p2infohouse.org · contents -r acpmty selel'icn cip\rt -: tbe~cdilem%-concepti content areas...

$: p2infohouse.org · CONTENTS -R ACPMTY SELEl'IcN cIp\RT -: TBE~CDILEM%-coNcEpTI Content Areas and Evaluation Activities (1-10) Background Teaching Aids References FIEaMTIvIsR:ToCAsH-~II$

CONTENTS

-R ACPMTY SELEl'IcN cIp\RT

-: T B E ~ C D I L E M % - c o N c E p T I

Content Areas and Evaluation Activities (1-10) Background Teaching Aids References

F I E a M T I v I s R : T o C A s H - ~ I I

Cmtent Areas and Evaluation Activities (1-6) Background Teaching Aids References

1-TIONS IN INDUSFRY - I11

Ccntent Areas and Evaluation Activities (1-6) Backgrwnd Teaching Aids References

CRALXING TBE W.I.P. - alK!Em IV

Cmtent Areas and Evaluation Activities (1-9) Background Teaching Aids References

i

ii

1

4

15

18

19 21 23 24

25

26 28 30 31

32

33 35 37 38

39

40 43 45 46

PAYBACK PDR PAYDFF - a2K!EPT V

"tent Areas and Evaluation Activities (1-5) Background Teaching Aids References

48

49 50 52 53

54

55

INTRODUCTION

Conventional pollution control focuses on "end-of-the-pipe" and "cut-the-back-door" approaches--creating waste and then trying to figure cut what to do with it. These approaches often serve to remove pollution, su& as contaminated air or wastewater, from one place, only to deposit the pollution in another form in another place. A pitive alternative is prevention of pollution at its source. minimization, and recovery, many firms can find economic benefits and improved environmental management of their wastewater discharges, air emissions, and hazardous waste generation.

Through prevention, waste

The State of North Carolina developed the first governmental program to assist industries and local governments to adopt the pollution prevention concept. Grants and technical assistance are provided to further the application of waste reduction. made is the developent of educational materials to increase the knowledge and skill level of new people entering industry. The purpose of this manual is to provide such materials to instructors in several levels of the state's educational institutions.

A very important step which must now be

The Pollution Prevention Pays Instruction M=inual is designed to provide activity plans, materials and information for instructors. The manual enables instructors to present material and direct activities for students. The student should be able to understand the concept of pollution prevention and to implemnt the bsic problem-solving approach for waste reduction in current or future jobs. Although the lklnual is specifically designed for two- and four-year college students in fields related to industrial technology, many of the activities and concepts are useful for in-service industrial training or for a high schml program. concepts such as recognition of the current trends affecting industrial and governmental policy, liability and marketing issues, and trends in current industrial technology, and it emphasizes skills needed to solve pollution prmlems through prevention rather than treatment and dispsal.

The manual includes

i

i

-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

POLLVTION PIIEVEWJ!ION PAYS INSTRUCTION MQWAL

Project Director: Susan M. Smith Associate Director for Natural Resources Center for Improving Mountain Living Western CaroLina University Cullowhee. NC

Activities and Background Material developed specifically for this project were prepared by:

Susan M. Smith - Center for Improving Mountain Living, WU Christine Stevens - Center for Improving Mwntain Living, WU Karen Suagee - Center for Improving Mwntain Living, WU B& Dalley - Professor of Industrial Education and Technology, W3.J Doug Edwards - Graduate - Department of Industrial Education and

Technology, WU

Additional materials recomnded for inclusion in this instructional program were developed by the following organizations.

Cleo Wrap - Morris Patterson Dow Chemical U.S.A. - Ryan Delcambre Emerson Electric Company - Layton Shue E.I. DuPont and Company - Bill Bristol, Gregory Hollod Mack Trucks, Inc. - Alice Johnson 3M Company - Russell Susag Beacon Manufacturing Co. - Pamela Gosnell Travenol Laboratories - John Carter N. C. Pollution Prevention Pays Program - Roger Schecter N. C. Pollution Prevention Pays Program - Gary Hunt N. C. Governor's Waste Management Board - Linda Little Damestic Policy Association - John Kinghorn Danestic Policy Association - Keith Melville Western North Carolina Tomrrow - Rose Hooper

Funding for this project provided by:

Western Carolina University North Carolina Pollution Prevention Pays Program Norti7 Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Develcpent Gildea Foundation

i j.

PPP OVERVIEW

aQAc OF PRXECl': SYSTEM APPR3KH INDUSTRIAL REiouIFcE THAT REEWES -1CN AND IERFASFs PmFITs.

To -E IRE VTILIZATICN AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A

aX3CEPT.T

IEGACANDBMXXMNIXL IssueS INCRWSETHE IMPORTANC!3ANDNEEDFDR AN INDUSTRIAL POLUJI'ICN REWXICN pwx;RAM TIIAT IS EWIU m I V E AND EFFICIEIW.

Behavioral Objectives

The student:

A. Examines how the major resource use and waste dispal issues of the 1970s-80s have influenced trends in health policy, industrial procedures, environmental regulation and leqal enforcement.

Recognizes the values and perceptions of individuals and how they influence the community's perception and acceptance of specific levels of risk and judgments on corporate liability.

Identifies and examines the major laws and policies regulating waste generation and disposal.

Explores the social responsibility issues involved in cowrate mgement decisions related to toxic substance use, reduction and disposal.

B.

C.

D.

0" I1

A s Y F " APl?IKwc!Hm INDUSTRIAL IaEwmcE I"mm Rmtxzs KXwrICNAND INcRE7BE3 PmFIls.


The student:

A. Examines the "Pollution Prevention Pays" program develop3 by the 3M company.

Recognizes the key concepts that a Pollution Prevention Pays mgement system utilizes to effect a reduction in pollution.

Identifies economic and envirotlnsental benefits to industry of pollution prevention strategies and waste reduction systems.

E.

C.

D. Identifies the dsstacles that must be overcome to implement a Pollution Prevention pays program and recognizes strategies companies have used to overxme these barriers.


The student:

A. Examines and evaluates companies in the United States who have successfully implemented a Pollution Prevention Pays program.

Identifies the different innovative management and personnel training and incentive systems utilized by specific progressive industries to implement the Pollution Prevention Pays Concept.

Identifies and evaluates the innovative technological changes adopted by companies during the 1970s-80~ to reduce wastes and increase profits.

B.

C.

CXiKmT IV

-1CN d A WSTE -ION FDR PIEDFIT S"W4 REQUIRES AN ANkLXSIS OF ALL IN-PIAm "E SrRFAtS.


The student:

A. Examines how a Waste Identification for Profit System is utilized within an industrial management structure.

Identifies the methoaOlogy required to inventory the six major types of wastes and waste streams cor" to major industrial systems.

Identifies and examines the specific processes and raw materials creating each major waste stream.

Recognizes and evaluates methds of reducing each major waste stream through actions such as prcduct mdification, process redesign and internal recycling.

Recognizes and examines the methdology involved in utilizing an environmental audit system at the corporate or plant mnagement level.

Identifies and evaluates the management benefits and liabilities associated With implemntation of an ongoing environmental audit system.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

2

0 3 K E P T V

THE 1-ATICN OF A W I C N P-IW PAYS PIMGIULM REQUIRES AN ANALYSIS OF PAYBACK PHuODs JTlR PRllECE AS WeLL AS TRE l " T C ! ? & ECIAUBTICN O F w ( R P K " .


The student:

A. Examines and conducts an analysis of potential waste reduction projects to determine technical feasibility, cost/bsnefit ratios and Dayback period for initial investment.

Identifies and inproves commications and mrketing skills necessary to promote the adoption of an effective waste reduction project by management.

B.

3

I m

0

0 Y

4

:i

.. I 4

, . . ..

c .

“I ,,I ,-/

c C: .,a c. m

4. F

n ,

li

I.

Ci 5

4 ,

5 .

..

".F _,,i ..~ ?Ub?Li. C3f.rty; En:argency Response an2 Cc:>:~;u:iiiy E i g h t t o Enon Acts r e q u i r e pcsting of tri?i:s about hazardous .s t 11: c t ances . Under t h e W.C. C o i n x n i t y R igh t t o Know A c t , e7iploysrs must list hazardous che i r i ca l s .

The Z u p e r f m d was c r e a t e d t o c l e a n up 3usij sizes.

I I ' I

2 .

3 .

4.

5 .

8. The student recognizes 1. the key concepts that a 3P system utilizes.

4

2 .

3 .

A key element is the development of a company-wide policy.

Dugont’s program includes site organization, targeting and tracking

Hew ideas come from employees at all levels

This strategy may solve future problems as well as current ones

Oral Report

3P is a management See Objective A - approach which Activity 1.

!a) minimizes or

(b) saves money.

Preventative measures include

eliminates pollution,

(a) product

( h ) equipment redesign. (c) Tolume reduction and (d) productive use of

waste materials.

reformulation,

End results are profits and promotion of sound economic and environmental management.

3 X ‘ s “Zdeas - A Compendium of 3P Success Stories“

Dow Chemical - Waste Reduct ion Always Pays

i~ I

L

"mi ,.>e ? i s s i n g i i : i k s : 2 . f o l l u r i o n prevent ion 5tud*i l t c ? i t i q u ? 1s of value t o industry ! o x ho-r! R e s t r u c t u r i n g Hazardous >i;tause of t.be need f o r Vaste Contr31s i n Aaerica" fewer pcllutlm contro; f a ci 1 i $. i :* s .

"1 i:l i.

bl 0

Li (1.

>r ir

TI '0

rt

w

<, &I

14

c (.;

"... ,.i

9

L,

n.

10

"1

I

-F4 w 3

L4 0,

i , . ".

rt

a 'U .d d . .

4 ._. il

11 M

./i ,

PI ::

+

.,.

12

/ti t

i

<:, .-,

ri!

r. m

li. e

.?l

13

L

L

COWCZPT v: P a m . m FOR P-YOFF

.-k ill? m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a P o l l u t i o n ?:-event ion Pays program r e q u i r e s an a n a l y s i s of payback p e r i o d s f o r p r s j s c t s . a s <?e l l a s t h e t t c h n i c a l e v a l u a t i o n of each p r o j e c t .

3BJECTI’JES CONTENT A_CTIVITIES I,%TERIALS

A , mt.- s t u 5 e n t cmd:icts an i . Ana lys i s of a was te L e c t u r e (one hour! Background I n f s r m a t i o n a n a l y s i s of p o t e n t i a l r e d u c t i o n p r o j e c t i n c l u d e s acd Sample Problem Shee t s waste r e d u c t i o n p r o j e c t s e v a l u a t i o n . c a l c u l a t i o n of t o d e t e r r a n e t echn ica l ! c o s t - b e n e f i t r a t i o s , and f e a s i b i l i t y , c o s t l b e n e f i t d e t e r m i n a t i o n of payback r a t i c r s , and payback p e r i o d p e r i o d s . f o r i n i t i a l iEves tmen t .

2 . Ir? many c a s e s , s a v i n g s have e x c e d e d p r o j e c t i o n s made.

3 . P o l l u t i o n p r e v e n t i o n Studen: Criti.;:;e I ianaging $ _ o F a r a t e S o c i a l p r o j e c t s must compete f o r R~m~sab~l i-ty c s p i r a l w i t h o t h e r a r e a s .

a . T h s s t t ident i 2 e n t i f i e s 1. Promoting a p o l l u t i o n L e c t u r e (one hour i Dupont O u t l i n e and Dow ~ ? : a r k t t i n g s k i l l s n f c e s s a r y sar i ings p r o j x t r c q u i r e s cas.; s t u d y t o pro-note a d o p t i s n of s knowledge of a l l was te r e d u c t i o n p r o j e c t d i v i s i o n s i i v o l v e d . by s a n a g e w c l .

2 . A l l g roups mist he i n v o l ~ j e d i n dec is ion-making .

3 . P r e s e n t i n g a p o l l u t i o n s a v i n g s p l a n r e q u i r e s ; t na iys i s of t e c h n i c a l an6 f i . nanc ia1 d a t a .

1. The most e f f e c t i v e po l lu t io i - , p r e v e n t i o n p r o j e c t s hane ga inad suppor: 5;. t o p iaanag3;eit

S i r ru l a t ion S c r i p t i n Background (cne t o two hours! Teaching Aids

1 1 I I ! 1 1

L

L

INSTRUCTORS' ACTIVITY SELECTION CBART

CONCEPT I

O b j e c t i v e A:

O b j e c t i v e R :

O b j e c t i v e C :

O b j e c t i v e D:

* = P r i o r i t y A c t i v i t y

t = Supplementary A c t i v i t y

* L e c t u r e on environments! issues (AI, p. 2 6 )

t S t u d f n t p r e s e n t a t , i o n of a r t i c l e s (AZ, p . 2 6 )

t Class discussion of c h a p t e r s ane and two i n P_o_ll_u_t_io.n. ..Pr_ev~~L?ti;up_P~s. !A3, P . 26)

* V i d e o t a p e / d i s c u s s i o n u s i n g " D i f f i c u l t C h o i w s About Envi ronmenta l P r o t e c t i o n " ! A 4 , p. 2 6 )

t L e c t u r e / l i s t i n g a c t i y i t y u s i n g P r o j e c t Rsach f a c t s h e e t s ( A 5 , p . 27)

t I n s p e c t i o n - c l a s s i f i c a t i o t ~ of 1:oust.hold prodltclts ( A 6 , p. 27)

* L e c t u r e i s t u d e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n on major f+de ra l and s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n (31, p. 27)

t Team p r e s e n t a t . i o n o f case stiidi;.; nii l i a b i l i t y (82 , p . 27)

* L e c t n r e / d i s c u s s i o n on s o c i a l r e s p o n s l h i l i t y ( B 3 , p. 27)

* Cl.ass d e b a t e on s o c i a l respons! . i ib i t y ( A . 1 , p. 2 7 )

CONCEPT IT

O b j e c t i v e s A, 8 , C : * L e c t u r ~ / d i s c u s s i u n on th: k e y elements 3 f a FFF program (AI , p . 3 7 )

t Oral r , r p o r t on 3 3M 01' DOW cas t sti.idy ( A 3 , p . 3 3 )

15

O b j e c t i v e D :

t Lecture on t.he worldwide cost of envi roninenta l c l e a n u p (81, p . 3 3 )

t Videotape p r e s e n t a t i t ; n nf DnPont 's "Chemical Disposal ." ( 8 4 , p . 34)

* Lecture!d iscuss ion on t.he p s y c h o l o g i c a l fact .ors i n v o l v e d i n change ( 8 3 , p , 34)

CONCEPT I11

O b j e c t i v e s A , 8 , C: * L e c t u r e / d i s c u s s i c n on p r i n c i p l e s of t e c h n o l o g i c a l and management changes (R1, p . 40)

* Emerson s l i d e - t a p e show, a case s t u d y ( A 3 , p. 40)

, t Studen t p r e s e n t a t i o n s of case s t u d j e s i A 2 , p . 4 0 )

t C l a s s d i s c u s s i o n of liianageinent tr t*hniq!uef (R1, p 4 1 )

t Videotape p r e s e n t a t i o n of " A 3M Success S t o r y (83, p . 41)

p . 41) t S t u d e n t pape r a n a l y z i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l change (B4,

CONCEPT I V

O b j e c t i v e A , El, C , D: L e c t u r e on waste reduct ion and c a t e g o r i e s @f waste streams ( A l , p. 48)

* Studen t p r e s e n t a t i o n af case s t u d i e s ( A 3 . p. 4 9 )

t L e c t u r e / d i s c u s s i o n on o p t i o n s for h a n d l i n g

-

haza rdous was te ( A 2 , p . 48)

D i s c u s s i o n / p r e s e n t a t i o n on p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h h a z a r d s i n t h e workplace ( A 4 , p. 4Q!

t

t I n v e s t i g a t . i o n of s c h o o l f a c i l i t y ( ? , 5 , p. 4 9 )

16

O b j e c t i v e E:

CONCEPT V

O b j e c t i v e A :

O b j e c t i v e B:

* L e c t u r e on the f u n c t i o n s of an env i ronmen ta l a u d i t (81, p . 49)

.~ t Team p r e s e n t a t i o n of c a s e studies ( B 2 , p. 4 9 )

t Studen t p r o j e c t which r e q u i r e s d e s i g n i n g an -

a u d i t i n g c h e c k l i s t for a p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r y ( B 3 , p. 4 9 )

* L e c t u r e on c o s t / b e n e f i t . r a t i o s and c a l c u l a t i o n of paybapk p e r i o d s ( A l , p . 5 5 1

t St.udent c r i t i q u e of c a s e s t u d i e s concern ing c o r p o r a t e s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ( A 2 , p . 55)

* L e c t u r e on o r g a n i z a t i o n a l components t o implement a waste min imiza t ion program. ( B 1 , p . 55)

* a iscuss io i i /p resenta t ion of pe r sonne l i nvo lved i n envi roninenta l management programs ( B 2 , p. 55)

* Sii i inlat ion of a board meet ing t o de t e rmine p o l l u t i o n p r e d e n t i o n p o l i c y ( B 3 , p . 5 6 )

17

WASTE: THE TOXIC DILEMMA

CONCEPT I

18

CONCEPT I WASTE: THE TOXIC DILEMMA

BEWiVIORRL OBJMTPIVFS

The student:

A. Examines how the major resource use and waste dispsal issues of the 1970s-80s have influenced trends in health policy, industrial procedures, environmental regulation and legal enforcement.

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5.

Examples of major events and issues influencing plicy developnent include Rachel Carson's book - Silent Sprinq, Earth Day, The 1974 Oil Embargo and Energy Crisis, Love Canal, Three Mile Island, and Times Beach, Missouri.

The scope of pollution is a national and, in many cases, an international c-rn as demonstrated by issues surrounding acid rain and nuclear fallout.

Resource use and disposal versus reuse and conservation issues must be discussed within the context of current, past and future economic systems and market incentives.

Resource conservation and reuse practices increase as ppulations experience a shortage or increase in the cost of a rescurce or a rise in cost of disposing of that waste.

Conflicts between user groups increase as competition for land area increases.

B. Recognizes the values and perceptions of individuals and how they influence the community's perception and acceptance of specific levels of risk and judgments on corporate liability.

1. The public has kegun to recognize that the magnitude of the current environmental prcblems far exceeds clean-up and control efforts.

Acceptable risks and unacceptable hazards are basic questions that must be addressed in the debate over the envirmnt.

Choices must be made concerning who should bear the cost for past dispsal prcblems and how individuals should be conpensated for damages.

2.

3 .

19

4. A major issue of concern is where the 300 million tons of hazardous wastes produced each year in the U.S. will go.

The debate about the environment is a debate about trade-ffs and priorities.

5.

C. Identifies and examines the major laws and plicies regulating waste generation and dispsal.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is a major piece of federal legislation regulating waste transprt and dispsal.

TSCA - The Toxic Substance Control Act is a federal law which provides informaticm abut the toxic substances currently generated in the United States.

The Worker Right to Knaw or the Hazardous Chemical Right to Know Act adopts the Federal Hazard Comunication Standard, ensuring that all mrkers have access to information about their exposure to hazardous substances.

The Public Safety, Emergency Response and Community Right-to-Knau Acts in North Carolina require that signs complying with the National Fire Protection Marking Code be pasted on buildings containing hazardous substances.

Under the N.C. Corrmunity Right-to-Know Act, employers in camunities of 10,000 or mre will. be required to list each hazardous chemical they use and to provide material safety data sheets for each chemical listed to the local fire department.

The Superfund was set up in 1980 to clean up old abandoned hazardous waste dump sites and has not received adequate funding.

D. Explores the social responsibility issues involved in corporate mgement decisions related to toxic substance use, reduction and disposal.

1. In the p t m y corporations who have not rerrgnized the value of addressing the issue of "social corprate reqmnsibility" have greatly damaged their corpsrate economy.

The internationally known 3M Company has utilized the concept of corprate social responsibility to increase profits and expand the company assets.

2.

20

WASTE: THE TOXIC DILEMMA -

-

ACTIVITIES

-1

LeGAL AND EtWI- IssuEi CReATE THE NEED PDRAN REcl?=rIcN pwx;RAM.

OBJECPIVES

The student:

1) 2 )

3 )

4)

K)LWl'ICN

examines major resource use and mste dispal issues of the 1970s-80~. recognizes the values and perceptions of individuals and their influence on corporate liability, identifies the major laws and policies regulating waste generation and disposal, discusses the need for social. responsibility in roanagement decisions concerning toxic waste reduction and dispal.

LFARNING ACTIVITIES :

A. The Issues

1. Lecture: Introduce major issues to the students using background information as the hsis for the lecture. (one-hour class period)

Student Presentation: Ask each student to select an article on an environmental issue using Environment 85/86 or another suitable reference. the class.

2.

Have each one sumrize the article and present it to (one to t w class perids)

3 . Class Discussion: Hold a class discussion on the fundamental issue of developent versus protection of the environment. and two in Pollution Prevention Pays (p. 1-17) can be used as background reading. (one-hour class period)

Chapters one

4. Videotape - Discussion: Have each student "plete the questionnaire from the National Issues Forum entitled "Difficult Choices About Environmental Protection." or as a h e w r k assignment. Next, have the class view the videotape "Difficult Choices About Environmental Protection." (11 min.) The reading assignment to accompany the videotape is p. 4-31 in "Difficult Choices About Environmental Protection." €bld a roundtable discussion on the issues.

Have the students complete the follow-up questionnaire. the results and any changes between the first and second respes. ( t w one-hour class pericds)

This can be done in class

Analyze

21

5. Lecture - Listing Activity: Use Project Reach fact sheets (A3 - A8) as the basis of a discussion of toxic materials, including method of exposure and what constitutes acceptable risks. Have each student make a list of potentially hazardous substances that can be found at how or in the dormitory. (one class period)

6. Inspection and Classification Project: Bring to class twenty to thirty household products that contain hazardous substances. Explain to the students the four FPA classifications for haiardous substances (All - A14). Have each student take the form provided (A15) and classify 10 subtances using infommtign on the product label. (one-hour class period)

B. The Laws and Corporate Response

1. Lecture/Student Presentation: Use Project Reach and NCOSH fact sheets (A16 - A24) as the basis for a discussion of major federal and state legislation governing mgement of hazardous waste. These brief descriptions will acquaint the student With the legal restrictions corporations nust face. This can be presented as lecture material or each student can be assigned a law to review and present to the class.

Team Presentation: Assign the case studies of the Lenoir Refining Capany and the Bluff Roads Site (found in Managing and Recyc li Solvents, p. 15-16) as examples of a conpany's legal liability Er improper hazardous waste dispsal. and have each team present one case study.

(one-hour class period)

2.

Divide the class into tm teams (one-hour class period)

3 . Lecture/Discussion: Hold a discussion on what constitutes social resconsibilitv and how it affects cormrate imaae. Assian as outside reading "Five Propositions fgr Social R&pnsibiiity" (from Managing Corprate Social Responsibility, p. 46-51). class period)

(one-hour

4. Class Debate: Have students select teams and stage a debate based on the article, "The Case For and Against Business Assumption of Social Responsibilities," by Keith Davis (from Managing Corporate Social Responsibility, p. 35-45). This article provides an overview of the social responsibility issue in big business. (one-hour class period)

22

POLLUTION PREVENTION PAYS

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

Project Coordinator: Susan M. Smith Associate Director

Natural Resources Division Center For Improving Mountain Living

Western Carolina University Cullowhee, North Carolina (An Equal Oppoltunify Institution)

This project was supported by the North Carolina Pollution Prevention Pays Program, the North Carolina

Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, the Gildea Foundation, and Western Carolina University

Copyright @ June 1988 Reprint with Permission

waste is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which utilizes a manifest system to track waste from the “cradle to the grave.” This means that the company generating hazardous waste has continuing liability even though the waste is shipped off for disposal.

The Environmental Protection Agency monitors the mnufacture, use, and

EPA m y actually limit or ban distribution of products that p e an distribution of chemical substances through the Toxic Substances Control Act. unreasonable risk to health or to the environment.

Workers are protected by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. OSHA, as it is known, sets standards to prevent or minimize health impairment due to conditions in the mrk place. Know laws, such as the North Carolina Hazardous Chemical Right to Know Act, give the employee the right to request a list of all hazardous substances used by his employer.

necessity for corporations. waste reduction not only controls pollution but also increases company profits. also be harnessed to control it. be discussed throughout the course.

In addition, state Right to

Thus, conservation measures and pollution controls will become a Certain industrial leaders have realized that

Much of our technology that has created the pollution problem can Numerous exanples of such innovations will

A 2

FACT SHEET

HEALTH EFFECTS HAZARDOtJS SUBSTANCE & WASTE SERIES pRI)JBcTRucH

I I I

Toxic substances and hazardous waste are of concern to citizens and government because of the potential risks they pose to human health and the environment when improperly managed. This fact sheet presents basic information on how toxic materials can cause risk and introduces basic concepts of toxicity and exposure.

WHAT IS RISK?

Risk is the chance or probability of injury, disease, or death. Risk is measured by (a) the toxicity (poisonous or harm-causing nature) of a substance and (b) the amount of exposure. Even if a substance is very toxic or lethal, it presents no risk if no one is exposed to it.

EXPOSURE

There are two kinds of exposure to toxic materials that can bring about risk. Acute expoaure is a single or very brief exposure. Chronic exposure is repeated exposure over a long period of time. Acute or chronic exposure to toxic substanc-s can be through eating or drinking (oral), touching or skin contact (dermal), or breathing (inhalation).

A substance may be toxic if breathed but harmless if eaten, so it is always important to consider the route of exposure when assessing risk.

Exposure to toxic materials can occur through air, water, food, drugs or consumer products. Table I lists the major sources of human exposure and examples of toxic materials from these sources.

Table Is Primary Sources of €Iunan Exposure to Toxic Materials

source

1. Air

Route

inhalation

- o outside (ambient air) 0 indoor o workplace

2. Water oral

o surface water o ground water

(ala0 dermal)

Examples

sulfur dioxide (So2) formaldehyde benzene

carbontetrachloride l,l,l-trichloroethane

3. Food oral

o intentional additive# sodium nitrite (in pork) o naturally occuring aflatoxin (produced by

fungus) o unintentional additives mercury

4. Drugs oral, dermal, inhalation

o therapeutic o non-therapeutic

5. Consumer Products oral, dermal, inhalation

o "appropriate' use of product o misuse

DES cocaine

tobacco aeroaol cans

A3

TOXICITY

Hazardous materials or waste can produce two types of toxic effects: acute and chronic. Acute toxic effects are ill effects that occur very soon after exposure to a toxic substance. For example, the burning irritation you feel when shampoo gets into your eyes is an ~

acute toxic effect. Chronic toxic effects are ill effects that occur some time after a single exposure, or when the toxic agent eventually collects in the body to a high enough level or causes enough damage to produce ill effects. Chronic effects include cancer, birth defects, mutations, and damage to particular organs (the liver, for example) or body systems (such as the nervous system).

It is important to distinguish between acute or chronic effects and acute or chronic exposure. A chronic effect may result from an acute or chronic exposure. An acute effect generally results from an acute exposure, but chronic exposure may produce some immediate or acute effects with each repeated exposure. The toxic effects from acute exposure to an agent may be quite different than those produced by chronic exposure. For example, acute exposure to high levels of lead produces colic or convulsions, while chronic exposure to high levels of lead causes kidney damage, brain damage, and other effects on the nervous and circulatory systems.

There are other distinctions between types of toxic effects besides acute and chronic. Local effects refer to those that occur where the toxic agent contacts the body. For example, local effects are caused by inhaling an irritating gas. Systemic effects, on the other hand, require absorption and distribution of the toxic material to a different part(s) of the body than from where it entered. Most chemicals that cause systemic effects or toxicity do not affect all parts of the body to the same degree, but produce the major toxic effects in one (or two) organs. These are called the target organs of toxicity for that chemical. The target organ of toxicity most frequently involved in systemic toxicity is the central nervous system, (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord. The target orqan often may be different than the organ where the chemical collects or accumulates. For example, lead is stored in bone, but its toxic effects are in the blood, kidney, and nervous system.

Reversible toxic effects are capable of being repaired by the body. Irreversible toxic effects are permanent. Some body tissues

show reversible toxic effects. Cells of the central nervous system (CNS), on the other hand, are not able to divide and be replaced and thus tend to show irreversible toxic effects. Carcinogenic

irreversible toxic effects. Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer (the appearance and rapid growth of abnormal cells). Mutagens are substances that cause mutations, or changes in the genetic material. Mutations can affect genes or chromosomes, important in the functioning of basic life processes. If a mutation occurs in a sex cell (egg or sperm), the changes can be transmitted to the child of the - person affected. It is believed that some mutations may give rise to cancer. Many mutagens are a l s o carcinogens.

(like the liver) can be regenerated easily, and thus are more likely to __

(cancer-causing) toxic effects of some chemicals can also cause -

A4

Teratogens cause structural birth defects in the developing child within a pregnant woman. Other adverse reproductive effects in men and women are also possible.

EXPRESSING TOXICITY THROUGH DOSE

How toxic is toxic? The degree of acute toxicity of a substance depends mostly on its dose although other factors, such as age, sex, health, and exposure to other substances can also affect toxicity. The most common way to describe Che immediate or acute toxicity of a substance is by the Lethal Dose 50%, or LD . The LD50 is the calculated dose of a substance which is expecte8'to cause the death of 50% of a certain group of laboratory animals in a given time.

Doses given orally or dermally are expressed in terms of LD , while doses that are inhaled are expressed by the Lethal ~oncentrat58n 50% or LC . The LC is the calculated concentration of a substance in air oJ0water whi% is expected to cause the death of 50% of a certain group of laboratory animals in a given time. The lower the

the less it takes to kill 50% of the test animals, and ~hD~PefOo=e?% more toxic the substance. LD50 doses are given in milligrams of a toxic substance per kilogram of body weight of the animal (mg/kg). A milligram is one thousandth of a gram: a kilogram is 1000 grams. LC doses are given in micrograms of a toxic substance per liter of aig'or water ( 9/11 . A microgram is one millionth of a gram: a liter is approxima P ely one quart. Table I1 translates the doses given in numbers to descriptive words.

TABLE I I : ACUTE (IMMEDIATE) ORAL TOXICITY*

Probable Lethal Oral Dose for Humans t t Dose" For 150 lb. Human Examples Toxicity Rating -

Extremely toxic less than 50 mg/kg less than a teaspoon Botulinus toxin (0.00001 mg/kg) Dioxin (0.001 mg/kg) Nicotine (1 mg/kg)

Very toxic 60 - 500 mglkg 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce DDT (100 mgfkg) Aspirin (300 mg/kg)

Moderately toxic? 500 - 5000 mg/kg 1 ounce to 1 pint Formaldehyde (650 mg/kg) (or 1 lb.) Table salt (4000 mg/kg)

Ethyl alcohol (10,000 mg/kg) - Slightly tox ic 5000 - 15,000 mg/kg 1 pint to 1 quart (or 2 lb.) Black pepper

(more than 12,500 mg/kg)

* Chronic toxic effects not indicated ** Expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight ~~ ~

Sources: Clinical Toxicolo of Commercial Products by Gosselin, Smith, and Hodge, and Pesticides & C o n t r d aGtenance by Raner and French. See Resource List -- Health Effects.

A5

Other dosage abbreviations used to describe toxicity (TDLO, TCLO, LDLO, LCLo) are defined in the glossary.

OTHER HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES

Many substances that are not carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, or other poisons can still pose substantial risks to exposed persons. The following properties can produce a hazard:

0 Reactive. Reactive substances may react spontaneously, or when in contact with air or water, be unstable to shock or heat, generate toxic gases, or explode.

0 Corrosive. Corrosive substances, such as strong acids (like sulfuric acid) or bases (like lye) can eat away body tissue,

0 Ignitable. Ignitable substances can catch fire easily and burn.

0 Infectious. Infectious materials can cause an infection by spreading disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasitic worms.

0 Radioactive. Radioactive materials emit radiation which can cause mutations, cancer, or otherwise damage body cells.

ASSESSING AND MANAGING RISK

To determine how much risk is posed by a particular substance, waste material, or proceas, information on the toxicity or hazard and amount of exposure is needed. The process of gathering and interpreting this information on toxicity and exposure is called risk assessment. Assessing risk is a difficult, uncertain process since there are many gaps in our scientific knowledge. Probably even more difficult, however, is risk management, which is the process of deciding what to do about risks posed by materials or processes. Should a substance or process that poses a potential risk be banned? Labeled to warn people of its risk? Regulated? Restricted? Risk management involves the combination of scientific information on risk with economic, political, legal, social, and technological factors to try to determine what is an acceptable risk.

Assessing toxicity i s generally based on four types of scientific studies: epidemiological, animal, test-tube, and structure-activity.

o Epidemiological Studies Epidemiological studies look at

Definitive results from epidemiological studies provide the best evidence of the amount of risk a toxic substance may pose to human health. However, epidemiological studies are often very time consuming, expensive, and difficult to design and interpret. Additionally, ethical considerations can limit the scope of epidemiological studies.

-

associations between health effects and exposurps in human populations. -

A6

o Animal Studies For a variety of reasons, animal studies are most ~

often used to assess toxicity. If results from animal studies are properly qualified, they are applicable to humans. The route of exposure, dose, time period, and species differences in metabolism, absorption, and other characteristics should be considered. The high doses used in animal studies are necessary and valid for properly ~

conducted studies. However, there is uncertainty in estimating (extrapolating) how the effects seen from the high doses used in animal studies relate to the effects from lower environmentally-relevant doses in humans.

o Test-Tube Studies Test-tube (in vitro) studies are used to screen substances to help determine if they may pose a substantial risk to people, before requiring more extensive and expensive testing. Some in vitro studies use living mammalian cells, while others use microorganisms such as special bacteria. Although fast and relatively inexpensive, the responses of cells in a test tube can only roughly approximate the responses of an entire mammal to an agent.

o Structure-Activity Relationships are used when only limited or no data are available from other kinds of studies. Scientists use structure-activity relationships to predict toxicity. This method is based on the principle that chemicals with similar structures may have similar toxic properties, although the applicability of this principle is still being investigated.

There are several factors that make risk assessment difficult:

o Latency Some substances produce toxic effects many years after exposure occurs, which makes it difficult to establish a cause-effect connection between exposure and effect. This latency period may vary depending on the substance, the exposed individual, age at first exposure, and the timing and route of exposure to the substance.

o Synergism/Antagonism Most toxicity studies test one specific substance at a time, although in actuality humans may be simultaneously exposed to other chemicals that may greatly increase (or decrease) the toxic effects experienced. When twcr or more substances interact to produce a total toxic effect greater than the sum of each individually, there is synergism; if less, there is antagonism.

o Thresholds A threshold dose is the smallest dose of a suhstance

observed. It is not known if thresholds exist for all kinds of toxic materials. Until cancer is better understood, most scientists assume that there is no threshold for carcinogens. This means that any

o Human Variability Although all people have common characteristics, there are also important differences in the sensitivity and vulnerability of people to toxic effects. Children are at higher risk to most toxic and hazardous materials than are adults.

-

that produces a response. Below this amount, no toxic effects are -

exposure to a carcinogen increases the risk of developing cancer. -

AI

Persons receiving higher than average exposures (such as industry workers) are also at higher risk. Health and nutritional status, previous exposures, age, sex, and genetic variability influence the severity of health effects from toxic materials.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN NORTH CAROLINA

There are several categories of toxic or hazardous materials in North Carolina that could pose risks, especially if improperly produced used, or disposed. Table 111 gives a sample of the kinds of toxic or hazardous materials in North Carolina.

CLASS

1.

-

2.

3.

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8.

TABLE IIIr Typem of Toxic/Hazardous Materials

Examples

Pesticides

Solvents, vapors, and other industrial chemicals..

Metals

Plastics (includes rubbers and textiles) and Additivee

Natural/Biological Toxins

Food Additives

Combuetion Products

Minerals

insecticides (DDT, carbaryl), herbicides (2.4-D), funqicides (captan), disinfectants (pine oil), wood preservatives (pentachlorophenol, creosote)

gasoline, chloroform, ethanol, ethylene glycol, benzene, PCB

lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, beryllium

vinyl chloride, phthalate esters

aflatoxin, venom, botulinus toxin

sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate

carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, benzo(a)pyrene

a a be 8 tos

A8

TABLE I: SUBSTITUTES FOR COMMON HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS -

INSTEAD OF: TRY:

Air freshener

Drain cleaner

Furniture polish

Leaving a box of baking soda open in room; open window

Pour boiling water, down drain, or use a plunger or a metal "snake"

Mix half oil and vinegar solution and apply in thin coat, then rub in well; or rub crushed raw nuts on the wood for an oily polish

Houseplant insecticides Soapy water on leaves (then rinse)

Mot hba 1 1 s

Oven cleaner

Roach spray

Silver cleaner

Toilet -bowl cleaner

Window cleaner

Spread newspapers around closets, or put clothes in cedar chests, or place cedar chips around clothes

Salt, baking soda, water (and elbow grease I )

Sticky traps, or boric acid tablets or equal parts baking soda and powdered sugar set out in dishes (watch out for animals and children)

Soak silver in 1 qt. warm water containing .1 tsp. baking soda, 1 tsp. salt, and a piece of aluminum foil

1/2 cup bleach

2 tbsp. vinegar in 1 qt. water, or rub newspapers on the glass

Source: p. ZQ/Metropolitan Area Planning Council. A Guide to the , Safe Use and Disposal of Hazardous Household Products (1982)

A9

0 Never mix different products (Do not mix ammonia and bleach,

0 Keep products in their original containers.

0 Don't leave containers opened.

0 Keep the phone numbers of your doctor, the Poison Control Center (check your phone book for the number), and local emergency medical services handy, in case of accidental poisoning.

since a deadly gas can be formed.)

Control High-Risk Situations

You can follow many of the same recommendations for safely managing hazardous materials and wastn that have been developed for industry. In addition to following the rules of thumb listed above for using toxic materials properly, try to prevent high-risk situations by substituting less harmful products for products you now use (see Table I). Buy only the amount of products you need. Recycle/reuse by sharing leftover products with your neighbors (not applicable to medicines). This reduces the possibility of environmental contamination. Learn about the safest ways to dispose of toxic materials in your home (see Resource List: Health Effects, or contact the North Carolina Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch (see Directory of Government Agencies)).

Work With Other Interested Citizens and Groups in Exploring Ways For Your Community to Reduce Risks From Toxic Materials and Wastes

Citizen Involvement Committees

In order to improve the exchange of information and increase public awareness about waste management, the Governor's Waste Management Board has encouraged local governments to appoint Citizen Involvement Committees (CIC) on Waste Management. These committees provide a forum for exchange of information, opinions, and ideas between state agencies, industry, and concerned citizens. Membership of a Citizen's Involvement Committee should include representatives of the followinq groups:

0 Citizen Organizations

0 County Government

0 Municipal Government

0 Local Industry and Commerce

0 Local Health and Environmental Agencies

o Local Transportation and Shipping Interests

A1 0

A fast-paced lifestyle, high standards of household cleanliness, and a desire for beautiful surroundings have introduced into our homes a wide array of materials that are helpful but hazardous. up with some dangerous wastes; it is estimated that from three to ten gallons of such wastes are stored in each Massachusetts household. wastes, such as oils and solvents. Some are one-time mstes, such as a child's old chemistry set, or a banned psticide.

Hazardous wastes are discarded materials that cald be dangerous to people, animals, or the environment if not handled properly. toxic, ignitable, corrosive, reactive, infectious, or explosive. They range from such familiar substances as lead and arsenic, through less familiar substances such as cadmium, and on to newer substances with such complex names that they are launvn by their initials - TCE, €or instance, which is trichloroethylene, and FCB, which is ply-chlorinated biphenyl.

Even the nust careful consumer ends

Some are perennial

These materials are either

Here is a partial list of hazardous prducts which might be found in any home:

Acids Annmnia Anesthetics Anti -freeze Artist supplies Arsenic Ashstos Asphalt tar Batteries Bleach Bowl clemer Brake fluid Bug/rdent killer Chemistry set Cleaning solvent Degreaser Disinfectant Drain cleaner Dry cleaning fluid Flea collar/pwder

Fertilizers w. herbicides Fire starter Floor cleaner Glue (sorne) Herbicides &tal mlish &tor oil No-pst strips Oven cleaner Paint, oil-base Paint, with lead Paint thinner Paintbrush cleaner Perfume (some) Pesticides Pesticides, banned Pills/wdicine photography chemicals polishes (some ) Pool chemicals

Radiator cleaner Refrigerants Roof tar Rug cleaner Septic system cleaner Shellac Silver plish Solvents Spt remover Transmission fluid Weed killer hbod preservative Wxxl strippers

Note: Explosive and radioactive materials are hazardous but are governed by other law.

LEAGUE OF WMEN WTERS OF t-l4SSACHUSm, 8 Winter Street, Boston, M?. 02108 January 1985

A 1 1

Hazardous wastes are the inevitable by-products of society and are of concern to citizens and government because of risks they pose to human health and the environment when improperly managed. This fact sheet presents basic information on what is considered a hazardous waste, why we have hazardous wastes, and why their sound management is an important environmental issue for North Carolina.

What Are Hazardous Wastes?

Wastes are materials which have served their useful purpose and are discarded. Hazardous wastes are those wastes which could cause harm to public health or the environment. Because different people have different ideas about what is considered a waste, and what is considered hazardous, Congress developed a basic legal definition for hazardous and solid waste in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976: The term "hazardous waste" means a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may:

( A ) cause, or significantly contribute to, an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible. or incapacitating reversible, illness; or

(B) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, disposed of, or otherwise managed.

A solid waste can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

The U.S. Environmenta 1 Protection Agency (EPA), the federal agency responsible for implementing RCRA, has further defined hazardous waste as those materials that (1) possess one of four characteristics (characteristic hazardous waste) or ( 2 ) appear on a special EPA list (listed hazardous waste) to be regulated.

A waste is considered hazardous if it has one of the following characteristics:

Ignitable: Capable of burning or causing a fire (under certain

generate toxic smoke and can spread harmful particles. Examples include gasoline, industrial alcohols, and some paint and varnish removers.

Corrosive: Capable of eating away materials or body tissue. Corrosive substances can corrode containers and cause leakage. Examples include alkaline cleaners, acids used in etching, and wastes from battery production.

conditions). Fires involving hazardous waste are dangerous since they -

-

A1 3

Reactive: Capable of interacting with air or water, causing an explosion or the release of poisonous fumes. Examples include cyanide and chlorine. Reactivity is the most common characteristic of ~~

hazardous wastes generated in North Carolina.

EP Toxic: Capable of poisoning humans, by leaching into water from the ground or a container, as determined by an extraction procedure (EPI. Only chemicals listed under the Safe Drinking Water Act found at levels higher than 100 times the drinking water standards after the procedure is performed are considered EP toxic. Examples include arsenic and some pesticide wastes.

The four characteristics of hazardous waste can easily be identified, however, some wastes cause chronic health effects and are more difficult to evaluate. These wastes must be listed in order to be regulated under RCRA. The number of listed wastes varies as substances are added and deleted. About twenty percent of North Carolina’s hazardous waste is listed, and eighty percent is considered to be hazardous waste by characteristic.

In addition to identifying wastes to be regulated under RCRA, Congress, and later EPA, exempted many wastes that may be hazardous (in the dictionary definition of the term) from regulation under the Act. Wastes explicitly exempted under RCRA include: domestic sewage, in-situ mining waste, irrigation water return, household wastes, waste oil, cement kiln dust, fly ash and bottom ash from power plants, laboratory samples, and wastes burned as fuel to recover usable energy. Some of these wastes are regulated under other laws. (These exclusions limit the universe of s o l i d waste regulated as hazardous under RCRA by two- thirds [by weight].)

In addition to providing specific definitions of hazardous waste regulated under RCRA, Congress identified who would be regulated by RCRA o n the basis of the quantity of hazardous waste generated. Currently, EPA regulates those industries that generate more than 1000 kg/month (2,205 lbs./month) of hazardous or more than 1 kg/month (2.2 lbs/month) of acutely toxic listed waste. Acutely toxic listed waste is specially listed because it can cause severe immediate health effects. Amendments to RCRA in 1984, have required EPA to develop by March 31, 1986, regulations for industries and businesses that generate more than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste.

Why Do We Eave Bazardous Wastes?

Many of the products and services we commonly use require some toxic substances in order to be produced. In manufacturing processes,- hazardous wastes are the by-products produced along with the useful consumer products. Examples of these products include cars (requiring corrosive acids, leads, and solvents), food (using fertilizers and pesticides in production), energy (using the by-products of fuel- fabrication), health services (using drugs and disinfectants), and clothes (requiring dyes and solvents). The businesses and industries which provide these services and products are the principal generators of hazardous waste.

A1 4

I n, c

PROJECTRUCH

There are numerous federal and state laws which govern the management of hazardous waste. All states are required to abide by federal laws. However, states may pass their own laws that are more comprehensive or deal more directly with the situation in their state. In no instance may state laws be weaker than federal laws.

The following descriptions are only to introduce the main intent of the law and identify the main administering agency. Each Act has a designated bill number and the complete law should be consulted for specific, detailed information.

MAJOR FEDERAL LEGISLATION

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . RCRA (pronounced reckra) is the first and basic law or statute regulating hazardous waste. RCRA governs all solid waste, of which hazardous waste is only a part. Only subtitles C and G focus specifically on hazardous waste. As required by subtitle C, EPA ha8 developed criteria to classify and define hazardous waste. Additional standards have been set by EPA to track hazardous wastes from generation to disposal (cradle-to-grave) through a documentation process (manifest system); for locating, designing, operating, and closing of treatment and disposal facilities; and licensing or permitting treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. The state of North Carolina has been given authority by the federal government to administer RCRA.

Subtitle G of RCRA provides for public notification and participation requirements in the permitting of facilities. Additionally, it reserves the right far citizens to sue the U . S . government or EPA administrator if there are reasons to believe that Subtitle C provisions are being violated. (PL 94-580)

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments reauthorize and amend RCRA. Some of the major changes to RCRA in the Amendments require EPA to develop standards and/or conduct studies on:

* Small quantity generators (less than 100-1,000 kghonth)

* Restricting and banning the land disposal of some hazardous

__

- previously exempted from regulation.

wastes.

LEGISLATION

~~

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE & WASTE SERIES

~

A16

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

Retrofitting surface impoundments to comply with double liners, leachate collection and groundwater monitoring requirements, or else stop handling waste.

Limiting the storage and disposal of banned waste.

Specific technological requirements for land disposal facilities and incinerators.

Financial responsibility (liability insurance) and scope of corrective action by facility operators.

Renewal of facility permits.

Exposure assessments to accompany permit applications for landfills and surface impoundments.

Generator certification requirements to minimize the generation of waste to the extent practicable.

Waste previously exempted from regulation under RCRA, including waste burned as fuel, waste oil, domestic sewage, cement kiln dust, mining waste, household waste.

Export of hazardous waste.

State implementation of hazardous waste programs.

Federal facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste.

Underground injection wells and underground tanks.

Inspections of private, state, and federal facilities that treat, store, and/or dispose of hazardous waste.

Citizens suits against federal/state agencies for failing to enforce regulatory requirements or against generators for noncompliance. (PL 98-616)

-

-

~

~

Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA), amended in 1977, and administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. The CAA establishes air quality standards and regulates the emissions of air pollutants. Incinerators and other hazardous waste management facilities must comply with air quality standards for carbon monoxide, lead, hydrocarbons, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. (PL 91-604 and PL 95-95)

-

__

A17

LEGISLATION

CH EMlCAL HAZARD COMMUNICATION HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE & WASTE SERIES I PROJECTREACH

., T h e r e a r e numerous f e d e r a l a n d s t a t e laws w h i c h g o v e r n t h e manage- m e n t o f h a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l s a n d was te . A l l s t a t e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o a b i d e b y f e d e r a l laws. H o w e v e r , s t a t e s may p a s s t h e i r own laws t h a t a r e m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e o r d e a l m o r e d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e i r s t a t e . I n n o i n s t a n c e may s t a t e 1.aws b e w e a k e r t h a n f e d e r a l laws.

T h e f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e o n l y t o i n t r o d u c e t h e ma in i n t e n t o f t h e law a n d i d e n t i f y t h e main a d m i n i s t e r i n g a g e n c y . Each Act h a s a d e s i g n a t e d hill n u m b e r a n d t h e c o m p l e t e law s h o u l d b e c o n s u l t e d f o r s p e c i f i c , d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n .

MAJOR FEDERAL LEGISLATION

O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h Act of 1970 , a m e n d e d i n 1983, a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (OSHA) o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , a s s i s t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h ( N L O S H ) . T h i n l a w a u t h o r i z e s OSHA t o s e t s t a n d a r d s t o p r e v e n t a n d / o r m i n i m i z e h e a l t h i m p a i r m e n t d u e t o w o r k p l a c e c o n d i t i o n s . T h e H a z a r d Communi c a t i o n S t a n d a r d (10 CFR P a r t Igf 0.1200) was s e t u n d e r OSHA s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r t o i n f o r m t h e i r e m p l o y e e s of t h e h e a l t h h a z a r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t o x i c m a t e r i a l s i n t h e i r w o r k p l a c e , a n d t o t r a i n t h e m o n w a y s t o m i n i m i z e t h e s e h a z a r d s . T h i s s t a n d a r d r e q u i r e s the? D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r t o e s t a b l i s h u n i f o r m r e q u i r e m e n t s t o make s u r e t h a t t h e h a z a r d s o f a l l c h e m i c a l s p r o d u c e d , i m p o r t e d , o r u s e d w i t h i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ' m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r ( S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n [ S I C ] Codes 20 t h r o u g h 79) a r e e v a l u a t e d , a n d t h a t t h i s h a z a r d i n f o r m a t i o n i s t r a n s m i t t e d t o a f f e c t e d e m p l o y e r s and e m p l o y e e s .

C h e m i c a l m a n u f a c t u r e r s and i m p o r t e r s must c o n v e y h a z a r d i n f o r m a - t i o n t o e m p l o y e r s i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r who p u r c h a s e t h e i r g o o d s , b y m e a n s o f l a b e l s o n c o n t a i n e r s a n d m a t e r i a l s a f e t y d a t a s h e e t s (MSDS). I n a d d i t i o n , a l l c o v e r e d e m p l o y e r s a r e r e q u i r e d t o h a v e a h a z a r d c o m m u n i c a t i o n p rogram t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e i r e m p l o y e e s o n h a z a r d s i n t h e i r w o r k p l a c e t h r o u g h c o n t a i n e r l a b e l i n g , o t h e r w a r n i n g s , MSDSs, and t r a i n i n g . ( P L Yl-536)

T h e f e d e r a l O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h Act a l s o i n c l u d e s a

f r o m ( h u t a s e f f e c t i v e a s ) t h e f e d e r a l s t a n d a r d s , i f t h o s e s t a t e s a r e o p e r a t i n g t h e i r O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y and H e a l t h p r o g r a m s u n d e r a p l a n a p p r o v e d by f e d e r a l O S H A . N o r t h C a r o l ~ i n r r is s u c h a s t a t e .

T o x i c S u b s t a n c e s C o n t r o l Act o f 1976 ( T S C A ) , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency (EPA). TSCA a u t h o r i z e s EPA t o r e g u l a t e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e , d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d u s e o f c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s . T h i s l a w r e q u i r e s p r e m a r k e t t e s t i n g o f new c h e m i c a l s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , a n d t e s t i n g o f al.1. e x i s t i n g c h e m i c a l s . I f a s u b s t a n c e s h o u l d p o s e a n u n r e a s o n a b l e r i n k t o human h e a l t h o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e EPA may m o d i f y , l i m i t , o r b a n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e , p r o c e s s i n g , d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d

p r o v i s i o n w h i c h a u t h o r i z e s s t a t e s t o a d o p t s t a n d a r d s t h a t a r e d i f f e r e n t -

-

A18

d i s p o s a l o f t h a t s u b s t a n c e . T h e t o x i c s u b s t a n c e p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l ( P C B ) i s s p e c i f i c a l l y r e g u l a t e d u n d e r TSCA. P e s t i c i d e s , t o b a c c o , f i r e a r m s , n u c l e a r m a t e r i a l s , f o o d , d r u g s , a n d a d d i t i v e s a r e a l l c o v e r e d u n d e r o t h e r laws a n d a r e n o t r e g u l a t e d b y TSCA. ( P L 94-

F e d e r a l I n s e c t i c i d e , F u n g i c i d e , a n d R o d e n t i c i d e A c t o f 1947 ( F I F R A ) , amended i n 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 5 , 1978, a n d 1980, a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e E n v i r o n - m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y ( E P A ) . FIFRA d i r e c t s EPA t o r e g u l a t e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e , d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d u s e o f p e s t i c i d e s . All p e s t i c i d e s a r e r e g i s t e r e d a n d c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r t h i s A c t . EPA r e q u i r e s c o m p o s i t i o n , d e g r a d a b i l i t y , u s e p a t t e r n s , a n d c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n a l y s e s b e f o r e r e g i s t e r i n g any p e s t i c i d e . A p e s t i c i d e shown t o cause a d v e r s e h e a l t h o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l , e f f e c t s may b e b a n n e d o r g i v e n a r e s t r i c t e d u s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . (PI, 7 5 - 7 1 7 )

F e d e r a l H a z a r d o u s S u b s t a n c e s Act o f 1960 (FHSA), a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e Consumer P r o d u c t S a f e t y Comini:;::ion. T h i s l a w p r o h i h i . t s t h e u s e o f a n y c o n t a i n e r 1 a b r l . l e d o r i d e n t i f i p d :i:; :i Co~~>c l , d r u g , o r cosme t i c c o n t a i n e r f o r t h e s t o r a c e o f h a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e : : . ? h e Commiss ion is g i v e n t h e a u t h o r i t y t o h a n h a z a r d o u s s u h s t a n c e s i f i t d e t e r m i n e s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s a r c ":io i n h e r e n t l y dari[:(.?rous that t h e h t e a l t h a n d s a f e t y o f t h e p u b l i c c a n b e a d e q u a t e l y a s s u r e d o n l y by k e e p i n e them o f f t h e m a r k e t . " (PI , 86-61 3)

4 6 9 )

OTHER FEDERAL LEGISLATION

F e d e r a l F o o d , Drug, a n d C o s m e t i c Act o f 1938 (PFDCA). amended i n 1948, 1 9 6 0 , 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 8 , a n d 1 9 7 6 , a n d p r i m a r i l y a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e Food a n d Drug A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (FDA) o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d Human S e r v i c e s . ? h e FFDCA a u t h o r i z e : ; t h e FDA t o r e g u l w t e d r u g s , f o o d s , f o o d a d d i t i v e s , o r c o s m e t i c s t o e n s u r e t h a t riei t h e r m i s b r a n d e d n o r p o i s o n o u s s u b s t a n c e s e n t e r t h e s e p r o d r i c t : i . T h e P e l a n e y A m e n d m e n t c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s Act p r o h i b i t s t h e u s e o f f o o d a d d i t i v e s s h o w i n g t h e a b i l i t y t o c a u s e c a n c e r . P e s t i c i d e p r o v i s i o n s r e q u i r e t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y t o e s t a b l i s h t o l e r a n c e s f o r p e s t i c i d e r e s i d u e s o n f e e d c r o p s a n d i n raw and p r o c e s r ; e d food: : . T h e e n f o r c e m e n t r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a r e s p l i t b e t w e e n t h e F D A and t h e iJ. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e ( U S D A ) . T o l e r a n c e s a r e e n f a r c e d b y t h e FDA f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l g o o d s ( v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , e t c . ) s n d f i s h p r o d u c t s . T o l e r a n c e s a r e e n f o r c e d b y t h e IJSDA f o r meat a n d p o u l t r y . ( P L 7 5 - 7 1 7 a n d PL 94-295)

H a z a r d o u s Materials T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act o f 19'74 (HMTA), amended i n 19'76 a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( D O T ) . T h i s law a u t h o r i z e s t h e D O T t o r e g u l a t e t r n n s p o r t n t i o n o f s u c h d a n g e r o u s a r t i c l e s a:; c o r r o : ; i v e l i q u i d s , f ' l a m m a b l e l i i l i ~ i d s a n d s o l i d s , r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s , i n f e c t i o u s m a t e r i a l s , a n d p o i s o n o u s agents . DOT s e t s s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e h a n d l . i n y , o f h a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l s ( e q u i p m e n t , p a c k a g i n : ; , t r a i n i n g o f p r r : ; o n n c l , m o n i t o r i n c and s a f e t y e q u i p m e n t , e t c . ) . (PI , (33-637)

P o i s o n P r e v e n t i o n P a c k a g i n g Act of 19' /0, a d m i n i s t p r e - 1 by t h e D e p a r t m e n t o C ! l e a l t h a n d f i u m a n S e r v i c e : : . T h i s l a w r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l p a c k i n g a n d 1 :* h ( s u c h as p e s t i c i d e s , .L i n ;: I' c t? r t, a i n h o 11 :; e 3 (1 1 ii :: ii b :: t a n c e ::

A19

OTHER FEDERAL LEGISLATION

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. CERCLA (pronounced 'sircla") better known as Superfund, addresses the problem of emergency cleanup of toxic contamination and the long-term care of closed hazardous waste sites. CERCLA not only covers hazardous waste as defined in RCRA, but other hazardous or toxic substances as defined by other laws (i.e., Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act). CERCLA requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to:

* Prepare a list of at least 400 abandoned hazardous sites across the nation that pose the greatest danger. This list is known as the National Priorities List, and is revised annually.

* Administer the Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund (also called Superfund) set up to make money available for cleanup of spills and accidental release of hazardous substances except for gas and oil. The money comes from general public taxes and from taxes on crude oil, imported petroleum, and certain chemicals.

* Consider suing the company responsible for the site to recover money spent from Superfund. The financial responsibility for clean-up lies with the generator of the waste.

* Clean up groundwater contamination even if it extends beyond the property lines of the site.

* Administer the Post-Closure Liability Trust Fund, funded through a tax on the disposal of some hazardous wastes. (PL 96-510)

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA), administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . TSCA (prounounced "toska") regulates the use and generation of toxic substances, the first step in the hazardous waste stream. If a substance or mixture could pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment, EPA may ban or restrict its manufacture, processing, distribution, use or disposal. (PL 94-469)

Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (SDWA), administered by the

regulate the quality of water in public drinking water systems by addressing questions of health (maximum contaminant levels) , taste, odor, and appearance of drinking water. For the purpose of protecting ground water from contamination, the law calls for the regulation of underground injection of wastes. RCRA EP toxicity requirements are linked to the maximum contaminant levels of this act. When a waste is tested for EP toxicity, the concentration of the waste must be at least 100 times the maximum contaminant levels defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act to be identified as a hazardous waste. (PL 93-523)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This law authorizes EPA to -

-

A2 0

Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1974 (HMTA) , administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT). This law regulates the transportation of hazardous materials, including hazardous wastes. DOT sets standards and regulates the handling of hazardous materials (i.e. ~

packaging, classification, container requirements, labelling and placarding, and safety equipment). DOT also reports accidents involving hazardous materials and conducts educational, surveillance, and enforcement activities. (PL 93-633)

Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, amended in 1977, and administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This law regulates incineration at sea and ocean dumping of waste through a permit system. Special permits for ocean dumping of materials that meet certain environmental criteria are granted for up to 3 years. Certain materials are prohibited except when present as trace contaminants. (PL 92-532)

Clean Water Act of 1972, amended in 1977 and administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (Formerly the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.) This law regulates the discharge of hazardous substances into water. It sets up a fund to pay for removal and mitigation of discharges. Owners or operators of generating facilities are liable for reimbursement of the fund. The funds can only be used to finance clean-ups of spills in navigable waters. Hazardous waste sites that are contaminating groundwater are not covered. (PL 95-217)

~

~

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1938 (FIFRA), amended in 1972, 1975, 1978, and 1980, and administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). FIFRA (prounounced "fiff-ra") directs EPA to regulate pesticides, a specific category of toxic substances. EPA registers pesticides if their use does not cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment when used in accordance with accepted application practices. Storage and disposal of pesticide products, containers, and manufacturing wastes are covered under this law. (PL 75-717)

UAJOR STATE LEGISLATION

Solid Waste Management Act of 1978, amended in 1979 and administered by the Department of Human Resources (DHR) (specifically the Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch). The Solid Waste Management Act is based on the federal solid waste law, RCRA. This Act establishes the Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch as the single agency responsible for implementing all state and federal legislation on solid - and hazardous waste management. The Department is directed to "engage in research, conduct investigations and surveys, make inspections, and

given to the Health Services Commission (HSC) to promulgate rules for the "establishment, location, operation, maintenance, use and discontinuance of solid waste management sites and facilities" which are to be enforced by the Branch. (G.S. 130-Act 13B, 143B-l42(b), 130A-294, and 130-166.20)

establish a statewide solid waste management program." Authority is -

A2 1

-

N o r t h C a r o l i n a O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y and H e a l t h S t a n d a r d s f o r G e n e r a l - I n d u s t r y o f 1970. a m e n d e d i n 1983 a n d 1985 , a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e

p r o v i d e s f o r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d e n f o r c e m e n t a u t h o r i t y f o r a l l m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h b y t h e N o r t h C a r o l . i n a D e p a r t m e n t o f Labor . Nor t ,h C a r o l i n a h a s a d o p t e d b y r e fe rence t h e f e d e r a l O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( O S H A ) s t a n d a r d s f o r g e n e r a l i n d u s t r y . a n d h a s t ,he a u t h o r i t y t o d e v e l o p s t a n d a r d s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f e d e r a l OSHA s t a n d a r d s . T h e s e s t a n d a r d s i n c l u d e t h e H a z a r d Communica t ion S t a n d a r d ( 1 3 N.C.A.C. 7C.0101 ( a ) ( 9 9 ) ) w h i c h r e q u i r e s c h e m i c a l m a n u f a c t u r e r s and i m p o r t e r s t o r e v i , e w t h e a v a i l a b l e s c i e n t i f i c e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e h a z a r d s o f t h e c h e m i c a l s t h e y p r o d u c e o r i m p o r t , a n d t o r e p o r t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y f i n d t o t h e i r e m p l o y e e s a n d t o o t h e r e m p l o y e r s who p u r c h a s e t h e i r p r o d u c t s . T h i s m u s t i n c l u d e a w r i t t e n h a z a r d c o m m u n i c a t i o n p r o g r a m wi . th p r o v i s i o n : : f o r ' c o n t a i n r r l a h e l ~ i n f ; , mntlTria1 :;:iCtity d a t a ::hect:;, a n d e m p l o y e e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m r : . In N o r t h C c l r o l i n a t h e H a e a r d C o m m u n i c a t i o n S t a n d a r d h a s b e e n e x p a n d e d t o c o v e r n e a r l y a l l w o r k e r s ( s e e F a c t S h e e t B). (G.S. 95-131 a n d 9 5 - 1 2 6 )

Haza rdous Chemica l s R i g h t t o Know Act of 1985. ! i d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e N o r t h C a r o l i n a D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r . T h i s law i l low:: a n y o n e i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a t o r e q u e s t i n w r i t i n g f rom a n e m p l o y e r a l i s t o f a l l h a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e s u s e d , t h e i r a p p r o x i m a t e q u a n t . i t i e : ; , a n d a M a t e r i a l S a f e t y Data S h e e t (MSDS) f o r e a c h c h e m i c a l . An e m p l o y e r can w i t h h o l d i n f o r m a - t i o n a b o u t a c h e m i c a l ( s u c h a s t h e c h e m i c a l i d e n t i t y ) i f h e / s h e b e l i e v e s i t t o b e a t r a d e s e c r e t , as d e f i n e d i n t h e law. X v e n i f a s u b s t a n c e is d e t e r m i n e d t o b e a v a l i d t r ade s e c r e t , t h e e m p l o y e r s must s t i l l p r o v i d e : a ) h a z a r d i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e f i r e c h i e f ; b ) d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n t o h e a l t h c a r e p r o v i d e r s ; a n d c ) t h e MSDS ( m i n u s t h e s p e c i f i c c h e m i c a l i d e n t i t y ) t o a n y o n e who r e q u e s t . s i t . Tn m u n i c i p a l i - t i e s o f 10 ,000 o r more, e m p l o y e r s t h a t u s e o r s t o r e q i ' a n t i t i e s o f a t l e a s t 55 gal I o n s o r 500 p o u n d 8 o f a h a z a r d o u s chtimic:i l~ ,.ire? r e q i i i r e d t o s u b m i t t o t h e i r l o c a l f i r e c h i e f a H a z a r d o u s S u b s t a n c e L i s t at l e a s t o n c e a y e a r , a n e m e r g e n c y r e s p o n s e p l a n , a n d MSDSs o n r e q u e s t . E m p l o y e r s i n smal le r c o m m u n i t i e s m u s t p r o v i d e t h i s i n f o r m t i o n t o t h e l o c a l f i r e c h i e f o n r e q u e s t . ( G . S . 95-173 e t . :??q.)

D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y and H e a l t h D i v i s i o n . T h i s law -~

~

N o r t h Car o 1 i n a Vo rke r 8 Compe n s a t i o n Act , : i d xi i t i i :j 1. I: r rid ' h y t h e No r t h C a r o l i n a D e p a r t m e n t o f Commerce ( s p e c i f i c a l l y , t i l e N o r t h C a r o l i n a I nd u s t r i a 1 Th i s Ac t p r o v i d e t: €0 r' f i n a n c i '1 I c om pe n :: a t i o n f o r e m p l o y e e s who s u s t a i n i n j u r y o r i l l n e s s i n t h e ~ , o u r s e o f e m p l o y - m e n t . Any e m p l o y e r w i t h 4 o r m o r e e m p l o y e e s milst p r o v i d e W o r k e r s ' C o m p e n s a t i o n c o v e r a g e . An i n j u r y i s c o m p e n s n b l P i f : 1 ) t h e i n j u r y wa's c a u s e d b y a n a c c i d e n t ; 2 ) t h e i n j u r y arosie o u t o f the e m p l o y m e n t ; a n d

be c o m p e n s a t e d f o r 1o:;t work t ime, m e d i c a l c a r e , a n d / o r a n y p e r m a n e n t p a r t i a l i ) r c o m p 1 . e t e d i . : ; a b i l i t y : ; u s t a i n f = d f r o m t h e i n j u r y . (N.C.G.S. g ' i - 5 2 e t s e a ~,

C omm is s i. o n ) . -

- 3) t h e i n j u r y was s u s t a i n e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f employmen t . Emp1,oyees may ~ ~~~

__ - L 1 )

A2 2

..... continued

PREEMPTION:

The law p r e v e n t s loca l governments from p a s s i n g similar o r d i n a n c e s r e q u i r i n g employe r s t o d i s c l o s e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e p u b l i c a b o u t t h e i r u s e and s t o r a g e of h a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l s . However, l o c a l . governments may still p a s s o r d i n a n c e s r e q u i r i n g t h e r e p o r t i n g . of i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t e m i s s i o n s ( c h e m i c a l s b e i n g r e l e a s e d i n t o t h e a i r , water o r l a n d ) , and may a r g u a b l y co l l ec t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d b y t h i s l a w a n d ac t as a c e n t r a l r e p o s i t o r y for p r o v i d i n g t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e p u b l i c .

EFFECTIVE DATE

The law g o e s i n t o e f f e c t on May 25 , 1986.

FIREFIGHTER RIGH'I ' TO KNOW

I n communit ies o f 10,000 or more, employers t h a t u s e o r s t o r e volumes o f a t l e a s t 55 g a l l o n s o r 500 pounds of a h a z a r d o u s chemica l must s u b m i t t o t h e i r l o c a l f i r e c h i e f a t l eas t a n n u a l l y a HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LIST which i n c l u d e s :

t h e c h e m i c a l or common names o f a l l h a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l s u sed : t h e approx ima te volume u s e d , i n one of 4 r a n g e s ; t h e t y p e of s t o r a g e (whe the r under a l t e r e d t e m p e r a t u r e or p r e s s u r e ) and s t o r a g e l o c a t i o n .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e employer must p r o v i d e t o t h e l o c a l f i r e c h i e f on r e q u e s t current Material S a f e t y Data S h e e t s (MSDS's) f o r a l l c h e m i c a l s used and must p r o v i d e a n emergency r e s p o n s e p l a n . I n communit ies of less t h a n 10.000 t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s are t h e same e x c e p t t h a t t h e HSL is o n l y p rov ided t o t h e F i r e Chief on r e q u e s t .

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EXPANSION OF THE N.C. OSHA WORKER RIGHT T O KNOW STANDARD

Worker Right T o h o w

The F e d e r a l Hazard Conmunicat ion ( B i g h t t o Know) s t a n d a r d was r e l e a s e d i n November, 1983, and adop ted by t h e N.C. Department of Labor i n Februa ry 1984 as t h e f i r s t s t e p i n a s t a t e worker RTK s t a n d a r d . I n e a r l y J u l y 1985, t h e N.C. DOL announced e x p a n s i o n s i n t h e s ta te OSHA s t a n d a r d t h a t w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e worker RTK program i n t h i s s ta te .

EXTENDING COVERAGE T O VIRTUALLY ALL WORKERS: Whi1.e t h e F e d e r a l s t a n d a r d c u r r e n t l y o n l y c o v e r s worke r s i n t h e manufac tu r ing sector ( a b o u t 113 o f t h e worke r s i n N.C.),. t h e N.C. s t a n d a r d w i l l c o v e r a l m o s t a l l worke r s by May 25, 1987. The state OSHA s t a n d a r d exempts consumer p r o d u c t s and m e d i c i n e s , and p r o v i d e s a l i m i t e d exemption f o r employe r s who m a i n t a i n small q u a n t i t i e s o f h a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l s (no c a n c e r - c a u s i n g s u b s t a n c e s and less t h a n a t o t a l o f 2 g a l l o n s or 20 pounds of h a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l s ) .

KIGHT TO REFUSE: The s ta te s t a n d a r d allows a worker to r e f u s e t o work w i t h a chemica l i f h e f s h e h a s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e i t is h a z a r d o u s , h a s r e q u e s t e d its i d e n t i t y , a n d t h e chemica l h a s not been i d e n t i . f i e d w i t h i n 5 working days . c a n t e m p o r a r i l y b e r e a s s i g n e d t o o t h e r j o b s a t e q u a l pay t h a t do n o t i n v o l v e e x p o s u r e t o t h e c h e m i c a l , and c a n b e r e q u i r e d t o r e t u r n t o work w i t h t h e chemica l once i t h a s been idenLiE ied .

NURSES GAIN ACCESS TO TRADE SECRET INFORMATION; The s ta te s t a n d a r d a d d s n u r s e s t o t h e l ist o f h e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s a u t h o r i z e d for a c c e s s t o t r a d e s e c r e t i n f o r m a t i o n when i t is needed t o t reat a worker who h a s been exposed t o a h a z a r d o u s c h e m i c a l . H e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s a l r e a d y cove red by t h e f e d e r a l s t a n d a r d i n c l u d e d p h y s i c i a n s , i n d u s t r i a l h y g i e n i s t s , t o x i c o l o g i s t s and e p i d e m i o l o g i s t s .

T h e s e changes i n c l u d e :

Vorke r s

NC's New RTK law -

-

An NCOSH Factsheet -

1iIGHl.IGiITS OF THE N.C. HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS RIGIIT TO KNOW ACT (COI'QIUNITY AND F'IREFIGl4TER RIGHT TO KNOW)

Community Right To Know Anyone i n N.C. can r e q u e s t i n w r i t i n g from an employer a list of a l l haza rdous subst.ances u s e d , t h e i r approx ima te volume, and a N a t e r i a l S a f e t y Data S h e e t (KSDS) l o r each c h e m i c a l . s t a t e m e n t o f purpose are r e q u i r e d . The employer c.annot deny t.he r e q u e s t u n l e s s i t is inade " d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y by , or on b e h a l f o f , a c o m p e t i t o r . "

I I I U S ~ . p rovide t h i ~ s i . nEorea t ion w i t h i n 10 working d a y s a t a f e e no g r e a t e r t han irasniidl)lc? copy ing c o s t s .

I n making t h i s r e q u e s t , t h e p e r s o n ' s name, a d d r e s s and a

Employers

'I'RAIX !il.'CRiTS

An emllioyer can wi thho ld i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a chemica l ( t y p i c a l l y , t h e s p e c i f i c r:hemicaI i d e n t i t y ) i f h e / s h e b e l i e v e s i t meets t h e t r a d e s e c r e t d e f i n i t i o n i n c l u d e d i n t h e law. .4nyone c a n c h a l l e n g e a t r a d e s e c r e t claim, which is t h e n reviewed by t h e N.C. Department of Labor (NC DOL). Even i f a s u b s t a n c e is de termined t o be a v a l i d t r a d e s e c r e t , t h e employer m u s t s t i l l p rov ide : a ) haza rd i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e F i r e C h i e f : b ) d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n ( i n c l u d i n g t h e a c t u a l t r a d e s e c r e t i d e n t i t y , where m e d i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y ) t o h e a l t h c a r e p r o v i d e r s ; and c ) t h e ~

MSDS (minus t h e s p e c i f i c chemica l i d e n t i t y ) t o anyone who r e q u e s t s it.

sWII ,. TI,w ID r&,,,,*

~ , n ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ * w*.

ENFORCEMENT :

The N C DOL w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e any w r i t t e n c o m p l a i n t s a b o u t v i o l a t i o n s . employer is i n v i o l a t i o n they w i l l have 14 d a y s t o comply, a f t e r which they may be s u b j e c t t o a c i v i l p e n a l t y of u p t o $1,000 per day .

EXEMPTTONS:

Exempt:ions f o r c e r t a i n s u b s t a n c e s i n c l u d e : s u b s t a n c e s be ing t r a n s p o r t e d i n i n t r i r s t a L e commerce, med ic ines used i n d i r e c t p a t i e n t c a r e , among o t h e r s . cinployers i n c l u d e : r e t a i l food and t r a d e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , f a rming o p e r a t i o n s w i t h 10 or Fewer f u l l - t i m e employees , and non-commercial l a b o r a t o r i e s .

If a n

Exempt

REFERENCES CONCEPT I

Allen, John, ed. Enviromnt 85/86. Guilford, Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 1985. ILL: WXJ.

Carroll, Archie B., ed. Managing Corporate Social Responsibility. Baston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977. ILL; WN.

Kohl, Jeront?, et al. Managing and Recycling Solvents, North Carolina Practices, Facilities, and Regulations. Service, School of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, December, 1984. PPP; ILL; WU.

Industrial Extension

Linowes, David F. The Corporate Conscience. New York: Hawthome Books,

Lord, John. Hazardous Wastes from Homes. Santa Mxica, California:

Inc., 1974. ILL.

Enterprise for Education, 1986. WXJ.

Melville, Keith, ed. National Issues Forum: Difficult Choices about Environmental Protection. myton, Ohio: Rnk=stic Policy Association, 1984. ILL; WN.

Royston, Michael G. Pollution Prevention Pays. New York: Pergam Press, 1979. PPP: ILL: W.

PPP - Roger Schecter, Director Pollution Prevention Program N.C. Department of Natural Resources and

P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 26711

ILL - Interlibrary Loan.

wt3u - Susan Smith, Associate Director

Community Developnent

Available through mhst public libraries in the state.

for Resource Management Center for Inproving Wntain Living Western Carolina University Cullo-&ee, NC 28723

24

FROM TRASH TO CASH

CONCEPT I1

25

CONCEPT I1 FROM TRASH TO CASH

BEHAVIORAL 0BJErrl-m

The student:

A. Examines the Pollution Prevention Pays programs developed by 3M C-y, IxlW Chemical Company, and DuPont.

1. The 3M Company adopted the concept of Pollution Prevention Pays in the early 1970s and is considered to be the founder of this concept in the United States.

2. A key element in the adoption of the 3P strategy by 3M was the developnt of a conpany-wide policy covering this issue.

3. The essential components of DuPont's waste minimization program are site organization, targeting of specific projects, and tracking of generators and minimization methods.

Encouraging employees at all levels to formulate new ideas to reduce pollution and increase profit is a key elemst of the successful mste reduction program (WRAP) of mw chemical company.

4.

5. The generation of new ideas under the 3P system not only solves existing pr&lems but puts a system to solve future prdblenr; in place.

B. Recognizes the key concepts that a Pollution Prevention Pays management system utilizes to affect a reduction in pollution.

1. "Pollution Prevention Pays," is a management approach which results in a change from end-of-the-pipe measures for controlling pollution to preventive measures &ich: (a) minimize or eliminate the production of pollution, and (b) result in savings to a company.

2. Preventive measures for pollution prevention include product reformulation, process modification, equipment redesign, volume reduction, and productive use of waste materials such as waste recycling or reuse.

3. Erad results of effective PPP measures are substantial profits to companies over pollution control approaches, and promtion of the twin goals of sound economic and envirumental mgement of business and industry.

26

C. Identifies economic and environmental benefits to industry of pollution prevention strategies and waste reduction systems.

1. Pollution prevention is of value to the environment by: (a) creating less on-site and off-site pollutants, (b) better use of natural resources, (c) conserving energy, and (d) creating a need for fewer sites for land disposal.

Pollution Prevention Pays is of value to industry because industry needs fewer pollution control facilities.

2.

D. Identifies the obstacles that must be overcome to implement a Pollution Prevention Pays program and recognize strategies companies have used to overcome these barriers.

1. Internal prablems that can arise when implementing the concepts of "Pollution Prevention Pays" include product quality, expenditure of capital, reluctance to change and uncertainties.

2. External prablems that can arise when implementing the concepts of "Pollution Prevention Pays" include customer approval, government approval and regulatory attitudes.

27

FROM TRASH TO CASH ACTIVITIES

The student:

1) Examines and evaluates 3M's Pollution Prevention Pays strategy.

2) Recognizes the major points that such a system will address to reduce pollution.

Analyzes economic and environmental benefits to industry of a pollution prevention strategy.

Identifies obstacles that must be overcome to implement a pollution prevention pays program.

3)

4)

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. The PPP Philosophy

1. Lecture/discussion: Assign the class backgrand reading in - Low or Non-Pollution Technology Through Pollution Prevention, p. 1-18. Discuss the key elements of the 3M program, using overheads (B2 - B7) to present the major points. (ob-hour class period)

2. Oral report: Cmpendium of 3P Success Stories," or Dow's 'Waste Reduction Always Pays" projects and give a short report to the class.

Have each student select one of 3M's "Ideas - A

B. Benefits of a 3P Program to Industry and Ways to Implement Change

1. Lecture: Discuss the wrldwide cost of environmental cleanup and Use Chapter 3 (pp. the impact of pollution on human health.

18-40) in Pollution Prevention Pays as background reading. (one-hour class period)

article, "The Missing Links: Restructuring Hazardous Waste Controls in America" by Bruce Piasecki and Jerry Gravender, Technology Review, October 1985. Discuss in class. (one-hour class perid)

2. Student critique: Have the students read and critique the

28

3. Lecture/discussion: Hold a discussion of psychological factors involved in change and h o w to overmm resistance to chanqe. - Reading assignments for the discussion are Managing and Minimizinq Hazardous Waste Metal Sludges, pp. 1-4, and Management, pp. 426-429. Overhead (B8) lists som key considerations. (one-hour class period)

4. Videotape presentation: $Show the videotape by DuPont Company entitled "Chemical Disposal" to the class as an example of in-house training on environmental awareness being conducted by certain companies. (17:45 minutes)

29

FROM TRASH TO CASH TEACHING AIDS

From Trash to Cash

3P Program 3P Concept

3P Value to Industry 3~ Value to Environment

3P Policy Problem Affecting Implementation Eliminate Pollution at Its Source

Ideas - A Compendium of 3P Success Stories WRAP - Dow Case Studies

30

REFERENCES CONCEPT I1

K&l, Jerome, et al. Managinq and Minimizing Hazardous Waste Sludges, North Carolina Case Studies, Services, and Regulations. Raleigh, North Carolina: Industrial Extension Service, School of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Decenber, 1984. IU: WCU.

Kreitner, Rd3ert. Management, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin conpany, 1983. ILL: wcu.

Litschert, Rd3ert J., et al. The Corporate Role and Ethical Behavior, Concepts and Cases. New York: Mason/Charter Publishers, Inc., 1977. ILL.

Low- or Non-Pollution Technology Through Pollution Prevention. 3M Ccpnpany for the United Nations Environmental Program, Office of Industry and The Environment, 1982. PPP; ILL: WMI.

Piasechi, Bruce, and Jerw Gravandert. 'The Missinq Links: Restructuring H&rdous$aste Controls in America. " Technol&y Review, October, 1985, pp. 45-52. W.

Rayston, Michael G. Pollution Prevention Pays. New York: Pergamn Press, 1979. PPP; ILL: WCU.



Ccxnmunity Development

ILL - Interlibrary Loan. Available through most public libraries in the state.

VKU - Susan Smith, Associate Director for Resource Management

Center for Improving Mountain Living Western Carolina University Cullo&ee, NC 28723

31

A SYS 'EX APPROACH "D INDUSTRIAL RESOURCE I " A G E l " T €EDUCES PoLzlUTIoN AND INCREASES PRDFITS

Background Information:

Traditionally, cowrate response to governmental regulations concerning pollution has been to utilize end-of-the-pipe measures to process wastes. less available, companies have begun to look at preventing pollution at the source instead of relying on controls at the end of the manufacturing process.

As treatment costs become more expensive and landfill sites are

The 3M Corporation has been a leader in implementing an innovative approach to environmental management, which they call the Pollution Prevention Pays Program. reducing environmental costs during a recessionary perid. is that pollution prevention is good business, paying off in dollars, and improving corporate image as well.

The 3P concept was initiated in 1975 as a means of What 3M learned

The key to 3M's success is the fact that the program is a comprehensive effort by employees at all levels of industrial operations to eliminate pollution at its source. process modification, equipment redesign, and productive use of waste mterials. resources, improved technologies, and reduced costs. The program has eliminated alone 123,000 tons of air pollutants, 4,000 tons of water pollutants, and 12,000 tons of sludge/solid waste per year in the U.S. alone. This has resulted in a savings of $76 million in the first six

This is accomplished by prduct reformulation,

The payoffs have been an inproved environment, conserved natural

years. p. 17).

(Low- or Non-Pollution Technology Through Pollution Prevention,

Individual pollution prevention innovators are recognized and rewarded 1) reduce a pollutant that is for their contributions.

a potential prcblem, 2) save raw materials or other resources, 3 ) advance technology, and 4) be of monetary benefit to the conpany. Based on these criteria, over 1,700 projects have been chosen and implemented. relying upn a single committee to monitor pollution mntrol, the entire company acts to reinforce the environmental ethic advocated by top management. to be installed, chemicals and fuels that are recycled, and less need for landfill sites and other disposal measures.

Each project must:

Instead of

Savings result from pollution control devices that don't have

This same technique has been used successfully by several other companies in the United States. comprehensive environmental plicy called mste Reduction Always Pays (WRAP). each employee. Thus, minimization or elimination of waste is a prime consideration in all plant 'operations, from research design to actual processing. Recycling and reuse are given top priority. Each Dow

Dow Chemical Company, for example, has a

Protection of the environment is seen as a major responsibility of

facility has its own unique programs rjhich act to minimize the impact of all effluents, emissions, and wastes.

Amther leader in waste reduction is the E.I. Dupont de Nenwxlrs Company. organization, targeting, and tracking. awareness of environmental impact is stressed for each employee. scheduled reviews are part of the tracking system. procedures takes place on a regular basis. sound economically, as its policy has resulted in lower treatment costs, reduced raw mterials cost, and a decrease in capital investments.

The essential components of their waste minimization program are Training and developing an ongoing

Audits and Technical review of

Dupont has fmnd that this is

Admittedly, there are some difficulties in effecting organizational change. Among these are a reluctance to take risks, necessity for so= capital expenditure, and the need for consent of stockholders or other governing bodies. On the oppdte side of the coin, however, a company may have to face high casts for disposal of hazardous material, legal and moral liability for the cleanup, and the potential for adverse public reactions, including boycotts. Thus, the balance sheet clearly indicates that the 3P program is the winner.

B2

3P PROGRAM

THE 3P PROGRAM IS A

COMPANY-W IDE EFFORT

BENEFITING BOTH THE

ENVIRONMENT AND 3 M BY

TAKING POSITIVE ACTION TO

REDUCE POLLUTION POTENTIAL

EARLY IN PRODUCT OR

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT, IN

PILOT AND FACILITY DESIGN

AND IN PRODUCTION

OPERAT IONS.

-

-

B3

3P CONCEPT

POLLUTION : PROBLEM OR OPPORTUNITY

POLLUTION : VISIBLE SIGNS OF INEFFICIENCY IN OPERATIONS

DO THE RIGHT THING RIGHT THE FIRST TIME

B4

3P VALUE TO INDUSTRY

NEEDS LESS POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES

REDUCES CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

LESS WASTE RESIDUE TO MANAGE

LESS REGULATORY BURDEN

REDUCED MATERIAL AND ENERGY COSTS

LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

INCREASED SALE OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS

ENHANCES PUBLIC IMAGE

B6

3 M ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

RESOLVED, That 3 M will continue to recognize and exercise its responsibility to:

1. Solve its own environmental pollution and conservation problems.

2. Prevent pollution at the source wherever and whenever possible.

3. Develop products that will have a minimum effect on the environment.

4. Conserve natural resouces through the use of reclamation and other appropriate methods-

5- Assure that its facilities and products meet and sustain the regulations of all federal, stat0 and local environmental agencies.

6- Assist, wherever possible, governmental agencies and other offlcial organizations engaged in environmental activities.

B7

ELIMINATE POLLUTION AT ITS SOURCE

PRODUCT FORMULATION

PROCESS MOD IF IC AT ION

EQUIPMENT REDESIGN

PRODUCTIVE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS

PROBLEMS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION

OF 3P CONCEPTS

PRODUCT QUALITY EXPENDITURE OF CAPITAL RELUCTANCE TO CHANGE UNCERTAINTIES

EXTERNAL T 0 INDUSTRY

CUSTOMER APPROVAL GOVERNMENT APPROVALS REGULATORY ATTITUDES

B9

iries

From Shower to Scour Waste Stopper: Pumice on

3M’s electronic products plant in Columbia, Mo., makes flexible electronic circuits from copper sheeting. Before sheeting can be used in the production process, it has to be cleaned. Formerly, the metal was sprayed with ammonium persulfate, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. This created a hazardous waste that required special hand I i ng and disposal.

Cleaning by chemical spraying was replaced by a specially designed new machine with rotating brushes that scrubbed the copper with pumice. The fine abrasive pumice material leaves a sludge that is not hazardous and can be disposed of in a conventional sanitary landfill.

1084.5M

Copper

Copper conductors are built into these flexible electronic circuits manufactured at 3M’s Columbia, Missouri plant.

40,000 pounds a year of hazardous waste liquid prevented . $15,000 first year savings in raw materials and in disposal and labor costs. In the third year of use the new cleaning machine had saved enough to recover the $59,000 it cost. Because of increased production each year, costs saved and volumes of pollution prevented continue to rise.

The technical employees who conceived and implemented the new cleaning method: William V. Ballard,

Dwaine L. Haagenstad,

Fred J. Luden,

Werner Wiedemann,

Manufacturing, Columbia, Mo.

Division Engineering, St. Paul, Mn.

Manufacturing, Columbia, Mo.

Laboratory, St. Paul, Mn.

Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Dept/3M

Saint Paul, Minnesota 55133 P.O. BOX 33331, Bldg. 21-2W

(612) 778-4791 s 10

A Compendium of 3P Success Stories

Coating Worth Noting Riker Innovation Meets Air

Riker Laboratories, 3M’s phar- maceutical plant in Northridge, California, coated medicine tablets with solvents. Solvent emissions had the potential to exceed air pollution limits of a forthcoming state regulation.

A water-based coating was developed to replace the solvent coating. Different spraying equipment was installed in the coating machine, which resembles a clothes dryer. Spray guns inside the drum dispense the aqueous mixture as tablets are tumbled through it. The pumping mechanism and control systems were also modified. Changing the spraying system from airless to air permitted quick and precise application of coating. Too much coating would result in soggy tablets. The same problem would arise if tablets were not dried fast enough since water does not evaporate as quickly as organic solvents. Therefore, the heating capacity of the process was increased.

1284.5M

Medicine tablets with a water-based coating get quality check from Byron J. Seelig.

Riker kept California environmental authorities fully informed of changes being made. Tests confirmed the quality and stability of the new tablet coating and the US. Food and Drug Administration approved it. Riker’s no-pollution solution met the regulatory deadline.

Regulation

Changes cost $60,000 but eliminated the need to buy $180,000 in pollution control equipment. Solvents used in the old coating process were no longer needed, saving $15,000 a year. 24 tons of air pollution prevented annually. Less cleanup time required. Unpleasant fumes of solvent mixture eliminated, contributing to worker comfort.

Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Dept . /3M

Saint Paul, Minnesota 55133 P.O. BOX 33331, Bldg. 21-2W

(612) 778-4791 B11 31\11

-

Pollution Prevention -

Pays -

Keener Cleaner Tank Laved, Solvent Saved, Toil Shaved

One hundred ten tons of tank cleaning solvent were being lost annually at 3M’s plant in Hilden, West Germany. The plant had no solvent recovery capability so the used solution was processed by an outside contractor from whom 3M bought the recovered solvent. Another aspect of the problem was the excessive manpower being spent to clean Hilden’s two 300-gallon vessels. Clean-up was necessary to avoid contamination of an ensuing batch when the color of a coating solution was changed. The tank was flushed with solvents and roughly cleaned by agitation of the solution-mixing propeller. Manual cleaning with brushes followed, sometimes requiring that an employee enter the tank. Cleaning a tank took three hours and the time of one employee. Annually, cleaning the plant’s two tanks required 800 hours.

Hilden developed a fully-automated cleaning system in which the solvent mixture is pumped under high

Solvent dispensed by rotating spray head solved Hilden’s tank cleaning problems.

pressure through a rotating spray head. The old mixing tanks were replaced by new specially designed stainless steel vessels. The spray head is portable and can be inserted in a tank by one worker in five minutes. Because the new system is closed, an operator does not have to enter the vessel to clean it and has no direct contact with solvent. The system incorporates a sedimentation tank to recover solvent from the cleaning solution that used to be given away and bought back.

The new system cost $69,000 and in its first year saved $61,500 in solvents and labor costs.

reduced from three hours and one operator to 10 to 20 minutes plus five minutes of an operator’s time to insert the spray head. The new system also does a more thorough cleaning job than was done manually. Reduced down time for tank cleaning meant improved productivity. Employee safety and comfort were improved by eliminating tank entry.

Clean-up time for a tank was

5851 M

Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Dept ./3M

Saint Paul, Minnesota 55133 B12 P.O. BOX 33331, Bldg. 21-2W

(612) 778-4791

,:I __

4444 Pollution

Prevention Pays

-

A Compendium of 3P Success Stories -

Managing for a better environment

Evaporation Innovation Pollution Abated, Cash Crop Created

A Chemolite Center plant in Cottage Grove, Minnesota, makes magnetic oxides for recording products. Am- monium sulfate, a by-product of the process, was being discharged to the wastewater treatment facility that serves the entire Chemolite complex. It passed through that system virtually untreated and went into the river. Being mixed with millions of gallons of other wastewater diluted the ammonium sulfate so much there was no practical method to remove or recover it there. State regulations, however, required a reduction of ammonia from the Chemolite effluent.

3M decided to go after the ammonium sulfate before it could get diluted-in the process waste stream. After studying various processes for ammonium sulfate removal and recovery, vapor compression evaporation was settled on as the most applicable technology. This method was chosen because marketable commercial quality farm fertilizer could be produced from it.

This maze of tanks, pipes, valves and meters is the vapor compression evaporation system that solved a pollution problem and generated revenue.

Ammonium sulfate is 8% in the process waste stream. In the evaporation procedure, the waste stream is sprayed on steam-carrying tubes, gradually stripping the ammonia until a 40% solution is achieved. That’s fertilizer. The fertilizer is pumped to holding ponds and sold in truck tank lots.

3M kept federal and state environmental authorities informed at all stages of the Chemolite project.

The need for pollution control equipment was eliminated, saving $1 million. Cost of the vapor compression evaporator was $1.5 million. Fertilizer sales produced annual revenues of $150,000. 6T7 tons of water pollution were prevented annually.

7851 M


Saint Paul. Minnesota 55133 P.O. BOX 33331, Bldg. 21-2W

1313

44 4 - Pollution

Prevention -

Pays A Compendium of 3P Success Stories __

Managing for a better environment

Solvent Saver Film Unit Develops Pollution Solution Electronic circuitry is photographically printed on flexible copper sheeting at 3M’s Electronic Products Division plant in Columbia, Missouri. A developer solvent is sprayed on the metal which then goes through a water rinse. Formerly, this wastewater was discharged directly to the sewer. Analysis of the water showed it contained various amounts of solvent. 3M’s double-barreled challenge was to reclaim solvent and at the same time ensure that plant effluent continued in compliance with sewer regulations.

The answer that developed was to reroute the wastewater through a decanter system, rather than sending it directly to the sewer. The stainless steel decanter provides a short hold time during which the heavier-than- water solvent settles out. The solvent is distilled and recycled into the film developing process.

8851 M

Solvent from wastewater settles out in decanter and is distilled for reuse.

The cost of the decanter system was $4,000, including installation. First-year solvent savings were $3,100 and for the first four years, $20,400.

Cutting down the amount of solvent going into the sewer kept plant effluent within discharge limits, permitting deferral of a substantial expenditure for a wastewater treatment system.

This winning 3P idea is the second to come from Columbia’s electronic circuits production line. The other to win recognition as an approved 3P project was a method to clean the flexible copper sheeting with pumice, which solved a hazardous waste problem and saved money.


Saint Paul, Minnesota 55133 P.O. BOX 33331, Bldg. 21 -2W

(612) 778-4791 31\11

314

Project Specialty Solvents Product Steward- ship and Customer Waste Reduction Support, Chemicals & Metals Department, Dow Chemical USA.

Joanna Farella, development chemist, is seen In the extensive Midland, Mlchlgan, solvents lab where Dow pursues new technology to assist customers in using Its products safely and more efficiently. Farella Is also edltor of solvents Updute, a product stewardship newsletter for customers.

Opportunity Dow Specialty Solvents are l,l,l-trichloroethane (which is sold as CHLOROTHENE" solvents), perchloroethylene (sold as DOWPER"

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

drycleaning solvents), various grades of methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene. Markets include metal cleaning (both vapor degreasing and cold cleaning), electronics assembly processing, coatings, inks, adhesives, aerosols, foam production, and drycleaning. There are approximately 200,000 small- to medium-sized US. industrial solvents customers, and we've seen a need to educate them on how to properly handle these environmentally sensitive products from worker exposure, waste reduction, and waste disposal standpoints.

400

350

'ij 300 u)

4 250 c 3

c 8

p" 200 r 0 M 150 C 0 5 100 I

50

0

.-

SPECIALTY SOLVENTS RECYCLING GROWTH

1200

1080 U

960 5 E 840 8

720 E 600 'ij

UJ 480

360

240 8

P

8

120 a 0

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Years

From 1980 to 1986, the solvents industry has seen a dramatic increase In recycling and a decline In demand for product.

-

Action -

Dow has shown customers how to apply technology to in-house solvent recycling to reduce solvent usage. Our Technical Services Group advises customers on permitted outside recycling and waste disposal services, while offering general guidance on interpretation and compliance with federal and state regulations.

Results The program has reached thousands of Specialty Solvents customers, directly and through our many dis- tributor branches, for over 15 years. We see consistent improvements in environmental stewardship through increased in-house and outside recycling of Specialty Solvents and the growing use of incineration or fuel blending for the ultimate disposal of Specialty Solvents sludges. Through our waste reduction efforts, we realize that there will be less demand for our products in the future, but the remaining customers will be efficient, competitive, and environmentally sensitive; and waste will be consistently reduced across the industry.

Waste Reduction Team

- C&M's Specialty Solvents Team of Tech n ica I Services, E nvi ron men ta I Affairs, and Sales, as well as Dow's

-

network of distributors. -

I . I

WMTE REDUCTION ALWAYS PAYS

Project Plastics Reclamation, Louisiana Division, Plaquemine, La.

Opportunity The Louisiana Division produces about one billion pounds of polyethylene plastic resin pellets a year, Pellets are sold as intermedi- ate raw materials to thousands of processors around the country who remelt the pellets and form them into plastic products. In the manufacturing and product handling process, there are some

Potential plastic pellet losses can occur ai the manufacturing location when (1) emptying or cleaning out rallroad cars; (2) during routine sampling; (3) during maintenance, such as when clogged pipes are opened; (4) when transferring pellets from storage hoppers; and (5) when filling packages, relocating them in the warehouse, or when packages rupture. These stray pellets are flushed by water to a common drainage system which then allows all pellets to flow into a Weir Collection System.

unavoidable pellet losses at different stages, These pellets can be picked up by rainwater and washed out to the Mississippi River and into the Gulf of Mexico. When floating in water in a marine environment, polyethylene pellets looklike fish eggs-a delicacyfor a variety of marine life, particularly birds. The fact that polyethylene floats does cause marine environmental problems, but this physical property can also be used as an advantage to prevent its escape.

Action A Weir Collection System was installed to collect pellet losses. The system takes advantage of the pellets' buoyancy and traps them so they can be sent back into the plant for recycling. We've also prevented spills from package ruptures by creating fully contained units of packaged pellets which are much easier for fork lift drivers to handle in the warehouse than individual bags.

Results During the past 10 years, we've implemented a number of steps to prevent in-house plastic resin pellet losses. With our "drain and reclaim" method, plastic resin

pellets are trapped at strategic locations, recovered on a continuous basis, dewatered, and recycled. This recovery system is capturing about 500 pounds of pellets a day that otherwise could have found their way into the marine environment.

__

The Weir Collection System takes advantage of the pellets' buoyancy and traps them first against the Primary Weir. The water flows underneath the Primary Weir to the Secondary Weir - a backup containment system.

Waste Reduction Team Louisiana Division employees in polyethylene Manufacturing and Distribution.

FOR M O R E INFORMAllON ABOUT W, CONGCT: The Dow Chemlcal Company Environmental QuaW Department 2030 Willard H. aaW Center 0 Michnd, MI 48674 (517) 636-2538

Project Yield Improvement and Air Emissions Reduction, Plant for DOWFAX" surfactants, Michigan Division, Midland, Mich.

Opportunity Six different raw materials are used in the production of DOWFAX, a specialty surfactant used in the textile and cleaning products industries, and for emulsion polymerization. With a process that consisted of four reaction steps and four separation steps, there Cyere ample oppor-

Action From 1980-1987, plant employees, with help from Research and Engineering, worked on upgrading the production process by examining all aspects of the operation. Most improvements consisted of small changes that added up to make a big difference. Some examples include:

conversion of a reaction step from batch to continuous operation resulted in improved product quality and increased process capacity.

0 Better control of the process

resulted in a reduction of raw material loss.

0 A decanter separation was improved by the addition of a secondary decanter, which provided cleaner product and waste streams.

.A vent gas absorber unit was installed to recover and recycle solvent from all process vents containing solvent vapors.

-

Results The combination of plant projects has reduced waste generation to 40 percent of the 1980 level.

tunities for improved yield and waste reduction. improved instrumentation

through computerization and

Waste Reduction History: Plant for DOWFAX Surfactants

Bill Fotherglll (I.), plant supewlsor, and Larry Recker, head operator, discuss the sampling system within the plant for DOWFAX surfactants. Consistent with past efforts, plant employees continually seek new ways to reduce waste and improve product yield.

Waste Reduction Team Plant's team included engineers,

the past six years.

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 supervisors, and operators over From 1980 to the present, product yleld has consistently Improved within the plant for DOWFAX surfactants, while waste loss has been reduced to 40 percent.

Project By-product Feedstock Optimization at Dow plants in:

0 Aratu, Brazil

0 Pittsburg, California

0 Plaquemine, Louisiana

0 Sarnia, Ontario, Canada

0 Stade, West Germany

Ken Plew, a plant operator, reviews production data at DOW’S Western Division Pernet Plant, Pittsburg, California. The plant is one of the Dow facilltles where manufacturing by-products have displaced primary feedstocks, saving Dow money in several ways.

Opportunity Dow manufacturing processes produce by-products that represent a process yield loss and require disposal. In 1986, Dow formed a management team to identify available and potential by-products - currently being disposed of - for use instead as feedstocks in the company’s global perchloroethylene/ carbon tetrachloride plants. Diverting these by-products to production would reduce disposal costs and permit primary raw materials to be freed up for sale or use.

Action The By-product Feedstock Optimization Team evaluated and prioritized actions necessary at the five Dow plants to displace all or most of the primary feedstocks with by- product feedstocks. They identified the by-product streams with potential for feedstock use, evaluated any plant or production changes necessary to use the by-products, set manufacturing specifications based on this research, handled the logistical problems of transporting the by-products, and planned modifications to plant operations in some cases. They also set the program in motion to provide perpetuation of optimization activities after the team disbands. The management principles applied by the team members were based on ideas from William E, Conway’s training program “The Right Way To Manage,” which has been widely used within Dow,

__

Results -

Since 1986, more than 100 million pounds of by-products already have been diverted for use as manufacturing feedstock. This program is saving money for Dow in several ways:

0 Producers of by-products avoid the

0 Neutralization of excess acid,

cost of disposal

created from by-product incineration, is avoided

0 Outside purchases of hydrocarbons for feedstock aren’t needed, and ethylene dichloride formerly used as feedstock is freed up for sale or for the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer

as by-products are recycled

stock availability are able to increase production capacities by using by-product feeds

0 Incineration demands are reduced

0 Plants otherwise limited by feed-

Emmett Brown, research group leader at the Louisiana Division of Dow Chemical U.S.A. in Plaquemine, Louisiana, was a key member of the global By-product Feedstock Optimization Team that exemplified Dow’s commitment to waste reduction.

By-product Feedstock Optimization Team The team includes plant supewisors, material flow and logistics tech- nicians, and the staff of the Global Pernet Acid Technology Center in Plaquemine. All members of this global team and a large supporting staff have worked hard to bring the benefits of this effort to the Dow bottom line. This success is an

commitment to waste reduction and is a key WRAP program success.

-

example of Dow’s corporate -

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WRAP, CONTACT The Dow Chemical Company 0 Environmental Quality Department 2030 Wlllard H. Dow Center 0 Midland, MI 48674 (517) 636-2538

D10

Project Loss Reduction Project, Herbicides Plant, Michigan Division, Midland, Mich.

Opportunity In the Herbicides Plant, a solvent is used in the recovery of raw materials and treatment of waste water, and also as a heat transfer agent. By comparing vent emission data with plant material balance, employees became aware of the opportunities to reduce fugitive emissions.

Feed Stream -

I

Air Line

Feed stream is valved out, air line blows solvent out of fllter to drum and later incinerated. Filter bag Is changed and stlii feed Is valved back through fllkr.

Action The first step in reducing solvent loss was to identify those areas of fugitive emissions. Though employees found some solvent loss through process vents, the most substantial amount of solvent loss appeared to be associated with evaporation within the plant's waste water collection system.

After identifying these emission areas, these steps followed:

.A sample valve was added, which allowed the exact sample amount of solvent to be collected without prior flushing into the planl's waste water collection system.

use of a semi-batch filter to remove the suspended solids from a decanter.

.An air line was added to transfer filter contents back into the process before changing filter bags,

pressure and flow transmitters on the vent condenser to warn of abnormal conditions.

*The removal of solvent from the bottom of a recycle water tank was automated so that evaporation losses to the vent system would be minimized. Also, an upstream decanter level control was adjusted to put less solvent into the tank.

0 Employees eliminated the

0 Plant employees added

Results __

Through a combined effort, Herbicides Plant employees reduced solvent loss by approximately 92 percent through a variety of cost-efficient modifications to the system.

Gary Schupska, senior production supervlsor, examines a sample valve outside the Herbicides Plant. Installation of this valve in the system dramatically reduced the amount of solvent belng lost into the waste watei collection system during previous sampling procedures.

Waste Reduction Team

- All members of the Herbicides Plant contributed to make the solvent-loss reduction possible.

insight on losses while craftsmen and engineers collaborated on piping and equipment revisions.

Operators provided valuable -

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT W P , CONTACT T h e Dow Chemlcal Company 0 Environmental Quality Department 2030 Wlltard H. Dow Center 0 Midland, MI 48674 (517) 636-2538

WASTE: THE TOXIC DILEMMA TEACHING AIDS

BMXGRmm-:

Wastes: The Toxic Dilemma

Health Effects Substitutes for Common Household Products

Household Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials

PluxEcr REam:

Hazardous Waste

Treatment Technologies Chemical Hazard Comications

Noo6A:

Right to Know L a w

23

CONCEPT I


str the

The rule of ecology that everything is connected to everything else was ikingly demonstrated by Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring. As one of mst influential publications of the 1960s, this book helped to awaken

the nation to environmental concerns and to awareness of how man can adversely affect the environment. operated as a throwaway society with the idea that there were limitless reservoirs for disposing of wastes and that, once buried, these wastes could be forgotten. reiterated Rachel Carson's premise that humanity is sometimes its om worst enemy.

Up until this time, the United States

The tragedies of Love Canal and Times Beach, Missouri,

"Earth Day" in 1970 showed that many Americans were in fact concerned about pollution and wanted to do something about it. resulted in the creation of the Ehvironmental Protection Agency, whose purpose is "to assure the protection of the environment by abating and controlling pollution on a systematic basis." Environmental Protection, p. 5 )

This public concern

(Difficult Choices About

Much of our pollution as a nation is due to an increased population and the demands of a technological society. problem, it is estimated that each year in the United States, for every person, there is one ton of solid waste generated that must be landfilled or dumped. This has resulted in the creation of 14,000 landfills that are equal in size to the state of Rhode Island. (Enviranment 85/86, p. 44) The enormity of this situation is compounded by the fact that a great percentage of this waste is considered to be hazardous material.

As an example of the size of this

Hazardous wastes are by-products of manufacturing processes. Demand by consumers for increased goods and services has caused these wastes to reach increasingly high levels. community and may be carried to other states or even other nations. nuclear accident at Kiev is a vivid example of this phemnon. Acid rain is another pollution prcblem that must be dealt With on a national as well as an international basis.

In many cases, pollution goes beyond the local The

One of the major influences that cut into this cycle of increased consumer demands was the energy crisis of the 1970s, brought on in part by the 1974 Arab oil embargo. pocketbook, it became dbvious that conservation measures needed to be adopted. began to realize that saving energy also saved mey.

As prices rose and consumers were hit in the

Individuals turned to renewable energy sources, and corporations

Federal and state legislation has been another mtivational force in the mvement toward conservation. The Clean Air Act of 1970 sets air quality standards and regulates the emission of air pollutants. Hazardous

A 1

3. Simulation: Using the script provided (E 5-15), have students conduct a bard meeting to determine pollution prevention policy. Assign students individual roles and have each present his opinion, using graphics if warranted, according to that role. (one to thK) one-hour class periods)

51

INNOVATIONS IN INDUSTRY

CONCEPT I11

32

CONCEPT I11 INNOVATIONS IN INDUSTRY

BMAVIORAL OBJECTIVES

The student:

A. Examines and evaluates companies in the United States who have successfully implemented a pollution prevention pays program.

1. Pollution prevention saves mney and energy for textile operations.

2. Pollution prevention saves money and reduces product cost for tool and dye manufacturers.

3 . Pollution prevention reduces toxic chemical classification and liability in the printing industry.

Pollution prevention increases profits and minimizes water pollution for the health care product industry.

4.

B. Identifies the different innovative management and personnel training and incentive systems utilized by specific progressive industries to implement the Pollution Prevention Pays concept.

1. Quality circles as wll as the ideas of innovative staff menbers have been utilized to reduce cost and pollution.

2. Industries have developed special training, incentive and recognition programs for divisions to make progress in reducing the generation of waste.

3 . Manufacturers have used prizes as incentives to generate new mst-saving ideas as well as special cast-reduction team representing all levels of the factory operation.

Many industries have created special recognition program for the individual who has developed a sucoessful Pollution Prevention Pays pro jet.

4.

C. Identifies and evaluates the innovative technological changes adopted by canpnies during the 1970s-80s to reduce wastes and increase profits.

1. Specific technological changes have been developed and adopted to conserve water and energy within the industrial system.

33

2. Re-examination of raw materials and additives have occurred in many industries resulting in substitutions which reduce pollution and increase profits.

3 . Methods have been developed in many industries to reduce the waste and poor handling of toxic materials, saving money and reducing risks of exposure.

4. Pre-planning, innovative design, and mechanization have eliminated the generation of many wastes in new industrial plants.

34

INNOVATIONS IN INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES

The student:

1.

2.

3.

Examines companies in the United States who have implemented pllut ion prevention programs : Identifies mnagement and personnel incentives utilized by compwies to implement change: Analyzes technological changes adopted Jq companies to reduce waste and increase profits .

LEARNING ACTIVITIES :

A. Innovation pays off in the pocketbook

1. Lecture/discussion: Using the background lecture in the Teaching Aids section, present principles of technological and magemnt changes used by companies in the Southeast. quality circles using Management by Kreitner (p. 534-35) as a reference. (one hour class period)

Define and discuss

2. Student presentation: Divide the class into small groups. Have each group analyze a case studty and present it to the class as a short oral report. should be identified. all three objectives. periods )

Pollution prevention and cost-saving measures Several of these case studies can be used for Select from the following: (one to tm class

a. textiles - Hampshire Hosiery ( # 6 ) , Beacon Manufacturing (Appendix C3 - C5)

b. printing and industry - Cleo Wrap, Inc. (Appendix C6 - C8) c. health care products - Travenol Laboratories (Appendix C9 - C11) d. engine parts manufacturing - Mack Trucks (Appendix C12 - C14)

3. Slide-tape presentation: Use Emrson Electric Conpany (12 min.) to show profitable changes in the tool and dye industry. study demMstrates both technological changes and management

This case

35

incentives that have been incorporated as pollution prevention measures. If time does not permit in-depth analysis, examination of this one case study w l d fulfill all three objectives for this concept. (one class period)

B. Specific techniques to save both m e y and the environment:

1. Class discussion: To denstrate management techniques and personnel incentives, select from the following case studies: (one to tm one-hour class periods)

a) Quality Circles - Beacon Manufacturing (C3 - ~5), West Point Pepperell ( # 8 ) , Stanadyne, Inc. (#24)

b) rewarding of specific divisions within the company - Travenol Laboratories (C9 - Cll), Hamilton Beach (#29)

c) prizes for individuals - Eherson Electric Company, USS Chemicals ( #16 1

2. Videotape presentation: Use the videotape by 3M to demonstrate special recognition of individuals by a c-y. (10 min.)

3. Student paper: technological change that has saved a copmy money. are suggested case studies:

Have each student write a pper analyzing a specific The following

1) material substitution - Cleo Wrap, Inc., hck Trucks, Inc., Stanadyne (#24)

2) recycling and reuse - Miller Brewing Company (#5), Borden

3 ) equipment redesign - Hampshire Hosiery (#6), Exxon Chemicals Chemical Company

Amrica (#lo), USS Chemicals (#16)

4) energy recovery - Hampshire Hosiery (#6), United Gl& Corporation ( # 7 ) , The-Coty Division of Pfizer (#lS), Duke Power (#37 1

"l2: E" Pollution PreventLcms, Other case studies are located in the Appendix.

All case studies identified by number are found in Proven Profits

36

INNOVATIONS IN INDUSTRY TEACHING AIDS

Innovations in Industry

Beacon Manufacturing C l e o Wrap

Travenol Laboratories Mack Trucks

37

INNOVATIVE AF'PRDACHES To REDUCING PASTE STREAMS AND INCREASING PROFITS ARE BEING AEOE?IED BY PRC)GRESSIVE OOMPANIES.


If pollution is seen as a waste of raw materials and energy, then the question is, will pollution control be a dead loss or will it be an investment that can bring in financial returns? This is the current challenge to industry, to see responsibility to the environment as an opportunity for change. Joseph T. Ling of the 3M Conpany states that "...pollution (waste materials) plus.knowledge (technology) equal potential resources." (Royston, Pollution Prevention Pays, p. 94) Potential resources mean ptential profit, and 3Mhas demonstrated the veracity of this statement.

Nurnerous companies in the United States have also discovered that pollution prevention is good business. according to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (discussed in Concept I), they are responsible from the "cradle to the grave" for any hazardous wastes generated. As this kind of liability could run into millions of dollars, progressive companies have switched from end-of-pipe control measures to elimination of pollution at the source. techniques utilized are product reformulation, process mxlification, equipment redesign, and judicious use of raw materials.

These industries have realized that

Some of the

New techrmlogies have made process mdification much easier. In the printing industry, for example, switching to water-&sed inks has eliminated huge quantities of hazardous solvent and saved mney on cleanup and disposal. The same holds true for mmpanies that have changed to water-hsed pints. Not only are immediate disposal costs reduced, but conpanies save an insurance and taxes when reclassified as small quantity hazardous waste generators.

Equipnt redesign and product reformulation save both energy and natural resources. initial outlay, may save enough on materials to quickly p y for itself. Several companies listed in the acmmpanying case studies have utilized computerized energy management systems and found the investment resulted in greater savings than originally calculated. In addition, small product changes which do not affect the quality can often be made and result in saving raw materials.

A change to automation, for example, while requiring an

The greatest saving of raw materials, however, is due to recycling. Ideally, the waste of one operation cculd becane a resource base for another, thus cutting both disposal and raw material costs. Several companies in the Southeast have used this concept to great advantage. one instance, the heat which is a by-product of one operation has been harnessed to heat a warehouse. source to produce steam. good example of conservation.

In

Another company uses WDOd scraps as a fuel Recycling of water used in processing is another

c1

Technological changes thcugh, to be successful, must be supported by innovative Ggement techniques. concept of Quality Circles, a technique developed injJaF in the 1960s. Quality Circles can be defined as voluntary prcblem- lving groups of employees from the same work area tjho met on a regu basis to discuss quality improvements. (Kreitner, Management, p. 534)'. ? They not only reconmend solutions, but often help to implement and evaluate suggestions. This is a valuable contribution to a conpany in dollars as h e l l as improved employee mrale.

Progressive companies have utilized the

This techniqw has been used most successfully in pollution prevention. Companies reward employees in various ways, ranging from plaques and prizes to a share of the cost savings itself. Often it is the front-line employee who is able to recognize waste first and recommend improvements.

Thus, both technological advances and innovative management incentives are necessary to effect a change in philosogby to pollution prevention. The companies cited in the accowying case studies have demonstrated that this change is beneficial to employees, the environment, and the financial status as well.

c2

Type of Industry: Textiles

N m of Firm: Beacon Manufacturing

Location: Swannanoa, North Carolina

Modifications :

1)

2) 3 )

4) 5)

Installation of a backwash filter system for utilization of creek water in processing. Conversion of a fire tube boiler from hot water to steam. Installation of a heat recovery coil on a condensate flash steam line. Use of a cooling tower for recycling water. Installation of coils inside jacket of a condensate collection tank to rechannel heat.

Annual Cost Savings: $216,000

Payback Period: Average of 2.5 mths

Environmental and Health Benefits: conservation of natural resources, improved working conditions

Reduced air and water pollution,

Project Description

Beacon, the nation's largest manufacturer of blankets, operates with a facility that dates back to the 1920s. environmental and production problems, the entire plant became involved in a conservation program. The result is a cleaner envh"ent and safer working conditions along with a savings of over $216,000 a year from these five projects alone.

Faced with a cutback in city water dcle to drought cronditions, plant engineers came up with the solution of utilizing creek water found on the property for processing needs. quality water was obtained from a previously unused scurce, thus conserving city water and saving the company $62,000 a year.

In trying to solve both

By installing a backwash filter system,

To further conserve water, a cooling toher was installed which recycles water and thus cuts down on consumption for the cooling of large process generators. This project saved the company $l6,OOO a year.

An idle Johnson 1000 HP boiler was converted from hot water to steam. efficiency w s increased by fifteen percent, saving fuel and $120,000 a year. propvle instead of utilizing #6 fuel. pollution and has also resulted in less maintenance expense.

Quality Circles have played an inportant role in solving numerous other problems. flash steam line resulted in savings of $17,000 a year, as this waste energy

The

In addition, all boilers have been converted to natural gas and This has considerably reduced air

An employee idea to install a heat recovery coil on a condensate

1, i

c3

was used to heat a warehouse. In addition, heat from a condensate collection tank was used to heat water for a nearby restroom, saving $1,200 annually.

Improving the appearance of the plant site removed possible health hazards, improved wrking conditions, and also realized a profit for the company. Previously, scrap metal, non-returnable drum, scrap W, and cardboard were collected on the grounds in a rather haghazard fashion. Following an employee suggestion, the cardboard is collected and sold, thus saving valuable landfill splce. sold, and the mod is given to the employees on a first-come, first-served basis. This has eliminated possible contamination from drums filling with water and overflowing, and it has also decreased rust problems.

Scrap metal and drums are likewise recycled and

Numerous other projects have been undertaken by Beacon. environmental and health benefits include reduced ais and water pollution, conservation of natural resources, and improved wrking conditions for employees.

Overall

c4

,

Wastes Generated: water usage, recycling of d, metal, and cardboard

Reduced usage due to increased efficiency, decreased

Productivity: Increased

Equipnent Costs :

1) Backwash filter system $32,000 2) Conversion of a fire tube boiler 23,500 3 ) Installation of a heat recovery 800

coil on condensate steam line 4) Installation of a cooling tower 12,729 5) Installation of coils inside 1,500

jacket of condensate collection tank

Raw Materials: Saved fuel and water

Water: Reduced usage

Energy: Reduced energy needs

Waste Disposal: Reduced needed landfill space, less water treatment necessary

Pollution Control: Reduced air and water pollution

Net Benefits: Conservation of energy, conservation of water, reduced pollution, improved wrking mnditians, annual cost savings

c5

Type of Industry: Printing

Name of Firm: C l e o Wrap

Location: Memphis, Tennessee

Modifications:

1) replacement of organic solvent-based inks by water-based inks 2) replacement of all printing cylinders

Annual Cost Savings: fees

$35,000 in elimination of hazardous waste handling

Environmental and Health Benefits: lessened fire hazard, reduced air pllution, improved mrking conditions

Reduction of ignitable hazardous wastes,

Project Description

C l e o Wrap, a division of Gibson Greeting Cards, is the wrld's largest producer of Christmas gift wrapping paper. operation utilized many color designs, necessitating frequent ink changes and press clean-ups. kilogram of ignitable hazardous wastes =re generated each year.

When the Arab OilEnS3argo of 1973-1974 increased prices of petroleum distillates, C l e o Wrap began to search for new methods Which m l d decrease their expenditures on raw materials and reduce hazardous wastes at the same time. One of the alternatives considered was a solvent vapor recovery system which wld have required a capital outlay of over $4.5 million.

Instead, however, the eonpany decided that switching to water-based inks wuld be a better long-range decision, as this m l d eliminate most hazardous materials used in processing and greatly decrease their overall liability. with shallower etchings for these inks. be retrained in water-hsed technology, and ink suppliers had to agree to develop a full range of water-lased mlors.

A closer examination showd that since the existing printing cylinders were phased out on a three-year cycle, the new type cylinders could be Wsed in at 110 additional expense. estimate, but this cost was small "pared to savings realized. The entire project took over five years to conplete.

The end result for C l e o Wrap has been the elimination of eight undergrand solvent storage tanks, elimination of above-ground solvent storage, reduction of solvent vapor air emissions, and reduction or eliminatian of fire hazards. quantity hazardous waste generator, thus greatly decreasing environmental liability.

The rotogravure printing

As a result of these operations, over 100,000

This plan necessitated an investmnt in new printing cylinders In addition, plant personnel had to

The cost of retraining employees was difficult to

This has allotmi the company to change its status to a small

C6

The yearly savings of $35,000 in hazardous waste handling fees represent anly a small part of the return. Cleo Wrap was able to meet EPA standards without enormous expenditures for pollution control devices by eliminating pollution at the source. Benefits to the environment include reduction of ignitable hazardous wastes, reduced air pollution, and improved working conditions for employees.

c7

Wastes Generated: Reduced ignitable hazardous wastes

Productivity: 8-10% slower press speeds

Product Quality: Unchanged

Equipnt Costs: None

Raw Materials:

Water: NA

c!onservation of organic solvent

Energy: No change

Waste Disposal: $35,000 saved per year

Pollution Control: Elimination of ignitable hazardous haste, elimination of air pollution

Net Benefits: Cleaner environment, minimization of waste management costs

Type of Industry: Health Care Products

Name of Finn: Travenol Laboratories

Location: Marion, North Carolina

Modifications:

1) Eslergy management system on front offices and cafeteria lighting. 2) Energy management system on’ventilating fans. 3 ) Co&ustion and viscosity cantrollers on boilers. 4) Steam demand controller on sterilizers and non-critical loads. 5) Wood burning boiler installation with an outside concern.

Annual Cost Savings: $725,000

Payback Period: 0.55 years

Environmental and Health Benefits: Conservation of natural resources, less wastewater to treat, and reduced air pollution.

Project Description

Travenol Laboratories is located in rural western North Carolina and has about 2,500 employees. hospital use. hold the solution, as w e l l as production of the solution itself. process is energy intensive because it involves preparation of distilled water and sterilization of the entire product. be maintained to meet proper health standards.

Travenol mufactures intravenous solutions for This includes mufacture of the plastic bag and tubing to

The whole

Strict quality controls must

At the beginning of 1980, the conpany undertook an extensive energy conservation program that wauld save both mney and the environment. fifty projects were initiated, of which five are given here as examples. These five projects alone have saved the company over $725,000 a year.

Over

A rather unique solution to saving fuel and t k environment was the decision to contract with an outside firm to provide steam necessary for processing. This firm, looated just off the plant grounds, operates a mod boiler that utilizes waste sadust. conlpany to seek an outside source of energy instead of producing it. Travenol was able to discontinue use of #6 fuel, thereby eliminating SO2 emissions and reducing air pollution. environment and canserving natural resources, the mq.x”pan realizes a savings of about one half million dollars a year.

This is a case in which it was cheaper for the

In addition to cleaning up the

Other projects included installation of computerized energy management systems for office and cafeteria lighting and for ventilating fans in the w x k area. Previously, a great deal of energy was wasted due to the fans running twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week in the summer because it was too time-msuming to turn them off and on manually.

c9

Regulators on boilers providing maximum combustion efficiency and on sterilizers leveling steam demand likewise saved energy by providing steam at a level load. wastewater to be treated by 18 percent, thus cutting down on the load borne by the wastewater treatment facility. five projects alone amrunts to over $725,000.

In addition, these and other projects reduced the

The annual cost savings from these

A key element in Travenol's overall scrap prevention and energy-saving program is called Quality for Life. reduction come from the employees themselves. Areas which show the best performance in meeting tough goals are rewarded with a banner to display, and individual contributions are recognized With mugs and plaques. Each year the company as a -le sets a new goal for energy efficiency. These innovative rtlanagement tools result in total involvement and dedication of all employees.

Ideas for conservation and scrap

Since the initiation of this program, overall energy efficiency has improved by 41 percent, energy usage is down by 23 percent, and production has increased by 28 percent. conservation of valuable natural resources, and an overall savings of about $2.5 million.

The end result is a cleaner environment,

c10

Wastas Generated: Reduced steam and electrical tisage, reduced amint of fuel burned, decreased water usage.

Productivity: Increased by 28%.

Equipment Costs :

1) energy management system $ 7,000 for front office and cafeteria lighting

ventilating fans

controllers on boilers

sterilizers

installation with an outside concern

2 ) energy management system for 102,000

3 ) combustion and viscosity 81 , 000

4) steam demand controller on 50,000

5 ) mal burning boiler - 150,000

lwr% $ 390,000

Raw Materials: Switched to a renewable source of energy.

Water: Reduced usage.

Energy: Reduced energy needs for manufacturing.

Wast? Dispal: Reduced load on water treatment facility.

Pollution Controlt

Net Benefits: Conservation of energy, use of renewable resources, conservation of natural resources, annual m s t savings.

Elimination of .SO2 emissions,

C I I

POLLUTION PREVENTION CASE STUDY

Type of Industry: Engine Parts Remanufacturing

Name of Firm: Mack Trucks, Inc.

Location: New Bern, North Carolina

Modifications: Replacement of oil-based solvents for cleaning and cooling with water-based solvents.

Annual Cost Savings: $10,224 cost of purchasing solvents, disposal of spent solvents, and man-hours saved in cleaning the equipment.

Payback Period: N/A

Environmental and Health Benefits: Reduction of toxic fumes, improved working environment, decreased waste oil, and decreased liability for health hazards.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The Mack Truck plant, located at New Bern, North Carolina, takes used engine parts and remanufactures them. A necessary stage in the process is cleaning of the used parts, which was previously done using benzene and oil-based compounds. Employees working in this area began to complain of headaches, sore throats, and skin rashes. The level of benzene in the air was monitored at 0.6 ppm, which was considered too high.

Management was urged by health services personnel to switch to water-based cleaners. The firm contacted chemical vendors and explained the requirements for a replacement chemical. Several substitute products were evaluated, one at a time.

When the switch to water-based cleaners occurred, a savings of $41 a month on chemical purchases was realized as well as a savings of $371 a month on the cost of changing replacement filters. In addition, there was a decrease in downtime for cleaning the machines.

c12

However, once the water-based cleaning solvents were put into use, this created a problem with the coolants. The coolants were oil-based and could not easily be washed off. Therefore, a decision was made to employ water-based coolants.

After this conversion, it became possible to eliminate one stage of the cleaning process altogether. While an extra chemical had to be purchased to complete a thorough cleaning, the cool-down time was eliminated completely. This change saved $3,600 in chemical c o s t s .

Both projects were accomplished within 12 to 14 months without the need to purchase costly additional equipment. The resulting yearly savings of over $10,000 is probably not as significant as the fact that employees have a healthier working environment which has improved morale and decreased sick leave. Overall, benefits to the environment include elimination of ignitable hazardous waste and elimination of air pollution. Disposal costs have been cut, and the company has greatly decreased its overall liability.

C13

PROJECT SUMMARY:

Wastes Generated: Elimination of oily waste which had to be filtered and stored before disposal.

Productivity: Increased due to less downtime for cleaning of machines and the elimination of cooling time for metal parts.

Product Quality: Unchanged

Raw Materials: Conservation of organic solvents

Water: Decrease in the amount of contaminated water to be filtered.

Energy: Not Known

Waste Disposal: A total of $600 was saved, which represents a cost of $0.50 a gallon for the disposal of 1,200 gallons a year.

Pollution Control: Elimination of ignitable hazardous waste, elimination of air pollution.

Net Benefits: Cleaner working environment, decreased waste disposal costs, increased productivity, and improvement in employee health and morale.

C14

REFERENCES CONCEPT I11

Cqbell, Monica E., and William M. Glenn. Profit from Pollution Prevention. Toronto, Canada: The Pollution Pr- F' oundation, 1982. PPP; ILL; W.

Huisingh, Donald, et al. Proven Profits from Pollution Prevention: Case Studies in Resource Conservation and Waste Reduction. Washington: Donald Huisingh and the Institute for L a x 1 Self-Reliance, 1986. PPP: W.

Pollution Prevention Pays. Governor's Conference on Pollution Prevention Pays. March 4-6, 1986. Nashville, Tennessee. W.

Witte, Michael B., ed. Pollution to Profit: Reducing Industrial Waste in Illinois. Chicago: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1984. WIC ED Hw 84/02. PPP; W.



Community Development

ILL - Interlibrary Loan. Available through most public libraries in the state.

W - Susan Smith, Associate Director for Resource Management

Center for Improving Mountain Living Western Carolina University Cullovhee, NC 28723

38

CRACKING THE W.I.P. ~

CONCEPT IV

39

CONCEPT IV CRACKING THE WeIePe

IMPUHWI!ATICN OF A VW"E REDUCl'IcEJ FOR PXIFIT SYSTEM REWIRES AN ANAtysIS OF A I L I"T

The student:

A. Examines how a Waste Identification for Profit System is utilized within an industrial management structure.

1. A logical approach to curbing industrial losses and controlling waste is to have one centralized effort Wich controls resource consunption and use.

To effectively evaluate wastes, they must first be classified into mjor areas.

The developnent of a comprehensive waste information system Will help an industry better measure current loss control efforts, improve profits by reducing wastei decrease environmental liabilities, and improve compliance levels.

2.

3.

B. Identifies the methodology required to inventory the six major types of wastes and waste stream comnron to mjor industrial systems.

1. Most waste points in industry, business, or government operations can be categorized into: (c) process waste, (d) product waste, (e) packaging waste, and (f) human resource waste.

(a) energy waste, (b) raw material waste,

2. Once classification occurs, methods can be devised to reduce each individual waste stream.

C. Identifies and examines the specific processes and raw materials creating each major waste stream.

1. Energy waste pints mst be evaluated in transportation, cooling and heating processes, and water and space heating as well as the energy used in all major industrial processes.

2. Raw materials &e up a significant portion of a corrpany's operating expense, and reduction in waste lessens pollution associated with extracting materials.

3 . Process wastes include any baste generated during the processes which change raw materials into finished products.

40

4. Prduct wastes are generat& from prducts which are suhstandard and cannot be sold as first quality goods.

5. Packaging wastes include all types of materials used to protect and transport a product safely.

6. H u m resource waste or misuse occurs when a person is involved in a process which exposes him or her to substances such as toxic chemicals, causing sickness or long-term health effects.

D. Recognizes and evaluates nethods of reducing each major waste stream through actions such as product modification, process redesign and internal recycling.

1. kergy wastes have been reduced thragh the use of computer technology to vary energy requirements of industrial equipment as he11 as through the application of solar, wind and energy conservation technologies.

2. Raw material mstes have been reduced by careful evaluation of the product to remove unnecessary amnts of metals and, in sone cases, total substitution has occurred.

3 . Process waste can be reduced through substitution of chemicals, change in the process itself, leak identification, maintenance, internal waste exchanges and use of recycling.

4. Product wastes can be reduced by many methods including use of appropriate planning to avoid quality control, start-up and over-run prcblems . Packaging wastes have been reduced by separating different types of packaging material to allow for recycling and minimizing waste in the packaging process itself.

5.

6 . H u m resource wastes can be reduced by changing procedures to lessen pollution in the immediate envh"ent, which cuts dom on time lost by employees for health or accident causes and reduces the cost of the product.

E. Recognizes and examines the metlaoaology involved in utilizing an environmental audit system at the corporate or plant management level.

1. A n environmental audit is a management tool to help measure a plant's environmental performance against internal and external standards.

2. The main functions of an envir-ntal audit are: (a) confirmation of a plant's conpliance with emission limits, effluent standards, and waste management practices; and (b) identification of strengths and waknesses of environmental monitoring.

41

3. The basic steps involved in an environmental audit are: inspection of the plant’s pollution control systems: (b) inspection of manufacturing processes: (c) review of the plant’s environmental files: (d) interviews with staff, especially the purchasing and shipping materials agent: (e) tour of the plant perimeter to check for outfalls or trash accumulations: (f) review of findings with plant environmental manager.

(a)

F. Identifies and evaluates the management benefits and liabilities associated With implementation of an ongoing environmental audit system.

1. An industry greatly benefits from an environmental audit because it: (a) provides a method of quickly identifying those waste costs and pollutant levels covered by state and federal regulations; (b) allows the company to make needed changes to avoid creating large pollution problems: (c) serves as positive reinforcement for continued compliance: and (d) determines cost-effectiveness of present pollution controls.

2. If an industry implements a total environmental audit system and disregards a prcblem when it is identified, the company could receive larger penalties or fines because it was knowingly generating pollution aich violated a strict standard.

42

CRACKING THE W.I.P. ACTIVITIES

I-TI- OF A WG'lX REZXKTICN FOR PROE'IT SYSI'EM -RES AN ANALYSIS OF AIL 1 N - m WG'lX SlRERbB.

OBJECTIVES

The student :

1) Examines a Waste Identification for Profit system within an industrial mnagement structure.

2) Identifies methodology required to inventory the six major types of waste streams common to industry.

3 ) Examines the specific processes creating each major waste stream.

4) Evaluates methods of reducing each waste stream.

5) Analyzes mthodology involved in utilizing an environmental audit.

6) Evaluates "agement benefits and liabilities associated with environmental auditing.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. Introduction to Waste Identification for Profit

1. Lecture: Use W.I.P. fact sheets (D3-6) as the basis for a discussion of advantages of waste reduction and introduction to the major categories of waste streams. suggestions for minimization of each waste stream. materials, processing, and the product during one class period, and energy, human resources, and packaging as a separate lecture. (tm one-hour class periods)

Charts are provided which give Discuss raw

2. Lecture/Discussion: Present options for managing hazardous wastes using overhead D10. process for hazardous materials using case study 2.1 (p. 25-26) in Managinq and Recycling Solvents. changes using Cases 6 and 7 in Managinq and Recycling Solvents in the Furniture Industry (p. 27-34). Prioritize these according to liability and indicate that changing the process to eliminate hazardous waste generation altogether is the most desirable alternative.

Discuss the advantages of an in-house screening

Give examples of raw material

(one-hour class period)

43

3. Student Presentation: Managing and Minimizing Hazardous Waste Metal Sludges (pp. 32-42) or Managing and Recycling Solvents (pp. 25-76). oral report to the class, including a categorization of changes in particular waste streams.

Have each student analyze a case study from

Present a short

(one to tm one-hour class periods)

4. Discussion/Presentation: Hold a discussion of potential health hazards in the wrk place and how those environmental hazards could be reduced through the Pollution Prevention Pays concept. Use mterial in handouts D7 - D9 to discuss safe handling of chemicals. Have each student examine a particular industry, using Work is Dangerous to Your Health for background reading. period)

(one-hour class

5. Investigation: Send the students out to evaluate the school facility and conduct an analysis of waste streams. sheets can be used to determine the economic feasibility of changes. (one-hour class period)

The W.I.P. fact

6. Field trip: Have them examine mste minimization and pollution prevention measures and submit a written report on their findings. class period)

Take students to a plant currently using PPP concepts.

(one-hour

B. Environmental Auditing

1. Lecture: Discuss the functions of an environmental audit and the steps involved in conducting one. Identify the advantages and disadvantages for an industry to inlplement such an audit. Background reading is chapters 1 and 2 in A Practical Guide to Plant Environmental Audits (p. 1-52), Handbook of Environmental Auditing Practices and Perspectives i n i . (one-hour class period)

2. Team Presentation: Divide the class into four teams, and hve each team present a case study of an environmental audit, based on A Handbook of Environmental Auditing Practices and Perspectives Xn North Carolina, p. 19-51. Compare and contrast each particular audit. (one to tw one-hour class periods)

3. Project: Have each student design an environmental audit checklist for a particular industry. A Handbook of Envh”enta1Auditing Practices and Perspectives in North Carolina, p. 63-94 can serve as a guide. environmental audit for the industry selected.

If it is feasible, have each student go out and conduct an (outside assignment)

44

THE VV.1.P. * TEACHING AIDS

-TscNRE:

Cracking the W.I.P.

.

Energy Raw Materials Processing Products Packaging

Hwmn ksources

W.I.P. QREMIcaL - s”

45

IMPLFMENTATION OF A WlSlX EZEWCTION EDR PROFIT SYSTEM REQUIRFS AN ANALYSIS OF ALL IN-PLANT WTJ3 STREAMS


The mst effective means of controlling industrial waste is a systems approach which increases profits by conserving natural resources and decreasing environmental liability at the same time. Identification for Profit system is a comprehensive method to achieve these goals, based on analysis of individual waste stream. considered too expensive to recover and recycle wastes from the mufacturing process, but now improved technology has mde it not only feasible but profitable as well.

The Waste

Previously, it was

The WIP approach operates on the premise that all industrial wastes can be classified into six major areas: prducts packaging, and human resources. These areas can be examined individually and specific methods devised to reduce each waste stream.

energy, raw materials, processing,

Energy waste points include processing, heating and cooling of the plant, and transportation. avoid peak rates. addition, if heat is produced in processing, this can be recycled and funneled back to the main operation.

Often, electrical systems can be conputerized to Another savings is the use of renewable fuel. In

Raw mterials to make the prcduct can be conserved by using only as much as is needed to meet specifications, and by substituting materials that might be toxic or in short supply. During the manufacturing process itself, it is essential to reduce leakage from machines, cut down on noise pollution, recycle as much as possible, and treat non-recyclable wastes to render them ~nnocuous or non-toxic.

Product waste result from excessive start-up and overrun; this rmst be mnitored. or not up to standard. best be controlled by recycling programs at the community level.

Inproved quality control will also help if the product is unsafe Wastes that result from pckaging of the praduct can

HI-" resource waste is another important category that must not be

This can be accomplished by mitoring toxic chemicals, using overlooked. possible. robots for dangeraus operations, surveying for physicalhazards, and training mrkers in first aid and emergency procedures. can be increased by the use of participatory management techniques such as quality circles.

The working environment must be made as safe and pleasant as

Employee initiative

All of these waste streams can be mitored by a technique called the environmental audit. process by which an organization periodically and systematically evaluates its own performance with regard to day-thy environmental protection

An environmental audit is a formalized internal review

responsibilities. Perspectives in Nortmaroiina]

(Handbook of Environmental Auditing Practices and Th e process serves as a type of quality

D1

control to assure management that environmental protection programs serve their intended purpcse.

The primary function of an envirollnrmental audit is confirmation of compliance with regulations in order to avoid fines or penalties. This also serves to increase employee sensitivity to environmental concerns, and accidents due to neglect or negligence can be reduced.

A second function is the identification of possible prdblems. Investmnts in pollution control equipment are protected by this means, and there appear to be direct econOmic payoffs as auditing systems are refined and improved over time. ignores it, a larger fine could be levied. far outweighed by the proven economic benefit. used which demonstrate this pint.

If, however, an industry discovers a problem and This disadvantage, though, is

Several case studies will be

D2

ENERGY

Examples of Waste

PHYSICAL PLANT

I. Electrical needs

11. Heating System

PROCESSING HEAT REQUIREMENTS

I. Fuel requirements for process

11. Cooling requirements

111. Heating requirements

WASTE DISCHARGE CONTAINING HEAT

I. Air

11. Water

TRANSPORTATION

I. Vehicle

11. Driver

Suggestions for Change

I. technology, automatic thermostat setback.

Time of day rate, insulation, solar

11. buildings for climate, incinerate garbage, sawdust, etc. for fuel, relocate buildings.

Convert to renewable fuel, orient

I. Change process, processing materials, change fuel, conserve fuel.

11. Same as above.

111. Thermocyclers, stack heat reclaimers, timers, boiling water temperature controllers.

I. exchangers.

Filter and recycle air, use heat

11. reuse gray water where applicable.

Use heat exchangers, treat and

I. a preventive maintenance program.

11. Train in driving techniques.

Reduce size, change fuel, establish

Screen driver prior to employment.

D3

PROCESSING

Examples of Waste

I. Residuals include: Pigments Acids Catalysts Corrosives Vehicles Reaction Materials Solvents Flammables

11. Current leakage and improper electric motor selection

111. Noise Pollution

IV. Non-recoverable waste


I.A. Waste reduction (stop leaks, change process, substitute materials, recycle and concentrate wastes.)

B. Waste recovery (exchange, recycle, segregate, combine, incinerate,€or energy.)

C. Waste treatment (render innocuous, reduce toxicity, reduce volume.)

D. Waste disposal (reduce to solid concentrate.)

11. Check machines for grounding and select most efficient electrical motor for operation. 111. Replace worn parts, lubricate, change mounting materials, tighten loose parts, sharpen cutting edges, reduce resonation to increase life of equipment.

IV. Non-recoverable product waste technology.

A. Carbon absorption B. Distillation C. Electrodialysis D. Electrolysis E. Evaporation F. Hydrolysis G. Ion exchange H. Magnetic separation I. Solvent extraction J. Reverse osmosis K. Ultrafiltration L. Waste exchange (e.g. Sludge to soil conditioners, chemical solvents, acids, and detergents. Construction materials to cement, styrene to polystyrene.)

D4

RAW MATERIALS

Examples of Waste

I.

11.

Product greater than shape or strength requirements

Constituents of product in short supply or toxic

Examples of Waste

I. Excessive start-up and overrun of product

11. Product not up to standard

111. Product unsafe

IV. Product nonbiodegradable

Examples of Waste

I. Glass, paper, aluminum

11. Plastic

PRODUCTS


I. Reduce product size and shape or retool process.

11. See if all constituents needed, substitute safer materials whenever possible.


I. Improve quality control; convert to raw materials or another product.

11. Improve quality control; sell seconds for appropriate application.

111. Redesign and retest; check safety features.

IV. Substitute materials or redesign product.

PACKAGING


I. Recycle or reuse.

11. Change to biodegradable material.

c

HUMAN RESOURCES

Examples of Waste Suggestions for Change

I. Illness and accidents occurrences in:

-Employees -Plant visitors -Community residents

11. Manpower, and raw materials wasted

I. Incorporation of safety systems which include:

A. Test for toxic exposure. B. Using robots for work requiring high exposure to toxic substances. C. Surveying for physical hazards ex. Check for current leakage, equipment needing maintenance. D. Reduce use of flammable substances and have adequate fire alarms and sprinkler systems to control accidents and reduce impact.

11. Increase motivational activities. A. Work incentives, education for professional development, monetary rewards. B. Implement more participatory management programs - example, quality circles.

D6

Any industry that uses chemicals on a daily basis is usually confronted with two prcblems. One, the effectiveness of the chemical may diminish &ile in storage. hazardous waste presents itself. Two, the possibility of an accidental spill and the problems associated with it occur. these two prdlems are addressed in outline form below.

Should this occur, the situation of disposing of

Information concerning

I. MGIWODS TO PREVENT CHEMICALS FwsM EXPIRATION

A. Material Handling

Workers mst be trained and licensed to operate equipment (fork lifts, cranes, conveprs, feeders). This will help prevent the wrkers from damging the material.

B. Product Knowledge

Workers must knaw the type of chemicals they are in contact with, have access t o product data sheets, learn how and mere to store the chemical, know the hazards of the chemical and how to prevent harm to themselves and the environment.

C. Facility Obligations

The facility should provide:

1. 2.

Proper equipment to handle materials: Proper storage area to protect materials from exposure to the elements that may cause daxmge and/or premature expiration of the chemical.

D. Teanrwork

Operators and management must cooperate and work together to decide which chemicals are needed for normal operational procedures and emergencies. information concerning emergencies, what kind to expect and when they might occur, which chemicals are effective in treating these situations and Which are not.

Operators With experience can provide useful

D7

E. Internal Managent (Purchasing)

Purchasing manager and engineers should work with the chemical sales representative to decide:

1. Which chemicals can be most effective in a given situation;

2. Which chemicals can be used for more than one type of treatent;

3. Which chemicals have the longest storage life;

4. How quickly the chemicals can be shipped to the facility after the order has been placed - It is possible that it will not be necessary to store a special chemical if the facility can get it on short notice.

11. PRevENTING CHEMICAL SPILW

A. Employee Training in the Following Areas:

1. How to operate material handling equipnent to prevent damage to the chemicals;

2. How and when to wear protective clothing and equipment;

3 . Personal hygiene;

4. Safety rules and policy of the facility;

5 . The dangers of all chemicals used at the plant and the proper method of application;

How to use neutralizing agents if a spill occurs; 6.

7 . Whom to contact if a chemical spill occurs;

B. Obligations of the Facility

1. Provide proper material handling equipment;

2. Make available to the employees the safety data sheets in order to conply with the right-to-know laws;

3 . Provide protective clothing and equipmt, including eye wash stations and emergency showers;

4. Provide and maintain a safe and proper storage area for chemicals ;

5 . Contact and report to the proper authorities when a spill occurs.

C. Information from chemical Conpany Includes:

1. Safety data sheets on all chemicals sold to the facility;

2. Proper disposal procedures if the chemical goes bad from damage or expiration - Careful planning can play a large part in preventing the mishap of material expiration;

Cleanup procedures and neutralizing agents that are applied to chemical spills.

3 .

D 9

Figure 1 . 1

greatesl

liability -

least

OPTIONS FOR MANAGING WASTE SOLVENTS

Solidify and Bury r

least

Incinerate---Ash is a Hazardous Waste r

Burn as Fuel Out of Plant r

Burn as Fuel In Plant r

Recycle Out of Plant r I ,---Recycle in Plant

Change Process to Eliminate

Waste Generation

greatest -

Desirability

f rom Kohl . J e r o m e , Jeremy P e a r s o n , M i c h e l l e Rose , P h i l i p Wright , and Edward C l a r k . E n a g i n g and R e c y c l i n g So lven t s i n t h e F u r g t p L e I n d u s t r y . R a l e i g h , N.C. :North C a r o l i n a Board of S c i e n c e and Technology, 1986. -___

D 1 0

REFERENCES CONCEPT IV

Blakeslee, William H., and Theodore M. Grabowski. A Practical Guide to Plant Enviromntal Audits. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1985. ILL; W.

Ckng, Sam C., et al. Alternative Treatment of Orqanic Solvents and Sludges from Metal Finishing Ope rations. Contract No. 68-03-3025; SDM-01. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1983. K U .

Kohl, Jerom, and Brooke Triplett. Managing and Minimizing Hazardous Waste Metal Sludges. North Carolina: N. C. State University, 1985. PPP; XU; ILL.

K&l, Jerome, Philip Moses, and Brooke Triplett. Managing and Recycling Solvents. North Carolina: N.C. State University, 1985. PPP; ILL; m.

Noll, Kenneth E., et al. Industrial Waste Manaqement - Recovery, Recycle, and Reuse of Industrial Waste. Chelsea, Michiaan: Lewis Publishers, - Inc., 1985. PPP; WCU.

Obayashi, Alan W., and Joseph M. Gorgan. Industrial Waste Management - Management of Industrial Pollutants by Anaerobic Processes. Michigan: Lewis Publishers, Inc., 1985. PPP; ILL; XU.

Chelsea,

PieamOnt Waste Exchange. Ed. IJrban Institute. Charlotte: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 1983-1984. ILL; WU.

Riegel Textiles. Closedqcle Textile Dyeing: Full Scale Hyperfiltration Demonstration. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: 1J.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service, 1983. PPP; ILL; XU.

Smith, Martin A. A Handbook of Environmental Auditing Practices and Perspectives in North Carolina. Institute for Environmental Studies, 1985. PPP; W.

Chapel Hill, North Carolina:

Stellman, Jeanne M., and Susan M. Davon. Work is Dangerous to Your Health. New York: R a n d o m House, 1973. ILL; XU.

Tavlarides, Laurence L. Industrial Waste Manaqemnt - Process Modifications for Industrial Pollution Source Reduction. Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, Inc., 1985. PPP; ILL; WU.

46

Witt, Donald, et al. Hazardous Materials/Waste Manaqer Training Course. Tennessee Valley Authority, 1986. W.



Community Cevelopnent

ILL - Interlibrary llroan. Available through most pblic libraries in the state.

b3.X - Susan Smith, Associate Director for Resource Management

Center for Improving Mountain Living Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC 28723

L

47

PAYBACK FOR PAYOFF

CONCEPT V

48

CONCEPT V PAYBACK FOR PAYOFF

BEHAVIORAL O&TEcTTIvEs

The student:

A. Examines and conducts an analysis of potential waste reduction projects to determine technical feasibility, cost/benef it ratios and payback period for initial investment.

1. The effective analysis of a waste reduction or waste elimination project must include technical feasibility, evaluation, calculation of the cost/benefit ratios, and determination of the specific payback period for the initial investment.

2. In many cases actual savings from implemented Pollution Prevention Pays projects have exceeded projections mde during the planning phase.

3 . Pollution Prevention Pays projects rmst compete for capital investment mnies with many other areas such as plant expansion and mintenance of existing operations.

B. Identifies and improves communications and marketing skills necessary to promte the adoption of an effective waste reduction project by management.

1.

2.

3 .

4.

Prmting a successful pollution savings project plan requires a knawledge of all divisions which m l d benefit or lose a benefit by the implementation of a particular pollution prevention project.

A method of involving all groups in the early decision-making process must be devised.

Presenting a ptential pollution savings plan requires both careful analysis of technical and financial data, planning of presentation, effective use of graphics and an enthusiasm to ensure that Pollution Prevention Pays projects are carried out.

The mst effective Pollution Prevention Pays projects that have been successfully implemented have gained the supprt of the top management of the corporation.

49

PAYBACK FOR PAYOFF ACTIVITIES

TRE 1-ATION OF A pQLurrICX4 PFWEWPION PAYS PROGRAM -RES ANALYSIS OF TRE PAYBACK PERIOD AS WELL AS "IQ\L EvAulATION OF EAiLR PFKUBCl'.

OBJECTIVES

The student:

1. Analyzes potential waste reduction projects to determine technical feasibility, cost/benefit ratios, and payback periods;

2. Identifies communications and marketing skills necessary to promote adoption of an effective mste reduction project.

LEARNING ACI'IVITIES :

A. Determining cost/benefit ratios and payback periods

1. Lecture: Introduce and explain cost/benefit ratios and calculations of pa@ack periods, using background information and sample prcblems (El). (one-hour class period)

2. Student critique: Have the students read and analyze the article ''Cost/Benef it Analysis and Social Responsibility" by David Novick in Manaqinq Corporate Social Responsibility (p. 137-146). each to write a short paper stating aich option of the case study they support and why. or given as individual class presentations.

Ask

This can be done as an outside assignment

B. Marketing a Pollution Prevention Pays Project

1. LRcture: Discuss the organizational components necessary to implement a waste minimization program at a plant site, using the outline from Wont Company (E4-6). As an example of a company-wide policy, include 'Waste Reduction: Program Practice" from Dow Chemical Company. [E7-181.

2. Discussion/Presentation: Conduct a class discussion about the types of personnel involved in an environmental management program. Include a brief description of their roles (based on Support Groups, Appendix E). discuss the four case studies listed in E.

Have the students present and

50

PAYBACK FOR PAYOFF TEACHING AIDS

--:

Payback for Payoff

52

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A POLLVTION PFUWENI'IQN PAYS PROGRAM REQUIRES ANALYSIS OF THE PAYBACK PERIOD AS WELL AS TEZHNICAL JiWATDATION OF EACH PROJECT

In industry, capital resources always have alternative uses, so in the planning of pollution prevention projects it is necessary to evaluate total costs in order to get maximumbenefit from investments. One means of determining this is to calculate the cash payback for the investment. Payback is simply the number of years required for an investment to pay for itself. out lay.

It measures how quickly the savings will offset the initial capital

In its simplest form, payback doesn't consider salvage values, taxes, or other hidden costs or savings. Thus, it does not consider the total return on the investment, but it is easy to calculate and to understand. For this reason, it has become a widely used method of investment evaluation. (Mmks, Operation Management/Theory and Problems)

Cost-benefit analysis is another useful way to help determine profit mximization. Like payback, however, it is a simplification of actual costs associated with a project .

It is the ratio of cost to savings realized per year.

In the case of an industry that generates hazardous wastes, there are disposal costs, extra taxes, and most importantly, cradle-to-grave liability for cleanup even though a third party is responsible for improper disposal of such wastes. It is the latter that has been a big influence in promoting low-polluting or non-polluting technologies in industry. The initial cost of new equipent seema small compared to possible lawsuits resulting from lifetime liability for any hazardous wastes produced by a company.

Other factors that should be considered in investment decisions are lessening of the tax burden, conservation of raw materials, and enhancement of the company image in the community when pollution prevention measures are instigated. In many instances, actual savings that a company realizes are much greater than the original calculations. demonstrate this fact.

Several case studies will

Once the potential for savings has been demonstrated, it is essential to promte a pollution prevention project through the use of good communication and marketing skills. identified, and thus it is important to be acquainted with the various mnagerial positions in a company. individuals in the decision-making process. conpanies engaged in implementation of pollution prevention policies have utilized individual employee suggestions as well as rmnagement initiatives. Creating the attitude that everyone has something at stake is the key to promotion of successful pollution prevention programs.

Key people in the organization mst be

It is necessary to involve all of these Some of the most successful

E l

,SlAMpLE Pw3BLEMs IN CAIXIULATING bKNEI"E!I' PAYBACK

1. A $50,000 paint dipping machine will save $15,000 a year in paint, as compared to a conventional paint sprayer. invest, what is the payback period for this piece of equipment? What is the cost-benefit ratio? Are there other factors that should be evaluated also such as cost-avoidance due to needing less solvent for cleanup, less residual paint for disposal, and less hazardous working conditions? Discuss.

If the company decides to

Payback= Investment Operating AdvantagelYr.

Payback= $50,000 Sls,ooo

Payback= 3.3 years

Cost/Benef it= Investment Savings

Cost/Benef it= $50,000 $15,000

Cost/Benef it= 3.3

2. Community Technical College is considering the purchase of a cardbard compactor and baler which-will cost $20,000 and-allow sale of cardbard to a nearby paper mill which will recycle it. Revenue from sale of the cardbard is expected to be $5,000 a year. If management insists upon a three-year payoff, daes this investment qualify? Are there other hidden factors, such as decreased need for landfill space, that m l d increase the actual savings

Payback=

Payback=

Payback=

realized?

Investment Operating Advantagefir.

$20,000 'W 4 Years

Using this formula, the investment does not qualify. However, other factors should be taken into mideration.

E2

3. Investment of $12,000 in automated machinery which will reduce worker exposure to dye solvents Will result in an operating cost of $0.40 per unit. company requires a three-year pghack, how many units mst be produced annually to justify the new machine? What other costs my be avoided due to decreased amunts of solvent for disposal and decreased liability for hazardous material?

To run the existing machinery costs $0.60 per unit. If the

Payback= Investment Operating AdvantageDr.

O.A./Unit= $0.60 - $0.40 O.A./Unit= $0.20 0 .A. fir. = $0.20 x N Unitsnr.

Payback= $12,000 $0.20 x N

3 Yrs.= $12,000 $0.20 x N

N= $12,000 $O.GO/Unit

N= 20 , 000 Unit spr.

E 3

ESSEWTIAL FOR A WASTE MINIMIZATION PKXX?iM AT A P L " S I T E

I. FUNCTIONS OF SITE ORGANIZATION

A. DETERMINECO?G 1. DEFINE OBJECTIVES

3. -1CATE TO SITE

5. REPRESENTATION FWSM AREAS

2. liEvIEkJ W/SITE m G E M E N T

4. BW-INFw3MGENERA"RS

B. 1NEDRMEME"YEES 1. CM-GOING AWARFNESS & TRAINING 2. PI?DVIDERElsouRcEs 3 . CATALYZE 4. "INATE

C. M3NITORPROGRESS 1. ACK!OUNTING SYS'IEM 2. ScHEDuLdSREvIm 3 . acNw%r AUDITS 4. SlJPrmRIzE S I T E PRcGms 5. mCQGN1zE

11. ADoEvrING A PROGRAM

A. ADMINISTRATIVE ELEMENTS 1. EPlF"YE33AWARENESS 2. IDENTIFY ALL WSIE/C%INE~S 3 . UPDATE WASm S T W 4. 'I"ICAL RevIEW OF PWXEWRES 5. 006TSiSTEMmRTREATMENT 6. OOWUIERTRACKING 7.l!txIRLYEIEvIW 8. AUDITING 9. 0RI;ANIZE HISTORICAL IlaTA 10. REO0c;NIzE ACH1-

B. CRITERIA EQR DEFINING A TARGET FOR R F D ~ I O N : 1. GENERAL SITE NEEDS 2. (X>RPO€?ATE GOALS 3 . BUSINESS OBJECTIVES 4. \xILUM3OFwAsTE 5. HAZARDOUS OO- 6. PFOCESS KIDIFICATIONS 7. PFK)DUCl' W G E S 8. T_IE(;AL - PERMITS 9. PRIORITIZE PRKIECTS, EMPHASIZING SOURCE REWCZTION AND

ECONOMIC BENEFIT

E 4

111. "RACKING

A. IDENTIFYGENERATORS 1. IxxlK AT VOLW 2. 03NSIDER COST

B. SEX' PRIORITIES FDR IIEWCTTION

C. IMPLEMENT MINIMIZATION MEX'J3ODS

Dr. Gregory H o l l o d

March 1988 "t m n Y

E5

WASTE REDUCTION: PROGRAM PRACTICE AND PRODUCT IN CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING

by

P. RYAN DELCAMBRE DOW CHEMICAL U.S.A. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN

L

Waste reduction ... Who can argue against the concept? Reducing waste in today's economic environment means increased productivity, lower environmental compliance cost, lower operating cost and a better profit margin. integral part of our company's manufacturing management goals for the continuous improvement in productivity, quality and safety. This practice has been applied by many industries over the years. The 1970's was a decade that brought new challenges to the manufacturing and engineering community and an awareness of environmental concerns facing our nation. Industry faced rapid escalation of both energy and raw material cost that in most cases out-paced our ability to raise the cost of products. Environmental regulations were promulgated and enacted to minimize adverse impact on our air, water and land. times meant market competitiveness and stable profits.

This practice has long been an

Waste reduction during these changing

The regulatory and legislative community first addressed this practice in 1976 when the EPA published it's preferred hierarchy for waste management and listed waste minimization as the top choice. In 1984, during the reauthorization of the Resource Conservation Recovery Act, Congress defined the desirability of waste minimization as a national policy, thus increasing the public's int rest in the chemlcal industries' measurable performance. The reauthorization also mandated that all generators of hazardous waste certify that they have "a program in place to reduce the volume or quantity and toxicity of such waste to the degree determined by the generator to be economically practicable." The EPA and the Office of Technology Assessment was requested to report t o Congress in late 1986 as to the extent that Industry has and could reduce it's waste. understand the intent of Congress was, in affect, to reduce the amount of waste that was to be landfilled consiistent with the "land ban" requirements, The EPA used the RCRA biennial report and contractors to evaluate progress that Industry has made. The reports differed in the assessment of progress and compliance of Industry. The EPA believed that companies had made satisfactory progress in waste minimization and after the implementation of the land bans" further reductions would occur as economic incentives. The OTA, however, believes very little has been accomplished and without attention by both the EPA and Congress the full value of waste reduction will not be realized. It is important to understand one fundamental difference in both reports which is definition. The EPA uses the term waste minimization which

f

It is important to

11

E6

- 2-

includes recycle and some forms of treatment that reduces the volume and toxicity of waste that have already been produced. OTA uses the term source reduction that focused solely on avoidance of waste production. it was a common belief by both organizations that the available data was insufficient at this time to develop a legislative or regulatory mandate.

The

Even with the vast difference insefinition

PROGRAM

Any program, if it is to be successful, will contain the following common elements:

Management support Goals Participant identification Procedural guidelines Measurement tools to track and report progress Recognition of excellence

Management support is paramount for program success. Support for our company's program was accomplished through specifying waste reduction as the first priority in both the corporate environmental policy and in the U.S. Area waste management guidelines. These policies and guidelines were established years before a formal waste reduction program was developed under the name WRAP (Waste Reduction Always Pays).

WRAP is a long-term plan to formalize our past, present and future efforts in a form that can be used to establish our progress and future directions. waste to the environment, provide incentives for waste reduction projects, provide recognition for those who excel in waste reduction and re-emphasize the need for continuous improvement by recognizing opportunities in waste reduction. By actively pursuing waste reduction opportunities, our waste management cost will be reduced, improve operations productivity, demonstrate to the public our commitment to environmental protection and as a mechanism for advocacy support that a voluntary program of waste reduction can work without government oversight.

The goals of the program are to reduce

The program has two main objectives from the U . S . Area perspective: 1. data base for tracking progress, 2. a compendium of projects implemented or proposed that reduces waste. details of the objectives are:

Specific

1. Data base requires that each plant should develop an inventory of all process losses to the environment (air, water and solids). This inventory should be both quantitative and qualitative and source specific. These losses should then be a ratio of production rates to account for production variances and

E7

-3-

allow for calculating a weighted average for each division. This waste index (#waste/#product) can then be tracked and evaluated by each site at some frequency.

2. Projects that qualify must have a measurable *reduction of The projects can be capital, maintenance waste to the environment.

or operational/administrative changes. these projects to save money (including avoided cost) where possible but, some projects may not have a ROI that can be quantified. The reason this type of documentation was encouraged is due to the many improvements that can occur within the process area that require no capital and would otherwise go unrecognized. This will also assist in advocacy support of operations, as states become more active in this area of concern.

It would be preferable for

"he use of a form t o document projects was instituted.

Division implementation and recognition has varied due to the diverse product lines, age of the operations, resource availability and present stage of emission inventory. is evaluating losses and developing action plans. Those include the following: inventorying all process losses to air, water and land, identify sources, prioritize, quantify losses and ratio to production, evaluate environmental impact and risk, set action priorities, determine cost effective actions, set reduction goals, determine resources necessary to accomplish goals, track and communicate performance and plan for future reductions. applying these action plans, facilitator can evaluate the right operation to work on; the right areas of these operations are identified and proper planning and allocation of resources can be accomplished. In most cases the 80/20 rule applies, i.e. 80% of the opportunities for economical reduction will be found in 20% of the operations.

Each production facility

By

Within our program it is recognized that waste reduction is not a panacea for waste management. like all living things as long as there is manufacturing there will be some waste. Safe and permanent waste management, compliance with state and federal laws and environmental protection are still top priorities and must be balanced with waste reduction efforts. Process assessment, research and modification take time and resources. During this evaluation phase, waste management will still be a critical part of our overall objectives.

Waste is a sign of life and

PRACTICE

Before putting our program in practice to yield a product, definition of the practice is required. defined as:

Waste reduction has been

E 8

-4-

o ,Any in-plant practice or process that avoids, eliminates or reduces waste so as to reduce environmental risk to any media.

The treatment, reuse or recycle of any mater%al which reduces the volume and/or toxicity of waste prior to final disposition.

o

General practices used to reduce waste are: o Improved raw material purity o Raw material substitution o Improved instrumentation/computer control o On stream analyzers o Process analysis by statistical methods o Improved sampling techniques o Predictive, preventative maintenance programs o Modify operating procedures/parameters o Catalyst improvements

These practices can be as simple as housekeeping or cis sophisticated as complete process redesign. of the process and results of reduction efforts will help decide the most cost effective practice.

Continuous evaluation

PRODUCT (2)

Using the practices outlined, DOW'S Louisiana Division, which is a large and diversified manufacturing division, has demonstrated over the past ten years an increase in production and subsequent decrease in emission and discharge to the environment.

As the .graphs indicate (Figures 1 , 2, and 31, production increased from approximately 8 billion pounds/year to 12 billion pounds/year. During this same period of time, they reduced hydrocarbon emission by 92%, and chlorinated hydrocarbon discharges to the water by 98%.

DOW'S Texas Division also realized similar results.

A typical hydrocarbon plant uses vent condensing and recovery, closed loop cooling systems, incineration and recycle and reuse to reduce losses to the environment (Figure 4).

Specific examples of waste reduction and results are:

Agricultural chemical business has made significant reductions in contaminated container volumes by working with contract packagers.

DURSBAN 50W, a wetable powder insecticide widely used in the landscape maintenance and horticulture business, was sold in

E9

-5-

2 pound metal cans which required decontamination prior to disposal. significant exposure potential by inhalation and skin contact if not used properly. We now package this product in 4 ounce water soluble packages. The overpacking material can be dis$osed of as any household waste.

This water soluble powder is very dusty and posed a

Another example of waste reduction i s the shipment of an activated ingredient for use in, an insecticide formulation. This ingredient was being shipped in 5 5 gallon metal drums that had to be decontaminated and crushed before disposal. shipped in tank cars. When these tank cars require cleaning they are decontaminated with a solvent used in the formulation of the activated ingredient.

This product is now

One production facility investigated ways to reduce the amount of effluent leaving a crude product drying system (Figure 5 ) . production staff recognized the value of reducing both the environmental impact as well as cost reduction.

The drying agent is a purchased item and the

Initially, operations manually added the drying agent based on production with a standard minimum flow. times per day with an average sample volume of 3 gallons/day.

Samples were run 6

Engineering and production developed a scheme that allowed the computer to ratio the drying agent addition based on feed flow (feed forward) and an on-stream analyzer was added to replace lab analysis and reset the ratio to a minimum (feed back).

The results of this project were immediate in both waste and cost reduction, A measured reduction of 37% in effluent volume and a corresponding reduction in purchased material cost was realized. The ROI of this project including manpower was 67%.

Figure 6 is an example of a chlorinated hydrocarbon process that used process condition changes and recycle to reduce waste and profitability. over a 2-1/2 year period.

This reduction was accomplished in three phases

- PHASE I

Changing operating temperature on condensing column bottoms and subsequent shift in solubility of chlorinated hydrocarbon resulted in reduction of 30% chlorinated hydrocarbon volume in effluent.

- PHASE I1

Addition of a residence time reactor ("bump in line") and heat further reduced chlorinated hydrocarbon volume by 90%.

E10

-6-

- PHASE I11

Addition of a post reactor stripper reduced chlorinated hydrocarbon volume 99.9% of PHASE I1 levels. effluent suitable for use in other production fatilities.

Quiility of

- The plant realized a 2% carbon yield increase for all three phases and a 99.999% chlorinated hydrocarbon reduction in effluent .

- Project ROI (overall) 40%

The last example presented (Figure 7) came about through an investment in personnel. First, quality improvements in this process was a result of the application of simple statistical tools (Pareto charts, histograms, X and R charts). tools resulted in a first quality improvement by identifying and solving problems within the process and reducing off spec product that had to be treated by 4 million pounds/year. This investment in personnel resulted in additional profits of $100,000.

Application of these

There are many more examples of waste minimization success. Companies should be encouraged to investigate the opportunities within their organizations to reduce waste and increase profit. Hopefully one or all of the techniques presented here can be of useful in achieving these goals.

REFERENCES

(1) Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment of 1984, House of Representative Report 98-1133, October 3 , 1984

(2) Delcambre, P. R., Fourth Annual Hazardous Material Management Conference, TCMC, 1986, pp. 602-609

BIOGRAPHY

P. Ryan Delcambre is Issue Manager of Waste Reduction, . Environmental Quality Department, Dow Chemical U.S.A.,

2030 Willard H. Dow Center, Midland, MI. development and implementation of a multimedia waste reduction program for Dow Chemical's U.S. Area. Prior to his current assignment, he held various technical and supervisory positions in manufacturing facilities throughout DOW'S Louisiana Division. Ryan joined Dow in 1978, and holds a B.S. degree in chemical engineering from Louisiana Technology University.

He is responsible for the

I I I I I I P rl cu 0

cn H > E

e

T4

L L

E12

E 1 3

E14

235# Steam to Power

Vent >

- Incineration

With Heat Recovery 99.99% Destruction

Efficiency

Purified Product Raw - > Hydrocarbon

Materials - > - > Process

Figure 4. PROCESS PLANT WITH INCINERATION AND RECYCLE/REUSE ADDITION

>

Incineration

Destruction

Organic Recycle

By-products - > Process ->

E15

Wet Crude Product >

Crude Product

I

1 Effluent

Drying Agent <

- Initial effluent was 16# product/# effluent ... Computer control of feed to drying agent ... On-stream analysis of control parameters

- Final effluent was 21.99H product/# effluent or 37% effluent waste reduction and sample volume reduced from 3 gallon/day to " 0 " .

- R.O.I. of this project was 67%.

Figure 5. SOURCE REDUCTION -- COMPUTER CONTROL

E 1.6

Water, Acid I Trace R-Cl's

Crude Product

Water Vapor >

1

- <-

Condensing Column <

Water, Acid - >

R-C1 ' s

Aqueous Acid

To Other Plant Operations

Additional Residence PHASE I1

Time Reactor

Figure 6. SOURCE REDUCTION -- RECYCLE PROCESS MODIFICATION

E l 7

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

100 MM#/yr Product

L

Meets production specs 95.1MM#/yr

Reprocess/blend l.OMM#/yr >

Out of spec reprocess tank 1.3MM#/yr

Off Spec Product 4.9 MM#/yr <

100 MM#/yr Product >

95.1% 1st Quality Level

99.1MM#/yr

0 MM#/yr

Cut/recycle 0.9MM#/yr

>

I 0 m#/yr

0.9 m#/yr <

75.6 hrs. of production saved

99.1% 1st Quality With 4% Quality Improvement

Assumed manufacturing cost of product = $0.10 with a return on sales of 25%

Value of product manufactured = $0.10/# x

Sales at .0125 = $0.125/# x 4MM#/yr = $500,00O/yr

4MM#/yr = $400,00O/yr

$100,000 prof it

Figure 7. SOURCE REDUCTION -- EMPLOYEE TRAINING/STATISTICAL METHODS

E18

This exercise provides the student With a better understanding of the various personnel and their roles in an environmental management program. list of these people and a brief description of their roles Will be presented. Several case exanples will follow. From these case exanples, the student determines which of the people from the list should be involved in planning the program.

A

Individuals and Their Roles

Facility Engineer: This person usually brainstorms With other engineers to determine the type of equipment that's needed. an site what the plant needs or find a manufacturer that can provide the equipment suitable for the project. The facility engineer makes certain that the plant can provide room for the new equipment or he m y design a location on the premises. specifications and that the normal production procedure of the plant is not interrupted by the new procedure. If the system produces a by-product that can be sold or exchanged or needs to be transported to another location, he takes care of the details.

He may design and produce

He makes certain that the equipment performs to

Safety Manager: determine if there are hazardous drawbacks from the operation (chemicals, fumes, noise, etc.), supervise the installation of safety devices and guarding where appropriate, write a safety policy for the operating procedure, set up a training program for the employees, and work together with the maintenance supervisor to develop a preventive maintenance program.

Maintenance Supervisor: employees in the areas of repair and preventive maintenance, designs a regular preventive maintenance schedule, makes suggestions as to the type of system that is feasible to install in the plant. The maintenance supervisor knws what his employees can repair, what they can be trained to do and which jobs m l d require a vendor.

Purchasing Agent: price qimtes from various equipment manufacturers. information concerning the cost of accessories nded to operate the system and the tim span to install the system.

Consultant: and technical that the services of a specialist are required. whether he b a manufacturer's representative or an outside vendor, can recommend suggestions that will save the mmpany time and money.

This individual will inspect the machinery for safety,

This supervisor provides training to his

The purchasing agent is in charge of obtaining initial He also gathers

Setting up a pollution prevention program can be so complex A consultant,

E19

Quality Assurance Engineer: In some cases, the method used to correct a pollution prevention problem is to alter the current production process. this is the case, the Q.A. engineer will perform tests on the finished product to determine if the process is capable of producing parts to specifications .

If

Personnel Manager: This individual's services Will be needed if the pllution prevention system requires licensed operators (wastemter) , to either hire special individuals or set up a training program for the employees. In any pollution prevention program, skilled and competent operators ensure a safe and productive operation of the system and the personnel manager is responsible for,obtaining these people.

Workers: operation and the prdblems it has. about the proposed system and the problems they may encounter. knowledge can help the engineers and maintenance personnel; all management has to do is ask the mrkers for their help.

The workers in the facility know more about the plant's They can offer valuable suggestions

Their

Plant Manaqer: picture. He has to know the facts about the mst, payback period, the benefits for the plant and the community and every aspect of implen-enting a pollution prevention program. putting the plan to work or sending it out the door.

The plant manager has to get a glimpse of the *ole

The plant manager has the final word as to

The following excerpt is written by Howard Miller, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at North Carolina State University. The article is about the psychological factors involved in change. prevention program involves a change in the way the organization mrks and the student must learn how to make changes withaut upsetting the organization.

Making improvements usually means getting individuals and the groups of individuals that we call organizations to do things differently. knm that such changes do not occur easily or naturally. organizations have a strong tendency to continue doing things the way they are used to doing them. If changes are to be made, it is necessary that persons and groups be well informed, be well motivated, be cooperative and have a positive attitude toward the new ideas. These are all psychological factors. Changes are not likely to be brought about by giving orders or by an appal to the good intentions of people. considerable thought and planning even though it seems perfectly clear that such changes Will benefit everyone. help in bringing about desired changes.

Inplementing a pollution

It is well People and

Behavioral change requires

Here are some suggestions that should

1. In influencing people to change their attitudes and behavior, we should keep in mind the following:

a. The way people perform or behave results from tm major factors - mtivation and ability. They not only must want to do sorrrething, they must know how, if things are to happn.

E20

b.

C.

People are goal oriented in their behavior. it Will make them better off in some sense. not understand or approve of that reason does not matter except that if you don't understand their goals you will probably not be effective in influencing them. personal goals are often different from organizational goals.

While we tend to think of people as individuals, the social forces in their behavior are extremely important. things because of hat other people think and do. to plan out operations so as to affect people as group and not jus t as individuals. collection of individuals; it is a social system. That mans that any change in operation that one person makes w i l l affect many other persons and they will react to that change.

They do things because The fact that you may

It is also worth remembering that

People do Hence, we have

A working organization is not merely a

2. The following are some ways of influencing or changing behavior with brief comments on their effectiveness:

a.

b.

C.

d.

e.

f.

Giving orders for desired behavior often causes resentment. procedure overlooks levels of motivation and ability and usually deals with people as individuals and ignores social factors.

This

The use of incentives or rewards is a necessary condition. Usually we think of financial incentives only, but other important incentives are promtion, praise, and social approval. tive will be of no value if it is not desired by the person. Giving rewards to a few only may result in animosity toward mnagement and other mrkers.

AII incen-

Procedure changes based on social and group factors are usually mre effective than those directed at individuals only.

Involving the employee in the decision to make changes and in the process of making changes increases the chance that he will be cooperative and will contribute effectively to improving the process. at work.

People need to have control over their own behavior even

Make full use of the employee's knowledge and his ability to think: treating employees like mental incompetents leads to resentmnt. Enployees usually are the source of the best ideas.

The cooperation and support of all levels of management are iwrtant and necessary if changes are to be made. mnagement is informed and supportive.

k k e sure

E2 1

Case Examples

A. A local brewery has a five-million gallon per day activated sludge treatmnt plant. of waste sludge each year. landfill, costing the firm $88,00O/year in hauling and landfill fees. A possible solution to the problem is to have the biomass analyzed to determine if the biomss could be registered as an agricultural product. tural and farm operations for land application. the corporation could contribute to this project?

This system generates approximately 13,500 tons This material is buried in the county's

If it can, the biomass could be offered to local agricul- What individuals in

B. An oil-lased cutting fluid is currently being used to produce metal parts on the company's CIS€ turning lathe. The operators are having several prciblems: due to heat stress, oil spills and leaks on the floor and foul odors from the cutting fluid. to a more cost effective and cleaner alternative?

frequent tool breakage, parts out of specification

Who would investigate the possible changeover

C. A grocery store chain learns that the cost of having a trash collector to pick up their cardboard boxes is going to increase. gested that the truckers pick up the boxes on the return trip to the mrehouse instead of going back with an empty trailer. muld then be sold to a papx recycling plant for a profit. should be involved in this program?

It is sug-

The boxes Who

D. A company that paints its final product has discovered problems With its conventional air atomized spray equipnent. the paint sprayed actually reaches the target object and this adds to the high cost of solvent-&sed coatings. been made to solve the problem. These include: installing electro- static spray equipment to increase the efficiency of paint transfer (this Will save the conp3any mney through reduced paint costs and disposal charges) or using water-borne paints to replace solvent-borne paints and installing a paint recovery system in the plant. Determine &ich individuals should participate in this investigation.

As little as 30% of

Several suggestions have

E22

Simlat ion

A compwy that manufactures and finishes power tools is located in a rural area in Tennessee. thus the plant is totally dependent upon electricity for its energy needs. The site is located near a river designated as a class t m stream. All wastewater that empties into the stream must meet stringent standards, as a town located six miles downstream uses this river as its drinking water source.

No municipal water or sewer service is available;

The plant employs 200 people.

Chemical processes involved in the plant‘s operation include a paint system that finishes 55,000 sq. ft. of parts per day, an electroplating line that finishes 8,000 p m d s of small parts a day, an aluminumdie-casting facility that produces 25,000 pounds of parts per day, and a machining center that contains 1,500 gallons of machine coolant and generates 8,000 pounds of sludge and 60 gallons of spent chemicals per day.

The paint system utilizes an organic solvent bhich generates 2,500 pounds per day of aromatic chlorinated waste and 50 pound5 of pint solids. Wastes from the electroplating process, which is manually operated, include acids, caustics, and oils. Total wastewater from the plant is 40,000 gallons per day which must be treated before discharge into the stream.

Current prblems include overload of the present water treatmnt facility, resulting in dumping of organics and mtals beyond the allowable limit. storing hazardous waste containers. due to odors from organic solvents, and there have been several accidents due to exposure to caustic chemicals. 1970s raised electrical costs, making it difficult for the company to remain competitive in the marketplace.

In addition, the conpany has been cited for improperly labelling and Employee health prablems have occurred

Finally, the oil shortage of the

The operations manager, in charge of five southeastern plants, has called for a meeting of top level personnel. division manager at headquarters in Chicago that some changes mst be made in order to increase profits. Rumor has it that some employee jobs are on the line.

He has been notified by the

In addition to himself, those present at the meeting include the plant mnager, the quality control “ger, the manufacturing engineer, the paint foreman, the electroplating foreman, and an employee representative.

E2 3

1) Operati" Manager (In his mid-50s, conservative politically, primarily interested in increasing a3llp~ny profits and decreasing regulations )

The profit margin for this plant has decreased steadily over the last three years. increase the price of our tools and still remain competitive. Som of the new environmental regulations that Washington has cooked up for us are going to make this difficult. in our plant, but every job has risks, and in this day and age people aght to be glad they have a job. them. controls. up With a plan to achieve greater efficiency, we may have to locate operations in an area with lower cost per."

We must find a way to cut operating costs because we can't

"Sure, we have some strong chemicals

I say what they don' t know won' t hurt We just don't have the capital to invest in fancy pollution

I don't want to shut this plant'down, but unless we can come

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2) Plant Manawr (A man in his early OS, who has achieved success the hard way, by mrking up from the assembly line)

"I really don't see how w can streamline operations any more than we alreadyhave. overhead is electricity. barrel. We muld also have to invest in a new wastewater treatment facility, Aich we may need anyway, as one of these days m'll be cited for violation of federal regulations."

Outside of materials cost, a great percentage of our Those guys at the power company have us over a

If we expand our operation, we'll have additional energy costs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 ) Paint Fore" (has been With the company for five years and is a very oonscientious worker)

I'm concerned about my workers breathing in those paint fumes every day. I wish we muld find a safer paint to use. conditions be mre pleasant, but we muld probably cut down on absenteeism and increase our efficiency. &ages made, even if it means investing in some new equipnent. a top priority, as far as I'm concerned."

Not only w l d working

There really needs to be some This is

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4) Electrqplating Fort" (a twenty-year man hho know his business, but is not open to change)

"My wrkers have to contend With more than just fumes. acids and caustic chemicals all the time. his hand, and he'll be out for at least a week due to burns. an easy job, but mst of the m n have been on the line for a long time, and they need the mrk. improve the situation."

We're around Yesterday one man got acid on

It's not

I really don't see much that we can do to

E24

5)Materiails Engineer (a pung person with a professional degree, lots of enthusiasm and initiative, and Who has only been With the company six mnths )

"I've heard several companies have had some sucess with a water-lased pint. with fumes, and w muld be able to cut down on waste solvent which is expensive to process. current standards, but it's worth looking into.

If ws made the switch here, that m l d eliminate the prcblem

I don't know if the quality muld meet our

Another possibility is to look at t'ne process itself. achieve the same effect by dipping instead of spraying the parts. m l d save paint as well as cut down on hazardous wastes for disposal. Our liability under RCF!A muld be reduced, and even thcugh we might have to invest in some new equipnent. I bet we could still end up saving a bundle. "

We may be able to This

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6) Manufacturbq Ehginser (in his late ~ O ' S , a man with experience, self-mnfidence, and a firm belief in the environmental ethic)

We obviouslyhave several problems that we need to address here. key to all of htese seems to be finding better ways to manage waste. Waste disposal not only means pollution of the environment and liability for the company, but it's raw materials down the drain. If we could reduce waste or recycle, I'm sure we could save money. We just need to choose the type of expenditures that Will bring a return. For instance, automating the electroplating line might result in reduced quantities of chemicals, which m l d man decreased disposal costs and increased mrker safety. Increased safety leads to increased productivity.

The idea of switching to a water-lased paint is also something to consider. reclassified as a small quantity hazardous mste generator. to cut down on solvent and paint solids is to install a filtration system. treatment plant.

In addition, we may be able to cut high electrical costs by computerizing the energy system. mney, I'm convinced m'11 see increased profits.

The

Getting rid of all that organic solvent might get us Another way

This could save us fromhaving to invest in a new water

While all of these ideas Will cost

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 ) lbpbyee Reprersentative (Born and raised in the area, this ,person has been with the company since its inception)

"While changing the pint sounds like a good idea, I don't see how can automate the electroplating line without cutting out jobs. My men know it's dangerous work, but they're willing to take the risk. us have been here mre than ten years now, and I think the conpany has some obligation to us for those years of faithful service. your money into all sorts of fancy equipnent, but you'll still need people to run it. "

M y of

You can put

E2 5

Assign each part to a student. Have students conduct the meeting, each acting in accordance with the individual role assigned. need to be made. Should the company:

Certain decisions

Computerize the energy system at a cost of $80,000 (calculated to save $40,000 a year)

Automate the electroplating line at a cost of $100,000 (will increase productivity by $72,000 per year)

Change to a water-based paint system, costing $400,000. be saved in water treatmt per year, and an unknown anvwnt will be saved in raw material and hazardous wste disposal)

Install a filtration system at a cost of $50,000 (will save $10,000 a year in water treatment and $5,000 in recovered solvents)

Add to the water treatment facility at a cost of $78,000

($40,000 will

E26

REFERENCES CONCEPT V

\

\

Novick, David. "Cost-Benefit Analysis and Social Responsibility." Manaqinq Corporate Social Responsibility. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977. 137-146. ILL.

Royston, Michael G. Pollution Prevention Pays. New York: Perganon Press, 1979. PPP: ILL: K!U.

Sassone, Peter G., and William A. Schaffer. Cost Benefit Analysis, A Handbook. New York: Academic Press, 1978. ILL.

Stevens, R&rt E., and Philip K. Sherwood. Study. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. ILL.

How to Prepare A Feasibility

Monks, JosephG. Ope rations Management/Theory and Problems. New York: Maraw Hill Company, 1982. ILL; W.

Kdhl, Jerome, and Brooke Triplett. Managing and Minimizing Hazardous Waste Metal Sludqes. Raleigh, North Carolina: N. C. State University, 1985. PPP: ILL: W U .

PPP -

ILL -

m -

Roger Schecter, Director Pollution Prevention Program N.C. Department of Natural Resources and C m i t y Development


Interlibrary Loan. state.

Available through most public libraries in the

Susan Smith, Associate Director for Resource Management


53

AUDIOVISUALS

3M Success Story

Videotape, 10 minutes. Distributed by Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Department, 3M, Po Box 33600, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55133, or contact Susan Smith, Associate Director for Natural Resource Management, Center for Improving Mountain Living, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723

Chemical Disposal

Videotape, 18 minutes. Po Box 267, Brevard, NC 28712, (704) 885-5567

Contact Mr. Bill Bristol, E.I. Dupont and Company,

Difficult Choices About Environmental Protection

Videotape, 11 minutes. Can be purchased from the Domestic Policy Association, 5335 Far Hills Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 45429, (513) 434-7300 or contact Susan Smith, Associate Director for Natural Resource Management, Center for Improving Mountain Living, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723

Emerson Electric Slide-Tape Show

12 minutes. Management, Center for Improving Mountain Living, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723

Cmtact Susan Smith, Associate Director for Natural Resource

N.C. Hazardous Waste Mamuement

16 mm film, 25 minutes. of Health Services Film Library, Po box 2091, Raleigh, NC

Distributed by Marilyn Webb, Supervisor, Division 27602

Pollution Prevention Pays:

Slide-tape or slide-script, 11 minutes. Contact Marilyn Webb, Supervisor, Division of Health Services Film Library, PO Box 2091, Raleigh , NC

We're Making It Work

27602, (919) 733-3471

Visitinq Scholar Russell Susag on 3M's Approach to Pollution Prevention

Videotape, 90 minutes, contact Susan Smith, Associate Director for Natural Resource Management, Center for Improving Mountain Living, Western Carolina University, Cullokihee, NC 28723

54

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Andrew, Richard N. L. Hazardous Materials in North Carolina: A Guide for Decision Makers in Local Government. North Carolina, 1985. (ILL, m)

Th eTonservation P’oundation of

California Cdssion for Economic Development. Poisoning Prosperity: The Impact of Toxics on California’s Economy. June 1985. (ILL, m)

Controlling Cross-Media Pollutants. Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1984.

North Carolina Department of Natural Resources & Community Development. Environmental Auditing & North Pollution Prevention Pays Program.

Carolina. (-, m)

North Carolina Department of Natural Resources & Community Development. -

pollution Prevention Pays Program. Pollution Prevention January 1985.

Little, Arthur D. Environmental Auditing Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: Edison Electric Institute, 1984. (PPP, m)

Huisingh, Donald. Proven Profits Through Pollution Prevention: Concepts, Approaches, and Results. Raleigh, North Carolina. (WIN)

Huisingh, Donald, Helene Hilger, Sven Thesen, and Larry Martin. Profits of Pollution Prevention: A Compendium of North Carolina Case Studies. Raleigh, North Carolina: Technology, 1985.

North Carolina Board of Science and

(PPP, m) Kdhl, Jerome, Jeremy Pearson, Michelle Rose, Philip Wright, and Edward

Manaqinq and Recycling Solvents in the Furniture Industry. Clark. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Board of Science and Technology, 1986. (PEP, m)

North Carolina, Governor’s Waste Management Board. 1984 Annual Report. Raleigh, North Carolina, 1984. (-1

55


North Carolina, Governor's Waste Management Board. Chemical Hazard Comunication in North Carolina: The Right-To-how. Raleigh, North Carolina: Project Reach, 1986. (pm8

North Carolina, Governor's Waste Management Board. Disposal and Lonq -Term Storage of Hazardous Waste. Raleigh, North Carolina: Project Reach, 1986. (pm8 m)

North Carolina, Governor's Waste Management Board. Health Effects of Toxic Substances and Hazardous Waste. Raleigh, North Carolina: Project Reach, 1986.

North Carolina, Governor's Waste Management Board. Introduction to Hazardous Waste Manaqement. Raleigh, North Carolina: Project Reach, 1985. (pm8

North Carolina, Governor's Waste Management Board. Pollution Prevention Pays. Raleigh, North Carolina: Project Reach, 1986. - ( p p P 8

North Carolina, Governor's Waste Management Board. Treatment Technologies for Hazardous Waste. Raleigh, North Carolina: Project Reach, 1986. (pm8 m)

North Carolina Solid & Hazardous Waste Management Branch. "Managing Contaminated Ground Water". Waste Management Newsletter. Septenber, 1985.

Reducinq Hazardous Waste Generation. Committee on Institutional Considerations in Reducing the Generation of Hazardous Industrial Waste, Environmental Studies Board. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985.

Sarokin, David J., Warren R. Muir, Catherine G. Miller, and Sebastian R. Sperber. Cuttinq Chemical Wastes. Inform, Inc., 1985. (IIL, wcu)

Schecter, Roger N. "Idea to Reality: Implementing A Statewide Pollution 1985 Triangle Conference on Prevention Program for North Carolina."

Environmental Technology. (PEP, -1

( x u 8 -) , Susan. Hiqh.Tech.and Toxics: A Guide for &a1 Comrmnities sherrx acramento, P - c n e pi- , i985.

56


Susau, Russell. 'V.S. Industw: Success in Waste Reduction in the 3M a -

Experience. '' Pollution t; Profit: Reducing Industrial Waste in Illinois. 1984. -7")

Worobec, Mary Devine. Toxic Substances Controls Primer. Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1984.

Sources for the above references:

PPP - Roger Schecter, Director Pollution Prevention Pays Program N.C. Department of Natural Resources and

Po Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 26711

Community Developnent

ILL - Interlibrary Loan. Available through msst public libraries in the state.

X U - Susan Smith, Associate Director for Resource Management


57

p2infohouse.org · contents -r acpmty selel'icn cip\rt -: tbe~cdilem%-concepti content areas...

Documents