-362. Prasad, S. N. (1966). Gall midges of economic importance. V. Biology of Erosomyia indica Grover, the most serious pest of mango in India. Cecidologia indica 1. 1-23. Prasad, S. N. (1966). Gall midges of economic importance. VI. Biology of Dasineura citri Grover, the citrus blossom midge. Cecidologia indica, 1: 33-58. Qureshi, S.A. & Mohiuddin, S. (1982). Insect pests of mango recorded from Pakistan. Proceedings Entomological Society Karachi, 11/12: 19-22.

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Srivastava, R.P. & Tandon, P. L. (1983). Field evaluation of some insecticides for the control of mango blossom midge Erosomyia indica. pesticides 17: 21, Central Mango Research Station, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Lucknow 226006- Utter Pradesh India.

10.3.7 Conclusions:

Out of survey conducted for midges and their natural enemies in Punjab four species each of midges and parasitoids were recorded. Three of the species of midges were confined to leaves whereas one species seem to be confined to inflorescences only. The parasitoids seemed to have significant role in controlling midges, however, more studies are needed for their evaluation. The studies on vertical distribution of midges on trees indicated that mostly were restricted to lower heights and were rare above 6 m height from ground. The larvae of the three species of midges after completing development on mango plant fall on ground for pupation, therefore, a strategy can be developed to control them in the soil by combining cultural methods with the biological control measures. More studies are needed to work out the management strategies in the light of the midges habits and phenology. Though it is difficult to assign alone the relation of loss in yield of mango to midges it appears that besides other factors they do play direct role in loss of mango yield as where their attack was higher on inflorescences the yield was lesser and where their was no attack of midges on inflorescences the mango yield was higher (see tables 1&2). Most of the fruits was lost to midges right in the stage when they were small sized and early development stage. 10.3.8 Future Plan of Work: Following activities will be undertaken in next year: 1. Planning meeting, review of work done by different units and plan for next year 2. Continuation of survey of midges and their natural enemies on mango at Multan Bahawalpur, Lahore and Rahim Yar Khan 3. Continuation of studies on phenology and relationships with hosts and host plants of midges and their biocontrol agents in pesticides sprayed and unsprayed mango orchards. 4. Develop rearing techniques of parasitoids of midges. 5. Initiation of studies on conservation of natural enemies of midges. 6. Experiments on attraction of midges species to light traps and steam distilled floral oils (essences) using McPhail traps. 10.3.9 Publications: Nil 10.3.10 Graduate Students/Degrees: a) Ph. D. Student The case of registration of Hafiz Mahmood ur Rehman as Ph. D. scholar has been registered with Bahauddin Zakaryia University Multan for Ph D course. b) Internship of the students from B. Z. University, Multan

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Two students, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan and Syyad Hassan Yasoob, from B. Z. University, Multan successfully completed their internships. They were trained in all the research activities being conducted in mango laboratory and orchard at Rahim Yar Kan and Multan. 10.3.11 List of Scientists involved in this project: 1. Hafiz Mahmood ur Rehman, Research Fellow 10.3.12 National/ International Linkages Developed: During reporting period, following scientists were contacted for knowledge sharing on Midges: i). Ren Iwaizumi, Narita Sub-station Yokohama Plant Protection Station; Narita 282-Japan [email protected]. ii). Dr. Jerry Cross Entomologist, East Malling Research. New Road, East Malling, Kent Me 19 6Bj [email protected] iii) Flavia R. Embrapa Semi-Arido,C. Postal 23, 56302-970, Petrolina, [email protected] 11. ENDORSEMENT:

Principal Investigator Head of Department /Institute/ Organization Name: Riaz Mahmood Name: Dr. M. Ashraf Poswal

(Seal and Signature) (Seal and Signature)

Date: ________________ Date: ____________________

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